ENG4U Fairbloom’s Grammar BookletHomonyms vs. Homophones vs. Homographs

HOMONYMS HOMOPHONES HOMOGRAPHSMultiple meaning of words that are spelt the same

Words that sound alike, but are spelt differently

Same spelling, different pronunciation, different meaning

the spruce tree…to spruce up…

suit yourself…wore a suit…

weigh on the scale…scale the wall…

the price is fair…go to the fair…

addition for mathedition of a book

I want to goI like it tooOne plus one is two

capitol buildingstate capital

pick a flowerbake with flour

desert = abandondesert = area of land

bass = fishbass = instrument

close = nearbyclose = to shut

bow = to bend downbow = ribbon

Other examples of Homophones to remember are: Accept – To agree or receiveExcept – Not included

It’s – It isIts – Possession

Affect – To make a differenceEffect – A result

Lose – Misplace something or not winLoose – Opposite of tight

Aloud – Out loudAllowed – Permissible

There – Over thereTheir – Belonging to

Bare – Without coveringBear – Big animal or to carry

Than – ComparisonThen – Point in time

Bazaar – A marketplaceBizarre – Strange

Through – In and out ofThrew – Past tense of “throw”

Hear – Your ears Here – Location

To – Where it’s goingToo – An excessive amount / alsoTwo – The number

Heard – Past tense of “hear”Herd – A lot of cows

Wear – On your body Where - Location

Hole – A spaceWhole – Total / complete

Can you think of anymore?

Sentences

A sentence is _____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

A sentence has a subject and a predicate.

(1) Subject _____________________________________________________________

(2) Predicate ____________________________________________________________

A sentence can also be called a clause.

(1) Independent Clauses:

(2) Subordinate Clauses:

Sentence Fragments

A sentence fragment is ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

How do you fix a sentence fragment?

(1) Add a predicate (verb or verb phrase)Fragment: The paper on the deskFixed:

(2) Attach the sentence to the sentence before it or after itFragment: Sam had a salad for lunch today. And yesterday. Fixed:

(3) Use a conjunctive adverb instead of a subordinate conjunction. Fragment: Jason never thought he could play baseball. Although, he eventually worked hard and started for his high school team. Fixed:

(4) Attach a clause with a relative pronoun to the sentence it belongs to. Fragment: Mom always asked me to walk the dog. Who never had to go out anyway. Fixed:

Conjunctive Adverbs

Accordingly

AlsoBesides

Consequently

Conversely

FinallyFurthermo

reHence

HoweverIndeedInsteadLikewiseMeanwhil

eMoreoverNeverthel

essNext

Nonetheless

OtherwiseSimilarly

StillSubseque

ntlyThen

ThereforeThus

Subordinating ConjunctionsAfter

AlthoughAs

BecauseBeforeEven ifEven

thoughIf

In order that

OnceProvided

thatRather thanSince

So thatThanThat

ThoughUnless

UntilWhen

Whenever

WhereWhereasWhereverWhether

WhileWhy

Fragment OR Sentence

If the group of words is a complete sentence, write the letter S next to the number. If the group of words is a fragment, write an F next to the number.

1. Yesterday when I got off the school bus.

2. My friend Sheila and I saw a brown toad hopping on the sidewalk.

3. Yelled and screamed when she saw it.

4. My friend Sheila, who is scared of all reptiles.

5. I picked up the toad and looked closely at it.

6. Had dry, bumpy skin on its body.

7. Sheila said, “I don’t want to see that ugly toad!”

8. Said, “Then close your eyes Sheila.”

9. Sheila was mad and she ran off.

10. I put the toad in my backpack.

11. Took it home to show my brother.

12. My brother wasn’t home from school yet.

13. Then I put the backpack on the living room soft.

14. The toad was still inside.

15. My mother opened the backpack to see what homework I had.

16. Hoped out of the backpack and began jumping around the living room floor.

17. Screamed loudly!

18. Do you think my mother will let me keep the little brown toad?

Run-on Sentences

A run-on sentence:

Example I like to dance Jane likes to sing.

How do you fix run-on sentences? (Use the sentence above)

1. Separate the sentences using a period.

2. Make a compound sentence.

3. Connect the two independent clauses with a semicolon.

Run-on Sentences Worksheet

Correct the run-on sentences:

1. The brain is surrounded by three membranes the skull encloses the brain

and these three membranes.

2. I enjoyed playing basketball with you today do you want to play again

tomorrow?

3. Can you teach me how to make a three-point shot I have trouble with those.

4. What time do you want to meet at the park can we play early in the

morning?

5. The brain helps a person see, hear, touch, smell and taste it also makes it

possible for one to remember and forget, talk and write, and feel emotions.

Rules for Using the Comma

1. Use commas to set off unessential clauses, phrases, or words.

Jim, wanting to get selected, was waving his hands in the air.

2. Use a comma after yes or no at the beginning of a sentence.

Yes, he did say that you won the writing contest.No, I haven’t completed my project.

3. Use a comma after a mild interjection such as oh or well.

Well, how nice of you to hold the door for me.Oh, that is the best idea that I have heard today.

4. Use a comma to set off an interruption in the main thought of a sentence.

I do not, however, agree with what you had to say.You are, of course, the most qualified for the job.

Edit the sentences for needed commas.

1. The lion roaring loudly scared the children at the zoo.

2. No I have never seen Elton John perform.

3. Well I don’t believe I have ever seen a painting quite like that one.

4. Mr. Jones of course is my favorite teacher this year.

5. Yes I think that you are qualified for the position.

6. No I don’t think however that you will be chosen.

7. Oh I didn’t know that you had won the contest.

8. The next person chosen of course will proceed to the finals.

Comma Splices

A comma is _______________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

A comma splice ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Robert ate worms, Mary dislikes Robert.

How do we fix this sentence? New Sentence(1) Separate it into two sentences. Robert ate worms. Mary dislikes

Robert.

(2) Use a semicolon (;).

(3) Use subordinating conjunctions (because, when, since, although…) ** Refer to the list of subordinating conjunctions

(4) Use a semicolon plus a conjunctive adverb (therefore, then, however…) followed by a comma.** Refer to the list of conjunctive adverbs

(5) Use a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) after the comma.

Comma Splices Worksheet

1. Elvis Presley was a great singer, he was never really accepted by the country

music’s mainstream.

2. Brazil has won several world cups championships in soccer, they are always

considered a good team.

3. The stock market has moved in one direction lately, it has gone down.

4. Computer programs help us live saner lives, obviously the people who write

them should make lots of money.

5. Each sentence above is wrong, it has a comma splice.

ReviewDefine the following terms:

Sentence Fragment

Run-on Sentence

Comma Splices

Identify whether the sentence is a complete (CS), run-on sentence (RO), or sentence fragment (F) in the space provided. ( /10)

1. I can’t wait until Sunday we are going to the football game. 2. The tall man with the yellow hat. 3. A scared rabbit ran across the yard.4. Drove quickly down the busy street. 5. I ate four slices of pizza Harry ate three chicken wings.6. The clock in the kitchen stopped working.7. At three o’clock tomorrow afternoon. 8. During the play I went. 9. My mom, so pretty and nice.10. I don’t understand this math problem it, makes no sense.

Use the methods learned in class to correct the sentence fragments below: ( /10)

1. The economy has everyone in the world worried and stressed. Especially in the Midwest.

2. While I was quickly waiting to take the flu vaccine shot at the doctor’s office.

3. For example, my boyfriend my freshman year of high school.

4. After treatment with a therapist and his recovery from a life of alcohol addiction.

5. After the receptionist led the family to the table.

Use the methods learned in class to correct the run-on sentences below: ( /10)

1. Mary wants to go visit her grandparents she hasn’t seen them in two years.

2. Larry needs to find his new saw it was very expensive.

3. Baseball is popular in Puerto Rico many famous players are from there.

4. I plan to go to college after high school then I plan to move to New York City.

5. Mildew ruined our outdoor furniture, therefore we had to buy another set.

The below list is made up of comma splices and sentences with accurate comma use. ONLY correct the sentences that have comma splices. (

/6)

1. The river extended beyond the mountains, we saw the clouds merge with the water in the horizon.

2. Jim, wanting to get selected, was waving his hands in the air.

3. No, I have never seen Elton John perform.

4. Peter dressed elegantly in a blue blazer, khaki pants, and new penny loafers.

5. Coffee is considered an addictive substance, many people cannot function properly without it.

6. Hugo Boss sells attractive men’s sports clothes, their products are upscale and somewhat expensive.

The Colon

In writing, the colon has three major functions:

1. It introduces a list when the list follows an independent clause.

Example: We had healthy snacks today: fruit, nuts, and carrot sticks.

2. The colon introduces a quotation when the quotation is not part of an independent clause.

Example: I will quote the words of the wise Aesop: “Little friends may prove great friends.”

3. The colon introduces an explanation when the explanation is proceeded by an independent clause.

Example: She knew the right place to find the answer: the library.

Below are a variety of sentences that need a colon. Rewrite each sentence and add a colon.

1. The opening phrases of Dickens’ “A Tale of Two Cities” are memorable “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”

2. Just a few colored pencils were available green, orange and purple.

3. It was useless to wait any longer the last bus had left.

4. No one knows me like my mother not my sister, my best friend, or my father.

5. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. closed his famous speech with the words from a spiritual “Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!”

Semicolon

What’s the point of a semicolon?The most common way to use a semicolon is to connect two independent clauses.

Example: The ice cream truck man drove by my house today. He had big hairy knuckles.

The two statements are separated by a period. If read aloud, it would go something like this: The ice cream truck man drove by my house today. {take a breath} He had big hairy knuckles.

With a semicolon, however, it would sound like this: The ice cream truck man drove by my house today; he had big hairy knuckles.

Basically what we did was eliminate the pause between the two statements without using words such as and, but, nor, or yet. (coordinating conjunctions)

How do I use a semicolon?If you have two independent clauses, meaning they could stand alone as their own sentences, it’s okay to use a semicolon.

Example: My aunt also had hairy knuckles; she loved to wash and comb them.

o My aunt also had hairy knuckles. = This is an independent clause, meaning it could stand alone as a complete thought.

o She loved to wash and comb them. = This is also an independent clause; it could exist without being attached to its predecessor.

Don’t use it with conjunctions. Conjunctions are words like and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet.

My aunt’s hairy knuckles are magnificent indeed, but I have no desire to stroke them.

A comma is used because there is a but separating the two clauses.

When should I use a semicolon?I gnaw on old car tires; it strengthens my jaw so I’ll be better conditioned for bear combat.

Use a semicolon when you want to form a bond between two statements, typically when they are related to or contrast with one another. In the example above, the relationship between gnawing on tires and combatting bears is strengthened by using a semicolon.

I fought the bear and won. Also, I never kiss a plague of rats on the mouth.

In this sentence, your victory against the bear does not need to be connected to the plague rat, so a period is used.

Comma (brief pause) Semicolon (moderate pause) Period (complete stop)

InternalUse a semicolon to connect sentences that contain internal punctuation.

When dinosaurs agree on something, they’ll often high five one another; dinosaurs are all about high fives.

If you’d used a comma in this sentence it would have resulted in a comma splice. If you’d used a period you’d lose the connection between the two clauses.

SuperUse a semicolon as a super-comma.

While searching for a good place to get a unicorn burger, I traveled to Seattle, Washington; Tokyo, Japan; and London, England.

Use a semicolon if you need to make a list of items that are separated with a comma. This often occurs when listing locations, names, dates, and descriptions.

My favorite people include Samuel Slaughterjaws, a famous unicorn hunter; my uncle Wilford, a world champion at mayonnaise eating contests; and Nikola Tesla, the most awesome dude to ever fire a lightning bolt at an angry peasant.

The semicolon enables you to list and describe all three characters in the same sentence.

Tenses

Verb tense tells you when the action happens. There are three main verb tenses: present, past, and future. Each main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive tenses.

Present Past FutureSimple Finish Finished Will finish

Progressive Am/is/are finishing Was/were finishing Will be finishingPerfect Have/has finished Had finished Will have finishedPerfect

ProgressiveHave/has been

finishingHad been finishing Will have been

finishing

Things to remember about simple tense: Present tense is the original verb form (i.e. finish). Past tense has a few patterns. Future tense needs will (shall) and a verb.

Run Eat See I run a marathon twice

a year. I ran a marathon last

year. I will run a marathon

next year.

I eat lunch in my office.

I ate lunch an hour ago.

I will eat lunch in one hour.

I see a movie once a week.

I saw a movie yesterday.

I will see a movie tomorrow.

Know Learn Cook I know it. I knew it the day

before yesterday. I will know it by

tomorrow.

I learn English. I learned English the

last two years. I will learn English

next year.

I cook my supper every night.

I cooked our dinner already.

I will cook breakfast tomorrow.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb forms:

I ____________________ a song at the concert yesterday.

He ____________________ a letter to his girlfriend tomorrow.

I _____________________ to the library to borrow some books this weekend.

Parts of SpeechCreated by www.lechaimontheright.com

The 9 Parts of Speech Nouns, verbs, pronouns, articles, adjectives, adverbs, interjections,

conjunctions, and prepositions.

Nouns – n. Nouns : Person, place, or thing (tree, car, girl, dog, house, sandy) Appositive: Noun that renames the subject. (Sarah, my teacher, is nice.

Renaming Sarah .) Predicate Nominative: (PN) Noun that renames the subject via linking verb.

(Sarah is my TEACHER.) Common : Nouns not capitilized (job, country, ice cream, duck) Proper : Nouns that starts with a capital letter (Amy, Switzerland, The

Chronicles of Narnia, January, Tuesday) Singular : Only one thing (dog, ship, eye, book, baby) Plural: Multiple things (dogs, ships, eyes, books, babies) Abstract: Nouns that you cannot see (love, patience, hope, courage) Concrete : Nouns you can see (sidewalk, book, arm, soda)

Verbs – v. Verbs : Action word (walking, fade, run, to walk,) Predicate : Basically another word for “verb.” Linking : Not an action verb, but linking the subject + predicate adjective. (is,

be, was, am, are, seem, look, smell, grow, remain, have been, might be) Participle: (part.) Verb used as an adjective. (WORKING woman, SWIMMING

team) Gerunds: (ger.) Verbs that function as subjects. Such as, SWIMMING is my

favorite sport. Active: Doing the action (Sam EATS pizza.) Sam is eating pizza. Passive : Not doing the action (The pizza WAS EATEN by Sam.) The pizza isn’t

doing anything. Infinitive : Normally “to” at the beginning (to walk, to jump, to slide) The 23 Helping Verbs : Can, could, have, has, had, am, are, do, does, did, be,

being, been, shall, should, will, would, was, were, is, may, might, must

o Base (work) o Past (worked) o Present participle (working) o Past participle (have worked)

Pronouns – pro. Pronoun : (pro.) Word that takes the place of a noun (him, her, it, you, he, she,

they. some, each, few, any) All Singular Pronouns : each, either, neither, everyone, no one, nobody,

everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, doesn’t, isn’t, wasn’t All Plural Pronouns : both, few, several, many, don’t, aren’t, weren’t Nominative Pronouns : I, he, she, we, they, who, whoever, Objective Pronouns : me, him, her, us, them, whom, whomever

The last 6 parts of speech: Article : (art.) A, an, the Adjectives : (adj.) Words that describe nouns (beautiful, shiny, tasty, pretty,

colorful)o Predicate Adjective : (PA) Adjective that renames the subject via linking

verb. (Sarah is kind. Renaming Sarah .) Adverbs : (adv.) Words that describe verbs, often ending in “-ly” (beautifully,

colorfully, quickly) Interjections : (interj.) An exclamation often at a beginning of a sentence. Ah!

Oh! Eek! Conjunctions: (conj.) Conjoining words (and, but, or, also, if, etc.) Prepositions : (prep.) A word describing a noun’s relations (on, at, below, from,

for, beneath, above, against, until, before, etc. ON the rug, IN the car, BENEATH the chair, etc.

THE CLAUSES (AND PHRASES) What is the difference between a cat and a comma? One has claws at the

end of its paws and one is a pause at the end of a clause.o CLAUS: A group of words WITH a subject (noun) and predicate (verb).o PHRASE: A group of words WITHOUT a subject (noun) and predicate

(verb). Subordinate Clauses: Clauses that cannot stand alone as a complete

sentence. (Before the boy ate his dinner…) Independent Clauses: Clauses that can stand alone as a complete sentence.

(The girl drank her milk.) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE : The use of a PREP. and OfP. (BENEATH THE TABLE

is a prep. phrase) PARTICIPLE PHRASE : The use of a PART, PREP, and OfP. (FALLING OFF A

CLIFF, SITTING ON A BRIDGE)