Energyregulaon,dietarypaerns andbrainhealthintheTaiwanese...

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1 Energy regula+on, dietary pa2erns and brain health in the Taiwanese popula+on MeeiShyuan Lee DrPH 1 , Mark L Wahlqvist MD 1,2 1 School of Public Health, Na3onal Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 2 Ins3tute of Popula3on Health Sciences, Na3onal Health Research Ins3tutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC 1

Transcript of Energyregulaon,dietarypaerns andbrainhealthintheTaiwanese...

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Energy  regula+on,  dietary  pa2erns  and  brain  health  in  the  Taiwanese  

popula+on

Meei-­‐Shyuan  Lee  DrPH1,  Mark  L  Wahlqvist  MD1,2

1School  of  Public  Health,  Na3onal  Defense  Medical  Center,  Taipei,  Taiwan,  ROC

2  Ins3tute  of  Popula3on  Health  Sciences,  Na3onal  Health  Research  Ins3tutes,  Miaoli  County,  Taiwan,  ROC

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“Of  all  the  things  I’ve  lost,  I  miss  my  mind  the  most.”  

-­‐  Mark  Twain  

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The  Present  and  Future  Burden  of  Disease • Located  in  the  brain    • Factors  affecCng  brain  funcCon  • our  habitat  • personal  behavior    •  life  expectancy  BUT  neurodegeneraCon  is  not  inevitable  with  age

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Origins  of  Brain  DysfuncBon • Our  environmental  interface,  • The  intergeneraConal  expression  of  our  genome,  • The  risk  profile  of  diet  and  physical  acCvity,  substance  abuse  (alcohol,  tobacco),    • Associated  morbidity  and  medicaCon  (esp.  body  composiConal  disorders,  diabetes  and  cardiovascular  disease),  • NeurodegeneraCon  (cogniCve  impairment  and  extrapyramidal  disorders  like  Parkinson’s  disease)  and  affecCve  disorders  (anxiety  and  depression). 4

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Rapid  growth  of  diabetes  -­‐  The  4th  or  5th  leading  cause  of  death  in  most  high-­‐  income  countries  -­‐  Epidemic  in  many  economically  developing  and  newly  industrialized  countries  

(hWp://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/the-­‐global-­‐burden)  

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Prevalence  of  DM  in  Taiwan

(Jiang  YD  et  al.,  2012)  

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Global  prevalence  of  demenBa

• Age-­‐standardized  prevalence  for  those  aged  ≥  60  yrs     5%-­‐7%  in  most  world  regions     8.5%  in  LaCn  America     2%-­‐4%  in  sub-­‐Saharan  African  regions  

• EsCmated  35.6  million  people  lived  with  demenCa  worldwide  in  2010  • Expected  to  double  every  20  years

(Prince  M  et  al.,  2013)  

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Chinese  demenBa  prevalence  • Meta-­‐analysis  based  on  mainland  China,  Hong  Kong  and  Taiwan  during  1980-­‐2012  • DSM-­‐IV  diagnosCc  criteria   (Wu  YT  et  al.,  2013)  

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The  metabolic  syndrome  is  characterized  as  abdominal  fatness  (energy  stores),  fasCng  hypertriglyceridemia  and  impaired  fasCng  glucose  (both  energy  transport  systems).  Its  core  is  impaired  energy  regula1on.  

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Diabetes  and  DemenBa    

Taiwan  cohort  study  

Meta-­‐analysis  

U.S.  cohort  study  

Compared  with  non-­‐DM  people,  demenCa  incidence  was  2.6  Cmes  higher  in  the  diabeCc  paCents  without  medicaCon  

(Hsu  CC  et  al.,  2011)  

Presently  1  in  10-­‐15  cases  of  demenCa  are  aWributable  to  diabetes.    

(Reijmer  YD  et  al.,  2010)  

CogniCve  decrements  may  also  develop  in  the  early  stages  of  glucose  dysmetabolism.  

(Young  SE  et  al.,  2006)  

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Glycemic  Status  and  DemenBa  

Risk  of  incident  demenCa  associated  with  the  average  glucose  level  during  the  preceding  5  years  

Crane  PK  et  al.  New  Engl  J  Med,  2013  

1.18  

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Diabetes  DemenBa • Vascular  • Alzheimer’s  type  neurodegeneraCon  • Brain  diabetes-­‐insulin  deficiency  &  resistance  (?Type  3)  • Pre-­‐DM  as  manifest  in  the  metabolic  syndrome  is  in  large  measure  a  problem  of  energy  regulaCon  

therefore  • We  studied  the  development  of  neurodegeneraCve  disorders.

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Our  Approach  in  Taiwan  -­‐  Epidemiological  &  IntervenBon • Epidemiological  • PopulaCon-­‐based  cohorts  • NutriCon  surveys  linked  to  the  NaConal  Health  Insurance  datasets  

• IntervenBon  • Candidate  foods  &  Working  Memory

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NHI  Cohort  of  800,000  in  Taiwan   • General  Hypotheses  •  Diabetes  increases  the  incidence  of  neurodegeneraCve  diseases  in  Taiwan  •  It  is  possible  to  minimize  the  risk  of  cogniCve  impairment  by  pharmacotherapy  of  low  risk  

•  Study  design  •  Diabetes  &  neurodegeneraCon-­‐free  • matching  protocol  (simulate  a  clinical  trial)  to  deal  with  immortal  Cme  bias  •  studies  of  demenCa,  Parkinsonism  &  depression  preceded  by  DM  (incidence  &  RR)  

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Risk  (Hazard  RaBos,  95%  CI)  of  NeurodegeneraBon  with  Diabetes,  NHI-­‐Taiwan  (1996-­‐2007)

Subjects  were  matched  by  year  and  month  of  birth  &  gender  matched.  

1

2.21 2.24

3.5

1

1.68 1.54

2.5

1

1.93 1.86

2.96

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Diabetes  free Dementia  inDiabetes  without

OAAs

Parkinsonism  inDiabetes  without

OAAs

AffectiveDisorder  in

Diabetes  withoutOAAs

Hazard  Ratio

(ref)  

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Effect  of  OAAs  on  Risk  of  NeurodegeneraBon  (12  y),  NHI-­‐Taiwan  (1996-­‐2007)

    DemenBa Parkinson Depression

Descriptor HR  (95%CI) HR  (95%CI) HR  (95%CI) DM  without  OAAs ref. ref. ref. Me]ormin  only   0.94  (0.63-­‐1.40) 1.28  (0.69-­‐2.37) 0.92  (0.59-­‐1.45)

DM  without  OAAs ref. ref. ref. Sulfonylureas  only   1.11  (0.88-­‐1.39)    1.63  (1.19-­‐2.22)** 1.08  (0.84-­‐1.38)

DM  without  OAAs ref. ref. ref. Sulfonylureas+Me]ormin      0.67  (0.56-­‐0.81)*** 0.84  (0.66-­‐1.08)    0.40  (0.32-­‐0.50)***

Fully  Adjusted  models

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Hsu,  Wahlqvist,  Lee,  &  Tsai,  2011;  Wahlqvist,  Lee,  Chuang,  et  al.,  2012;  Wahlqvist,  Lee,  Hsu,  et  al.,  2012

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AMP  Kinase  

hWp://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/ampk.html   17

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AMPK  in  muscle  

Ouyang  J  et  al.  J.  Biol.  Chem.  2011;286:1-­‐11  

©2011  by  American  Society  for  Biochemistry  and  Molecular  Biology  18

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What  connects  demenBa,  Parkinsonism  &  depression?  • Macrovascular  disease  an  insufficient  explanaCon  •  Insulin  resistance  ?    Maybe  •  Hyperglycemia?  Inconsistencies  •  Energy  dysregulaCon?  Possible  through  AMP  kinase  • Microglial  disorders    •  Lipoprotein  Disorders  (ApoE4;  Perilipin  or  PAT  family  proteins,  also  involved  in  energy  regulaCon  through  TG  droplets)    •  CombinaCon  of  these  

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Food,  CogniBon  &  Mortality  

• Design:  Cohort,  10  yrs  follow-­‐up    • ParBcipants:  PopulaCon  representaCve  sample  of  free-­‐living  older  adults  in  Taiwan  from  the  NAHSIT  Elderly  Cohort  of  1999-­‐2000  • Measures:  • CogniCve  funcCon:  SPMSQ  • Dietary  diversity  score  (DDS)  • Physical  acCvity  • All-­‐cause  mortality    

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Figure  3.  Joint  hazard  raCos  (HRs)  for  developing  diabetes  in  elder  Taiwanese  aqer  an  8-­‐year  follow-­‐up  in  accordance  with  cogniCve  funcCon  and  in  relaCon  to  dietary  diversity  scores  (DDS),  physical  funcCon.

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Joint  hazard  raCos  (HRs)  for  all  cause  mortality  in  elder  Taiwanese  aqer  10-­‐year  follow-­‐up  in  accordance  with  cogniCve  funcCon  and  in  relaCon  to  DDS.  

Chen  et  al,  Food  Nutr  Res,  2011    

Dietary  Diversity,  CogniBon  &  Mortality  

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Survival  curves  Alzheimer’s  disease  incidence  and  the  Mediterranean  diet  (MeDi)  terBle  (p  for  trend    0.007).  

Scarmeas  N  et  al.,  Ann  Neurol  2006;59:912-­‐21.  

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Dairy  and  Mortality  

J  Am  Coll  Nutr  2014;33(6):426-­‐36.  

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0.660.5

0.58

1

0.48

0.15 0.1

1

0.770.86

0.54

0

0.5

1

1.5

0 0.1-­‐3.0 3.1-­‐7.0 >7.0

Weekly  dairy  consumption  frequency

HR  (9

5%  CI)

Al l -­‐cause

CVD

Cancer

p  for  trend  0.009  0.404      0.002  

Adults  aged  40-­‐64  yrs  (n=2275),  fully  adjusted  models  

Dairy  intake  vs.  MortaliBes  

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IntervenBon:  Turmeric  &  Working  Memory

•  Older  adults  with  pre-­‐diabetes    •  Inclusion  criteria    

•  A  fasCng  blood  glucose  regarded  as  impaired  (100-­‐126  mg/dL)  •  Aged  60  years  or  over  •  Never  used  any  anC-­‐hyperglycemic  medicaCon    

•  Exclusion  criteria    •  Congenital  diseases,  cancer,  heart  failure,  renal  failure  or  dialysis  •  BMI>  35  or  BMI<  18.5  •  ContraindicaCon  to  the  use  of  turmeric  •  Any  medicaCon  which  might  affect  metabolic  status  or  interact  with  the  intervenCon    

Lee  MS  et  al.  Asia  Pac  J  Clin  Nutr  2014

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29  Working  memory  (WM)  model    

Baddeley  A,  Trends  in  CogniCve  Sciences  (2000)  

•  Short-­‐term  memory  (STM)  ‒  Assumed  to  comprise  a  unitary  temporary  

storage  system  

•  Unshaded  systems  are  assumed  to  be  “fluid”  capaciCes  ‒  AWenCon  &  temporary  storage  ‒  Unchanged  by  learning  

•  Shaded  areas  represent  “crystallized”  cogniCve  systems    ‒  AccumulaCng  long-­‐term  knowledge  ‒  Language  &  semanCc  knowledge    

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Working  memory  responses  to  1  gm  turmeric  before  and  6  hr  aier  intervenBon  

0.00  

0.50  

1.00  

1.50  

2.00  

2.50  

3.00  

3.50  

User   Nonuser  

* 2.61   2.91  

2.59   2.55  

Lee  MS  et  al.  Asia  Pac  J  Clin  Nutr  2014

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31 Lee  MS  et  al.  Asia  Pac  J  Clin  Nutr  2014

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Conclusions

• The  strategic  use  of  large,  representaCve  data  bases  linked  to  a  naConal  health  insurance  system  has  allowed  new  insights  and  approaches  to  brain  health  in  Taiwan.  • IER  is  contributory  to  neurodegeneraCon  and  may  be  a  route  by  which  it  may  be  minimized.  

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Our  Team  (alphabe+cal  order)

•  Dr.  Hsing-­‐Yi  Chang  •  Dr.  Yu-­‐Hung  Chang  • Ms.  Rosalind  C-­‐Y  Chen  •  Dr.  Yu-­‐Ching  Chou  •  Dr.  Shao-­‐Yuan  Chuang  •  Dr.  Wen-­‐Hui  Fang  •  Dr.  Chih-­‐Cheng  Hsu    • Ms.  Lin-­‐Yuan  Huang  

• Mr.  Jen-­‐Chun  Kuan  •  Dr.  Jiunn-­‐Tay  Lee  • Ms.  Hsiao-­‐Yu  Liu  • Ms.  Ting-­‐Mei  Lu  •  Dr.  Wen-­‐Harn  Pan  • Ms.  Hsin-­‐Ni  Tsa  •  Dr.  Lili  Xiu  

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“When  grace  is  joined  with  wrinkles,  it  is  adorable.  There  is  an  unspeakable  dawn  in  happy  old  age.”  

-­‐  Victor  Hugo  Thank  You!