Eng. Oana Ofelia Gheoltan (Muresan) AbstractEng. Oana Ofelia Gheoltan (Muresan) Abstract 3 6.1....

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UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND

VETERINARY MEDICINE

CLUJ-NAPOCA

AGRICULTURE FACULTY

SPECIALIZATION: PHYTOTECHNIE

Eng. Oana Ofelia GHEOLȚAN (MUREȘAN)

PHD THESIS

ABSTRACT

RESEARCH CONCERNING BIOLOGY AND

TECHNOLOGY OF SPELT WHEAT (TRITICUM

AESTIVUM SSP. SPELTA) IN ECOLOGICAL

AGRICULTURE SYSTEM

SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR,

Prof. univ. dr. eng. Gavrilă MORAR

CLUJ-NAPOCA

2012

Eng. Oana Ofelia Gheoltan (Muresan) Abstract

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Table of contents

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER I. ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM IN THE WORLD AND IN ROMANIA ................... 6

CHAPTER II. THE CURRENT STAGE OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH ON

ECOLOGICAL SPELT WHEAT PRODUCTION SYSTEM ................................................................. 6

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES. MATERIAL AND METHOD. CLIMATIC

CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH REASEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT ............................................. 6

3.1. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 6

3.2. BIOLOGIC MATERIAL USED .............................................................................................................................. 7

3.3. FOLIAR BIOFERTILIZERS USED ......................................................................................................................... 7

3.4 MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................................................................ 7

3.4.1 Seeds germination with Corona discharge ....................................................................................................... 7

3.4.2 Seeds respiration .............................................................................................................................................. 8

3.4.3 Protein content determination ......................................................................................................................... 8

3.4.4 Gluten content and deformation index determination .................................................................................... 8

3.5. RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................................................................................................ 9

3.5.1. Research of spelt wheat biology ...................................................................................................................... 9

3.5.2. Research of spelt wheat technology .............................................................................................................. 11

3.6. GEOGRAPHICAL EXPERIMENTAL AND FILD EXPERIENCE LOCATION ............................................................ 13

3.7 CLIMATIC CONDITION UNDER WHICH EXPERIENCES WHERE CARRIED OUT ................................................. 13

CHAPTER IV. RESULTS ....................................................................................................................... 14

4.1. THE RESULTS CONCERNING SPELT WHEAT BIOLOGY ..................................................................................... 14

4.1.1 Comparative results on seed characteristics in the three varieties studied .................................................. 14

4.1.1.1 Determining the relative weight of 1000 seeds (1000 grain weight, TGW) ............................................ 14

4.1.1.3 Influence of Corona treatment on spelt wheat seeds germination ........................................................ 15

4.1.2. The results concerning seed physiology ........................................................................................................ 19

4.1.2.1 Seeds respiration .................................................................................................................................... 19

4.1.3 Results concerning passage through the winter of studied wheat varieties ................................................. 20


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6.1. RESULTS CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANO-MINERAL FOLIAR FERTILIZERS ON SPELT WHEAT

BIOLOGY AND YIELD PRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 22

6.1.1 Results concerning foliar biofertilizers influence on yield production ........................................................... 22

6.1.3 Results concerning the quality under the influence of biofertilizers ............................................................. 27

6.1.3.1 Results concerning protein content ........................................................................................................ 27

6.1.3.2 Results concerning gluten content ......................................................................................................... 27

7.1 RESULTS CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF SOWING DENSITY ON SPELT WHEAT EVOLUTION AND YIELD

PRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 28

7.1.1 Results concerning spelt wheat germination on different sowing density .................................................... 28

7.1.2 Results concerning spelt wheat wintering and twinning degree under the sowing density influence .......... 29

7.1.4 The influence of sowing density on spelt wheat yield production ................................................................. 30

CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 31

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................. 33


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INTRODUCTION

By cultivating spelt wheat is possible to use minimum tillage, which helps to restore soil

structure. Generally, it can be stated that wheat does not alter the physical and chemical

characteristics of the soil, has no negative effect on soil microorganisms, on the contrary, it has

positive effect redress. Being a vigorous plant, it prevents soil weeding over the allowed limit,

weeding does not significantly influence the production.

Wheat is the most important food crop in the world and is cultivated in over a hundred

countries, the largest area of arable land, 225,622,452 ha (FAO Yearbook 2009). Annually, over

200 million hectares are cultivated of wheat. In Romania, there is only quarter of the total arable

land cultivated with wheat (2,140,500 ha) and approximately one third of the area that can be

cultivated with cereals (FAO Yearbook 2009).

From wheat, grains are used in the first place for making bread and pasta products. From

the beginning until now human history is the history of struggle for food, which always

continues and has become more acute. The contradiction between increasing population density

and grain consumption on the one hand and the level of their production on the other hand, led in

many countries to creating conditions where cereals are becoming a strategic raw material.

Researches made show that more than 800 million people worldwide suffer from hunger,

every five minutes around the world a child dies of starvation. In 2011 the world population

reached 7 billion people and by 2050 will reach 9 billion. Experts found that increasing the

volume of food in the world mostly depends on increased yields which in turn are growing

slower than the population today, yet at the present time, agriculture is the only real source that

could solve food problems.

In Romania, for various reasons, winter wheat production has decreased in the last years,

so there is a need analysis and assessment of economic efficiency of winter wheat production

and development of concrete strategies to help increase the profitability of this product.

Choosing a wheat variety to ensure a better match between climatic resources of the area

and biological features of the variety is essential for achieving high and stable yields. In addition


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to high capacity production, varieties must have good resistance to major risk factors and have a

potential requisite quality.

Production levels depend, obviously, on optimal implementation of all technological

links starting with variety selection and ending with the harvesting. Choosing the best varieties

of those recommended within the area not one can guarantee, to obtain higher yields, unless the

whole range of technological measures applied at an optimal level. Wheat crop technology, the

foundation raised crops put together with the establishment of culture, which includes a number

of technological sequences aimed at achieving better crop emergence ended.

The product obtained must satisfy both quantitatively and qualitatively. At present,

although the quantity is very important, place increasingly based on quality, consumers are

moving towards foods that also contribute to raising living standards through a healthy diet made

from organic products.

The coordination of this scientific research, the interpretation of results and the drafting

of this paper were conducted under the direction of the distinguished university PhD professor

Morar Gavrila, to whom I address in this way most sincere thanks for the professional and moral

support given continuously during the preparation of this thesis.

I express my gratitude and sincere thanks to all collectives of Phytotechnie and

Physiology for the support given during the preparation of this paper.

I also want to thank my family, husband and parents for all the dedication and support

they have shown during the whole period preparation of this work.


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CHAPTER I. ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM IN THE WORLD AND IN

ROMANIA

Chapter I presents the causes that led to the emergence and spreading of the concept of

biological agriculture in Europe and worldwide, the concept of organic agriculture and the

situation of ecological farming in the world and Romania. Also this chapter presents the area and

yield production of ecological wheat and the history of this cereal.

CHAPTER II. THE CURRENT STAGE OF BIOLOGY AND

TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH ON ECOLOGICAL SPELT WHEAT

PRODUCTION SYSTEM

This chapter gives the current state of research on the organic spelt wheat crop, biology

and morphology are described and spelt wheat growing technology in ecological agriculture

system (crop location, crop rotation, tillage, seed and sowing, crop management and harvesting).

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES. MATERIAL AND

METHOD. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH REASEARCH

WAS CARRIED OUT

3.1. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The research objectives were:

study of some aspects of spelt wheat biology in conditions of Transylvania

(determination of seed attributes: TGW, energy and faculty of germination, seed

respiration intensity) twinning ability, resistance to winter;

peculiarities of growth and development compared to common wheat variety;


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identification of ecological resources (organic, biological) for production

stimulation (organic fertilization with manure, foliar fertilization with natural

fertilizers);

yield production capacity in the conditions of Jucu and qualitative characteristics

of spelt wheat (regarding protein and gluten content);

determination of optimal spelt wheat density cultivation.

3.2. BIOLOGIC MATERIAL USED

For studying the suitability of spelt wheat to ecological farming system there were

studied two varieties of common wheat, Apullum, produced at SDA Turda and Kappo, with

Austrian origin, and Oberkulmer rotkorn variety of spelt subspecies.

3.3. FOLIAR BIOFERTILIZERS USED

Of all the foliar fertilizers allowed in organic farming, the following products were used,

in concentration recommended by the producing companies: Biomit plussz, Biostar, Biofert,

Maxiroot, Terra Sorb and Glutaxin. Biofertilizators application was made every year in three

stages of wheat growth: the elongation straw, during and after flowering.

3.4 MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHOD

3.4.1 Seeds germination with Corona discharge

Experience was to determine the influence of Corona effect on spelt wheat energy and

faculty germination, after exposed to intense electric fields treatment, or corona discharge.


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3.4.2 Seeds respiration

Research has followed to determine differences in the intensity respiration between

common wheat and spelt wheat seeds during germination using Pfeffer method.

Pfeffer method involves a complex installation where air circulates constantly loaded

with CO2 is purified and allow quantitative determination of CO2 released by respiration seed

analysis.

3.4.3 Protein content determination

Protein content was done according to STAS 6283/4-84 the mineralization of wheat

Schrot with sulphuric acid in the presence of a catalyst according to the Kjeldahl method,

alkaline mineralization, followed by distillation and titration of ammonia released.

3.4.4 Gluten content and deformation index determination

Wet gluten content was performed in the laboratory taking 50 g of ground sample, which

were introduced without loss in a porcelain cup, was added 25 ml 2% sodium chloride was

stirred for 3-4 minutes. The resulting dough was covered and left to stand for 5 minutes, then

washed with sodium chloride solution 2% over a dense web of silk.

For deformation index of wet gluten were weighed 5 g, were modelled into spherical

form and were placed on a 80 mm square glass. After a minute the sphere diameter was

measured using a plotting paper. Reading became the perpendicular from the top down, first at

one end and then the other of diameter whose length was measured (FOTINI-TEODORESCU

DESPINA, 2000).


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3.5. RESEARCH METHOD

3.5.1. Research of spelt wheat biology

Experiment 1 – TGW’s determination on tested varieties

TGW's determination was performed at the three wheat varieties studied, suitable for

organic farming.

Factor A – Experimental year, with three graduations:

a1 - 2006

a2 – 2007

a3 - 2008

Factor B – Wheat cultivation suitable for ecological farming, with three

graduations:

b1 – Apullum

b2 – Kappo

b3 – Oberkulmer rotkorn

The experiment was bifactorial the type 2x2 in four repetitions.

Experiment 2 – Study of Corona discharge effect on seeds germination

The research consisted of the exposure of wheat seeds by corona discharge voltage and

different exposure time.

Factor A – voltage with three graduations:

a1- 5kV

a2 – 10kV

a3 – 20kV

Factor B – exposure time with three graduations:

b1 – 30 minutes

b2 – 45 de minutes

b3 – 60 de minutes



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After Corona discharge treatment, wheat seeds were put in germination room at different

parameters:

- V1 - 8 degree, 50% lighting and 50% humidity;

- V2 - 25 degree, 50% lighting and 50% humidity;

- V3 - 35 degree, 50% lighting and 50% humidity.

Experiment 3. – Intensity of seeds respiration at spelt wheat compared with common wheat

For study the complexity of interrelationships and multiple comparisons of seed

respiration at the three wheat species from our research we proposed a bi-factorial experiment.

Factor A – Wheat cultivar suitable for ecological farming, with three graduations:

a1 – Apullum

a2 – Kappo

a3 – Oberkulmer rotkorn

Factor B – determination period with three graduations:

b1 – 3 days

b2 – 7 days

b3 – 11 days


Experiment 4. - Determination of resistance to winter of the varieties under study

Own research on resistance to winter focused on ingress and ingress of the three winter

wheat varieties tested and twinning degree in three years.

Factor A - Experimental year with graduations:

a1 - 2006

a2 – 2007

a3 - 2008


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Factor B – Wheat cultivar suitable for ecological farming, with graduations:

b1 – Apullum

b2 – Kappo



3.5.2. Research of spelt wheat technology

Experiment 1. – The influence of foliar fertilizers on the yield in wheat varieties suitable for

ecological farming

Factor A - Experimental year with graduations:

a1 - 2006

a2 – 2007

a3 - 2008

Factor B – Wheat cultivar suitable for ecological farming, with graduations:

b1 – Apullum

b2 – Kappo


Factor C – ecological foliar fertilizers with graduations:

c1 – unfertilized

c2 – Biofert

c3 – Biomit Plusz

c4 – Biostar

c5 – Maxiroot

c6 – Terra Sorb

c7 - Glutaxin

The experiment was trifactorial the type 3x3x7 in four repetitions.

.


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Experiment 2. – Protein content determination under biofertilizers influence

Protein content determinations were made for 7 samples of spelt wheat, these samples

were taken from plots where ecological foliar fertilizers were applied as follows:

V1- Biofert

V2 - Biomit Plusz

V3 - Biostar

V4 - Maxiroot

V5 - Terra Sorb

V6 - Glutaxin

V7 –unfertilized

Experiment 3. – Wet gluten content determination under the foliar biofertilizers

influence

There were studied, as well as for protein content, the following:

V1- Biofert

V2 - Biomit Plusz

V3 - Biostar

V4 - Maxiroot

V5 - Terra Sorb

V6 - Glutaxin

V7 –unfertilized

The experiment was placed in 4 repetitions rigorously in compliance with wheat

cultivation technology to highlight the experimental factors follow.

Experiment 5 – Study of optimal seeding density of spelled wheat

The twin high capacity and good resistance to winter spelt wheat is generally

recommended to be planted at densities of 300 bg/m2. Because the climatic conditions of our

country (fertile soils, different winters, frequent periods of drought in autumn, high weeds

degree) differs from other ecological zones around the globe, in experimental year, 2008-2009


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we wanted to study the optimal density of spelt wheat, sowing within a larger germinable seeds

per meter squared.

Were studied following densities:

V1 – 300 b.g./m2

V2 – 400 b.g./m2

V3 – 500 b.g./m2

V4 – 600 b.g./m2

The experiment was monofactorial, placed by blocks method in four repetitions.

3.6. GEOGRAPHICAL EXPERIMENTAL AND FILD EXPERIENCE

LOCATION

Over the years, experiments were conducted at the Research Station for the Culture and

Development of Pastures - Jucu.

3.7 CLIMATIC CONDITION UNDER WHICH EXPERIENCES WHERE

CARRIED OUT

In this section are presented climatic conditions in which researches were conducted

during the three experimental years.


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CHAPTER IV. RESULTS

4.1. THE RESULTS CONCERNING SPELT WHEAT BIOLOGY

4.1.1 Comparative results on seed characteristics in the three varieties studied

4.1.1.1 Determining the relative weight of 1000 seeds (1000 grain weight, TGW)

After TGW’s determination of three wheat varieties under study, variety Oberkulmer

rotkorn of spelt subspecies, stand out compared to Apullum variety, which was considered as a

control. The differences in all experimental years between spelt wheat, Oberkulmer rotkorn

variety and Apullum variety was significant positive. (table 4.1). Kappo wheat variety has

registered negative significant differences.

Oberkulmer rotkorn variety had the highest value of TGW in 2007-2008 experimental

year, when registered value was over 49 g.

Table 4.1

Relative weight of 1000 grain of experimental varieties

Year Variety TGW Difference Significance Duncan

Test g %

2006-2007

Apullum 40,33 100,0 0,00 Mt. D

Kappo 35,33 87,6 -5,00 000 A

Oberkumer

rotkorn

47,33 117,4 7,00 *** E

2007-2008

Apullum 39,17 100,0 0,00 Mt. C

Kappo 36,17 92,3 -3,00 000 B

Oberkumer

rotkorn

49,17 125,5 10,00 *** F

2008-2009

Apullum 40,17 100,0 0,00 Mt. D

Kappo 35,17 87,6 -5,00 000 A

Oberkumer

rotkorn

47,17 117,4 7,00 *** E

DL (5%) = 0,56

DL (1%) = 0,84

DL (0,1%) = 1,36


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4.1.1.3 Influence of Corona treatment on spelt wheat seeds germination

A method to increase spelt wheat seed germination tested during the research was Corona

discharge effects. Determinations of energy and faculty of spelt wheat germination after

exposure to Corona discharge are presented in table 2, 3 and 4.

Table 2

Values of energy and germination of spelt wheat

(parameters: 8 degree C, 50% lighting and 60% humidity) Tension Exposure time Germination energy Difference Significance Test

Duncan normal germs %

5 kV

Control 62,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. A

30 min 82,50 132,5 20,25 *** E

45 min 77,25 24,1 15,00 *** D

60 min 65,25 104,8 3,00 *** B

10 kV

Control 61,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. A

30 min 97,25 158,8 36,00 *** F

45 min 77,25 126,1 16,00 *** D

60 min 70,00 114,3 8,75 *** C

20 Kv

Control 61,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. A

30 min 91,75 149,8 30,50 *** G

45 min 78,75 128,6 17,50 *** D

60 min 62,25 101,6 1,00 - A

DL (5%) = 1,51

DL (1%) = 2,03

DL (0,1%) = 2,71

Tension Exposure time Germination faculty Difference Significance Test


5 kV

Control 89,75 100,0 0,00 Mt. C

30 min 97,25 108,4 7,50 *** F

45 min 98,25 109,5 8,50 *** G

60 min 98,50 109,7 8,75 *** G

10 Kv

Control 89,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. C

30 min 98,25 110,1 9,00 *** G

45 min 96,25 107,8 7,00 *** E

60 min 94,00 105,3 4,75 *** D

20 Kv

Control 89,75 100,0 0,00 Mt. C

30 min 96,00 107,0 6,25 *** E

45 min 86,00 95,8 -3,75 000 B

60 min 78,50 87,5 -11,25 000 A

DL (5%) = 0,75

DL (1%) = 1,01

DL (0,1%) = 1,35


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The data results shows that the Corona discharge treatment seeds were germinated in

greater number with very significant differences compared to the control in all three cases the

exposure parameters: temperature of 8 degrees C, 50% light and 60% humidity, except for

voltage 20 kV at exposure times of 45 and 60 minutes when it is registered a decrease compared

with control, in conclusion when exposure time increase, germination faculty decrease (86%,

respectively 79%) (table 2).

In conclusion, seed germination was stimulate under Corona discharge treatment in case

of voltage 5kV and 10 kV at exposure time between 30 minutes and 60 minutes, value of seeds

germination was 97-98% compared with 89% at control.

In the proposed experimental conditions 80 C, 50% light and 60% humidity, Corona

discharge treatment method leads to stimulation of spelt wheat germination energy and faculty.


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Table 3


(parameters: 25 degree C, 50% lighting and 60% humidity) Tension Exposure time Germination energy Difference Significance Test


5 kV Control 47,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. A

30 min 63,50 134,4 16,00 *** F

45 min 59,25 125,4 10,00 *** E

60 min 57,25 121,2 12,00 *** D

10 Kv

Control 47,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. A

30 min 81,25 172,0 34,00 *** C

45 min 54,25 114,8 7,00 *** I

60 min 59,25 125,4 12,00 *** E

20 Kv

Control 47,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. A

30 min 75,25 159,3 28,00 *** H

45 min 73,25 155,0 26,00 *** G

60 min 49,25 104,2 2,00 *** B

DL (5%) = 0,74

DL (1%) = 1,00

DL (0,1%) = 1,33

Tension Exposure time Germination faculty Difference Significance Test

Duncan germeni

normali/normal

germs

%

5 kV

Control 98,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. F

30 min 98,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. F

45 min 98,00 99,7 -0,25 - F

60 min 97,25 99,0 -1,00 - F

10 kV

Control 98,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. F

30 min 98,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. F

45 min 92,25 93,9 -6,00 000 D

60 min 90,25 91,9 -8,00 000 C

20 kV

Control 98,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. F

30 min 94,25 95,9 -4,00 000 E

45 min 85,25 86,8 -13,00 000 B

60 min 75,25 76,6 -23,00 000 A

DL (5%) = 1,01

DL (1%) = 1,36

DL (0,1%) = 1,81

If the temperature was increased at 25 C degrees and humidity is 60%, wheat seeds had

over 90%, almost 100% of germination at voltage 5kV and 10kV and all exposure times. This

means that in optimal conditions of temperature the germination values are close to 100% (tabel

3).


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In version with 20kV germination faculty start to decrease compared to control, again

when exposure time of Corona discharge increase (table 3).

Table 4


(parameters: 35 degree C, 50% lighting and 60% humidity) Tensiune/

Tension

Timp expunere/

Exposure time

Facultatea și energia

germinativă/

Germination energy and

faculty

Diferența/

Difference

Semnificația/

Significance

Test

Duncan

germeni

normali/normal

germs

%

5 kV Control 3,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. AB

30 min 7,25 223,1 4,00 - AB

45 min 0,75 23,1 -2,50 - A

60 min 0,25 7,7 -3,50 - A

10 kV

Control 3,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. AB

30 min 6,25 192,3 3,00 - AB

45 min 1,50 46,2 -1,75 - A

60 min 0,25 7,7 -3,00 - A

20 kV

Control 3,25 100,0 0,00 Mt. AB

30 min 24,50 753,8 21,25 * B

45 min 1,25 38,5 -2,00 - A

60 min 0,25 7,7 -3,00 - A

DL (5%) = 19,39

DL (1%) = 26,21

DL (0,1%) =34,91

When the temperature increases at 35 C degrees, wheat seeds treated or not with Corona

discharge are losing their germination faculty, fact which confirms that maximum wheat

germination is 28-32 C degrees (table 4).


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4.1.2. The results concerning seed physiology

4.1.2.1 Seeds respiration

During the respiration process differences were registered between three wheat varieties

studied.

The data results shows that compared with Apullum variety, which was considered as a

control, Kappo variety registered significant negative differences, while Oberkulmer rotkorn

variety registered significant positive differences. The differences were validated by statistical

calculation performed through the multiple comparison test (Duncan) (table 5).

Table 5

Intensity of seeds respiration of the three wheat varieties with Pfeffer method

Period of

determination

(days)

Varieties

mg CO2

released/10g

seed/h

Difference

Significance

Test

Duncan

mg CO2

eliberat/

mg CO2

released

%

3

Apullum 15,10 100,0 0,00 Mt. BC

Kappo 7,27 48,1 -7,83 000 A

Oberkulmer

rotkorn

19,93 132,0 4,83 *** D

7

Apullum 29,10 100,00 0,00 Mt. E

Kappo 13,73 47,2 -15,37 000 B

Oberkulmer

rotkorn

37,30 132,0 8,20 *** F

11

Apullum 13,77 100,0 0,00 Mt. B

Kappo 5,80 42,1 -7,97 000 A

Oberkulmer

rotkorn

16,63 120,8 2,87 *** C

DL (5%) = 1,68

DL (1%) = 2,52

DL (0,1%) = 4,05


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As regards the period respiration the determination results show that in all three cases

respiration was more intense at spelt wheat. Respiration intensity values are maximum at 7

days after the seeds have been put for germination at all three varieties analysed, and then

begins to decrease (GHEOLȚAN OANA OFELIA și colab., 2007) (table 5).

4.1.3 Results concerning passage through the winter of studied wheat varieties

Stage of vegetation was determinate at wheat varieties studied in winter ingress (20

November 2006. 23 November 2007 and 20 November 2008). Determination was made on each

variety on 1square meter, in three repetitions, by counting the wheat plants (table 6). At that

moment the vegetation stage of the three varieties was two leafs and no brothers.

Table 6

Vegetation stage in winter ingress of wheat varieties Year Varieties Plants number %

Emergence Semănate/Seeded Răsărite/Arised

2006-2007

Apullum 500 324 65

Kappo 500 344 69

Oberkulmer rotkorn 300 215 72

2007-2008

Apullum 500 429 86

Kappo 500 414 83


2008-2009

Apullum 500 362 72

Kappo 500 324 65


Oberkulmer rotkorn variety was sowed at 300 b.g/mp density, and the other two varieties

had a density of 500 b.g/mp. Emergence percentage is higher at spelt wheat compared with

Apullum and Kappo varieties. So, in agricultural year 2006-2007, emergence percent at

Oberkulmer rotkorn was 72% compared with 65% and 69% at Apulum and Kappo varieties.

(table 6).

In agricultural year 2007-2008 spelt wheat had the best emergence of the three

experimental years, the percentage obtained was 93% than 86% for Apullum variety or 83% at

Kapp variety.


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The last experimental year (2008-2009) wasn’t favourable for emergence, due to lack of

rainfall after sowing, emergence percentage in case of the two common wheat varieties was 72%

(Apullum) and 65% (Kappo), and at Oberkulmer rotkorn 68%.

Stage of vegetation was determinate at the three wheat varieties studied in winter ingress,

in spring, at 13 April 2007, 14 April in 2008 and 13 April in 2009. At that moment, the three

varieties had 2-3 leafs and 1-2 brothers.

The measurements were made in same places, on same plants like for winter ingress

(table 7).

Table 7

Vegetation stage in winter egress of wheat varieties

Year Variety Plants number(m2) Twinning

degree la intrarea în

iarnă/ winter

ingress

la ieșirea din

iarnă/ winter

engress

2006-2007

Apullum 324 521 160

Kappo 344 505 146


2007-2008

Apullum 429 670 156

Kappo 414 643 155


2008-2009

Apullum 362 523 144

Kappo 324 506 156


In spring, compared with Apullum and Kappo varieties the differences of twinning

degree was in Oberkulmer rotkorn favor in two from the three experimental years (2007-2008

and 2008-2009) (table 7).


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6.1. RESULTS CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANO-MINERAL

FOLIAR FERTILIZERS ON SPELT WHEAT BIOLOGY AND YIELD

PRODUCTION

6.1.1 Results concerning foliar biofertilizers influence on yield production

In conditions of ecological isolated location (experimental field) from the influence of

chemical fertilizers and plant protection substances by chemical synthesis has placed an

experience common wheat varieties (Apullum and Kappo), suitable for organic farming, with

spelt wheat (variety Oberkulmer rotkorn) to establish environmental influences foliar fertilization

on plant biology, production and quality of wheat.

The study was conducted over a period of three years (2006-2007, 2007-2008 and 2008-

2009) pursuing the influence of following foliar organic: Biomit plusz, Biostar, Biofert,

Maxiroot, Terra Sorb și Glutaxin.

Following phenological observations and experimental statistical calculations revealed

the following issues:

Spelt wheat production has a potential between 6.000 and 7.000 kg / ha, close to valuable

varieties grown in our area. In the climatic conditions in our country there are frequently

obtained spelt wheat yields over 4000 kg per hectare. Its qualities of rusticity were stimulated by

foliar application of organo-mineral fertilizers. If Apullum variety and Kappo variety are

obtained very significant differences by applying Biofert or Maxiroot, at spelt wheat more foliar

fertilizers stimulate production providing significant and distinct significant differences in the

first year experiment (2006-2007) (table 8). Among the tested foliar fertilizers in the agricultural

year 2006-2007, Biofert and Biostar provides very significant and distinct differences between

500-600 kg / ha, and with very significant production compared with unfertilized (control) are

foliar fertilizers Terra Sorb and Glutaxin values being between 790-915 kg / ha (GHEOLȚAN

OANA OFELIA, G. MORAR, 2007) (tabel 8).

In the agricultural year 2007-2008, Apullum variety, no obtained significant yiled

differences by applying organo-mineral fertilization. Kappo variety were obtained significant

differences by applying fertilizers Biofert and Biostar with production increases of over 350 kg /

ha and fertilizer TerraSorb over 400 kg / ha. Oberkulmer rotkorn variety of spelt wheat, were

found distinct significant and very significant differences on application of fertilizers Biostar,


23

Biofert, TerraSorb and Glutaxin, differences from unfertilized (control) is over 500 kg / ha,

respectively Biomit with significant increases (400 kg / ha).

In the third experimental year, 2008-2009, yield differences obtained by foliar application

were significant especially for Oberkulmer rotkorn variety of spelt subspecies, compared to the

control (unfertilized), increases exceeding 400 kg / ha for fertilization with Biostar and 350kg/ha

to Biofert, Terra Sorb and Glutaxin.

For the other two varieties there were no differences compared to the control plot, except

the plot fertilized with Biofert at the variety Apullum where it achieved a significant production

increase (372 kg / ha).

Fig. 4.4 – Experimental field (Jucu, 2008) (original)


24

Table 8

Influence of foliar organo-mineral fertilizers on spelt wheat yield production

compared with two common varieties

Agricultural

year

Variety Foliar fertilizer Production Difference

(kg)

Semnificance

kg/ha %

2006-2007

Apullum

Unfertilized 4376 100 0,00 Mt.

Biomit 4488 103 112 -

Biostar 4258 97 -118 -

Biofert 4981 114 605 ***

Maxiroot 4307 98 -70 -

TerraSorb 4411 101 35 -

Glutaxin 4187 96 -189 -

Kappo

Unfertilized 4736 100 0,00 Mt

Biomit 4657 98 -79 -

Biostar 4155 88 -581 00

Biofert 4430 94 -306 -

Maxiroot 5645 119 909 ***

TerraSorb 4503 95 -233 -

Glutaxin 4461 94 -275 -

Oberkulmer

rotkorn


Biomit 3383 100 6 -

Biostar 4023 119 646 ***

Biofert 3937 117 560 **

Maxiroot 3363 99 -14 -

TerraSorb 4172 124 794 ***

Glutaxin 4293 127 916 ***


25

Table 8- continuation

2007-2008

Apullum


Biomit 4860 100 21 -

Biostar 5137 106 298 -

Biofert 4906 101 68 -

Maxiroot 4849 100 11 -

TerraSorb 4934 102 96 -

Glutaxin 4900 101 62 -

Kappo


Biomit 4738 107 301 -

Biostar 4801 108 363 *

Biofert 4809 108 37 *

Maxiroot 4744 107 306 -

TerraSorb 4854 109 417 *

Glutaxin 4747 107 310 -

Oberkulmer

rotkorn


Biomit 4415 110 409 *

Biostar 4542 113 536 **

Biofert 4569 114 563 ***

Maxiroot 4306 107 300 -

TerraSorb 4593 115 587 ***

Glutaxin 4548 114 542 **


26

Table 8- continuation

2008-2009

Apullum


Biomit 3390 106 202 -

Biostar 3423 107 235 -

Biofert 3560 112 373 *

Maxiroot 3281 103 93 -

TerraSorb 3287 103 99 -

Glutaxin 3211 101 23 -

Kappo


Biomit 3928 101 36 -

Biostar 4026 103 134 -

Biofert 3978 102 86 -

Maxiroot 4192 108 300 -

TerraSorb 3996 103 104 -

Glutaxin 3999 103 108 -

Oberkulmer

rotkorn

Unfertilized 2952,26 100,0 0,00 Mt.

Biomit 3195 108 243 -

Biostar 3367 114 415 *

Biofert 3351 113 398 *

Maxiroot 3002 102 50 -

TerraSorb 3327 113 375 *

Glutaxin 3302 112 349 *

DL (5%) = 329

DL (1%) = 437

DL (0,1%) = 562


27

6.1.3 Results concerning the quality under the influence of biofertilizers

6.1.3.1 Results concerning protein content

Table 9

Protein content of spelt wheat under

the biofertilzers influence

Version Protein content (%)

Unfertilized 16,59

Biofert 16,83

Biomit 17,33

Biostar 17,08

Maxiroot 16,67

Terra Sorb 16,94

Glutaxin 17,07

Shall observed high protein content in all 7 samples analysed so that we can say that spelt

wheat grain falls in the cereals group of high quality, with a crude protein content of over 16%,

even 17% (table 9).

Highest crude protein content of over 17% was determined for wheat in plots fertilized

with Biomit pluss (17.33%), Biostar (17.08) and Glutaxin (17.07%).

6.1.3.2 Results concerning gluten content

Table 10

Gluten content of spelt wheat under

the biofertilizers influence

Version Gluten content (%)

Unfertilized 26,72

Biofert 28,42

Biomit 27,16

Biostar 27,20

Maxiroot 26,32

TerraSorb 29,68

Glutaxin 27,12


28

From a quantitative perspective gluten should exceed a 25% for having baking flour. The

table shows that, with regard to spelt wheat gluten, it exceeds the 26%, even 28% - 29% for

variants that were used Biofert and TerraSorb foliar fertilizers (table 10). In conclusion, spelt

wheat flour has a high gluten content, considering that some varieties of wheat such as

Transylvania or Apullum have a gluten content of 28.2% and 26.3%.

7.1 RESULTS CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF SOWING DENSITY ON

SPELT WHEAT EVOLUTION AND YIELD PRODUCTION

Results regarding the influence of sowing density on phenology and spelled wheat

production had as objectives the clarifying optimization of sowing density considering that all

recommendations referred to the densities around 300 (bg/m2).

The experiment was located by the blocks method with four variants and four repetitions

with sowing densities between 300 and 600 bg/m2 in agricultural year 2008-2009 at Jucu, Cluj

county.

7.1.1 Results concerning spelt wheat germination on different sowing density

On winter ingress the plants sown at different densities, had emergence values between

71 and 78%, values fully justified given the relative drought in October of 2008.

The fact that in all plots that have sprung up 80% of the sown seeds justify higher values

of 500-600 bg/m2 of sowing density, where density is normal for the emergence into ingress

winter (373-458 pl / / m2) (table 11).


29

Table 11

Percentage of plants sprung

(Jucu, 2008-2009)

% plants sprung

Sowing density

(b.g./m2)

Emergence density

(pl/m2)

%

sprung

300 212,67 71

400 312,00 78

500 373,33 75

600 458,00 76

7.1.2 Results concerning spelt wheat wintering and twinning degree under the

sowing density influence

When determining the number of plants winter engress and twinning there was a

retention of hierarchy of values sowing density, plots sown with small densities recovering only

part of the deficit recorded in autumn plants (table 12).

Although the twinning degree decreases with increasing sowing density values, the

number of twinning plants at densities of 300 and 400 bg/m2 are insufficient for optimal density

of spikes / m2.

The nearest optimal density values are plots sown with 500-600 bg/m2, where although

the twinning degree decreases the number of plants per m2 is close to optimal value (table 12).

Table 12

Twinning degree

(Jucu 2008-2009)

Sowing density

(b.g./m2)

Plants number

winter ingress

Plants number

winter egress

Twinning degree

300 212,67 325,33 1,50

400 312,00 453,33 1,40

500 373,33 527,33 1,37

600 458,00 599,33 1,27


30

7.1.4 The influence of sowing density on spelt wheat yield production

Spelt wheat grain yield under conditions of year 2008-2009 increased with increasing

sowing density (table 13). The highest yields were obtained at densities between 500 and 600

bg/m2, where the differences are between 787 and 1326 kg / ha or 126-144% compared to the

control, and these differences are statistically high. Analysis of differences by Duncan test

verifies entirely significance of differences by variance analysis.

Table 13

The influence of sowing density on spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp.spelta)

yield production

(Jucu 2008-2009)

Sowing

density

(b.g./m2)

Yield

(kg/ha)

% Difference Significance Test

Duncan

300 2987 100 0 Mt. A

400 3163 106 176 - A

500 3775 126 787 *** B

600 4313 144 1326 *** C

DL/DS(p 5%) 210 211-225

DL (p 1%) 303

DL (p 0,1%) 445


31

CONCLUSIONS

Because of the negative impact of intensive agriculture on the environment,

organic farming has occurred (biological, organic) as an alternative mode of

production;

Ecological agriculture (biological, organic) ensures an healthy products without

potentially toxic compounds, pollutants, residues and heavy metals;

Areas planted in this farming system in the world and in our country are

constantly increasing;

Rortkorn Oberkulmer variety of spelt wheat subspecies, the TGW has values

between 47 and 49 g and Apullum varieties and Kappo, TGW’s have values

between 39-40 g, or 35.5 to 36 g;

Using Corona discharge on wheat seeds determined between certain limits and

normal parameters of temperature, humidity and light increased levels of

germination, the method can be successfully used to stimulate seed germination of

wheat;

The intensity respiration in germinating wheat seeds increases gradually with

wetting, and after radicle appearance intensity starts to decreases, spelt seeds

having a higher respiration intensity compared with the two common wheat

varieties;

Wintering wheat determined by the difference between plants number in winter

ingress and engress, Oberkulmer rotkorn variety shows greater number of

twinning plants than Apullum and Kappo varieties;


32

Spelt wheat production has a potential near to valuable varieties cultivated in our

region;

Spelt wheat rusticity qualities were more stimulated by applying foliar fertilizers.

If Apullum and Kappo are obtained very significant increase production by

applying Biofert or Maxiroot, at spelt wheat, more foliar fertilizers stimulate

production providing significant and distinct significant differences in favourable

years;

Of the foliar fertilizers tested Biofert and Biostar provides very significant and

distinct significant production, also with very significant was foliar fertilizers

Terra Sorb and Glutaxin, compared with unfertilized plot (control);

Organic foliar fertilizers influence spelt wheat quality production. The results

showed a protein content over 16% in case of biofertilizers Biofert, Maxiroot and

Terra Sorb, and over 17% for Biomit, Biostar and Glutaxin. Wet gluten content

exceeds 26%, even 28% in case of Biofert fertilizer application and over 29% of

Terra Sorb;

Emergence percentage of spelt wheat seeds is between 71 and 78% which leads

us to recommend adding more germinable seeds per square meter, corresponding

to plants density that we tend to reach;

The highest yields were registered at 500-600 bg/m2 sowing values, a conclusion

which leads us to believe that this piece of technology should be reconsidered for

the recognition country conditions.


33

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