Energysources

ENERGY SOURCESENERGY SOURCES

TYPES OF SOURCESTYPES OF SOURCES

• RENEWABLE: CAN BE REGENERATED RENEWABLE: CAN BE REGENERATED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME OR IS IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME OR IS BASICALLY UNLIMITEDBASICALLY UNLIMITED

• NON-RENEWABLE: CAN’T BE NON-RENEWABLE: CAN’T BE REPLACED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF REPLACED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME AND IS LIMITEDTIME AND IS LIMITED

NON-RENEWABLENON-RENEWABLE

• FOSSIL FUELSFOSSIL FUELS– NATURAL GASNATURAL GAS– COALCOAL– OILOIL

• FISSIONFISSION

RENEWABLERENEWABLE

• HYDROHYDRO

• SOLARSOLAR

• WOODWOOD

• TRASHTRASH

• GEOTHERMALGEOTHERMAL

• WINDWIND

• FUSIONFUSION

GEOTHERMALGEOTHERMAL

• Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine

•generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in the cooling

•tower and pumped down an injection well to sustain production.

© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld038.htm


Like all steam turbine generators, the force of steam is used to spin the turbine blades which spin the generator, producing electricity. But with geothermal energy, no fuels are burned.



Turbine blades inside a geothermal turbine generator.



Turbine generator outdoors at an Imperial Valley geothermal power plant in California.



DRY STEAM POWER DRY STEAM POWER PLANTPLANT

In dry steam power plants, the steam (and no water) shoots up the wells and is passed through a rock catcher (not shown) and then directly into the turbine. Dry steam fields are rare.



THE GEYSERSTHE GEYSERSCALIFORNIACALIFORNIA

The first geothermal power plants in the U.S. were built in 1962 at The Geysers dry steam field, in northern California. It is still the largest producing geothermal field in the world.



20 plants are still operating at The Geysers. Wastewater from nearby cities is injected into the field, providing environmentally safe disposal and increased steam to power plants.




FLASH STEAM POWER FLASH STEAM POWER PLANTPLANT

• Flash steam power plants use hot Flash steam power plants use hot water reservoirs. In flash plants, as water reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is released from the hot water is released from the pressure of the deep reservoir in a pressure of the deep reservoir in a flash tank, some of it flashes to flash tank, some of it flashes to steam.steam.

Flash technology was invented in New Zealand. Flash steam plants are the most common, since most reservoirs are hot water reservoirs. This flash steam plant is in East Mesa, California.



In a binary cycle power plant (binary means two), the heat from geothermal water is used to vaporize a "working fluid" in separate adjacent pipes. The vapor, like steam, powers the turbine generator.



In the heat exchanger, heat is transferred from the geothermal water to a second liquid. The geothermal water is never exposed to the air and is injected back into the periphery of the reservoir.



This power plant provides about 25% of the electricity used on the Big Island of Hawaii. It is a hybrid binary and flash plant.



Geothermal power could serve 100% of the electrical needs of 39 countries (over 620,000,000 people) in Africa, Central/ South America and the Pacific.


FUSION POWERFUSION POWER

STAR POWERSTAR POWER

www.td.anl.gov

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

• UNLIMITED SUPPLYUNLIMITED SUPPLY

• NO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSNO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

• NO RADIATIONNO RADIATION

FUELSFUELS

• DUETERIUM: COULD LAST MILLIONS DUETERIUM: COULD LAST MILLIONS

OF YEARSOF YEARS

TRITIUM IS BRED FROM LITHIUMTRITIUM IS BRED FROM LITHIUM

LITHIUM: COULD LAST FOR ATLEAST LITHIUM: COULD LAST FOR ATLEAST 1000 YEARS1000 YEARS

• COMBINING HEAVY HYDROGEN COMBINING HEAVY HYDROGEN ISOTOPES INTO HELIUM RELEASES ISOTOPES INTO HELIUM RELEASES THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF POWERTHE GREATEST AMOUNT OF POWER

en.wikipedia.org

www.jet.efda.org

•Dueterium + Dueterium Dueterium + Dueterium

Tritium +Proton Tritium +Proton Helium + Helium + neutronneutron

FUSION REACTIONSFUSION REACTIONS

• To get molecules to fuse, the To get molecules to fuse, the repulsion forces must be overcome repulsion forces must be overcome by:by:– Gravity (as in stars)Gravity (as in stars)– Magnetic fields on plasmaMagnetic fields on plasma– Rapid pulse of energy to a fusion fuel Rapid pulse of energy to a fusion fuel

(hydrogen bomb or a pulse of a laser, (hydrogen bomb or a pulse of a laser, ion or electron beam)ion or electron beam)

How can a plasma be How can a plasma be confined ?confined ?

www.jet.efda.org

STAR FUSIONSTAR FUSION

en.wikipedia.org

PLASMAPLASMA

• Plasmas occur at very high temperatures - the Plasmas occur at very high temperatures - the electrons are stripped from the atomic nuclei.electrons are stripped from the atomic nuclei.(Image courtesy CEA, France) (Image courtesy CEA, France)

www.jet.efda.org

HYDROGEN BOMBHYDROGEN BOMB

en.wikipedia.org

Magnetic confinementMagnetic confinement

• pinching the field lines at the pinching the field lines at the end -> reflection (“mirror”)end -> reflection (“mirror”)

-> linear arrangement-> linear arrangement

Particles move freely along field lines: how to stop the losses in that direction ?

two solutions

• however: a pure toroidal however: a pure toroidal field does not workfield does not work

• need a helical fieldneed a helical field

• closing the field lines closing the field lines on themselves on themselves

-> toroidal confinement-> toroidal confinement

www.jet.efda.org

TOKAMAK (MAGNETIC TOKAMAK (MAGNETIC FIELD)FIELD)

www.jet.efda.org

TORUSTORUS

THE VACUUM CHAMBER OF THE TOKAMAK

www.jet.efda.org

MAGNETIC FIELD IN TOKAMAKMAGNETIC FIELD IN TOKAMAK

www.jet.efda.org

TOKAMAKTOKAMAK

www.jet.efda.org

HEATING THE PLASMAHEATING THE PLASMA

www.jet.efda.org

2.5%, 0.72.5%, 0.7TT, , PP

1010Q Q (P(Pfusfus/P/Pinin))

80+80+PP (MW) (MW)

40-9040-90PPauxaux (MW) (MW)

0.5, 1.850.5, 1.85,,5.35.3BBtt (T) (T)

15(17)15(17)IIPP (MA) (MA)

850850VVPP (m (m33))

22a (m)a (m)

6.26.2R (m)R (m)

ITERITER estimated cost : estimated cost :

4 000 Million Euro4 000 Million Euro

ITER will be a nuclear machine: 1.5 x 1020 neutrons/s

www.jet.efda.org

What is a plasma : fourth state of What is a plasma : fourth state of MatterMatter

Increasing Temperature

A plasma is electrically conducting and very reactive

www.jet.efda.org

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