Energy Use and Pollution
-
Upload
melvin-lester -
Category
Documents
-
view
26 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Energy Use and Pollution
![Page 1: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Energy Use and Pollution
The Central Challenge of Our Time
Eng Phys EP 3ES3
![Page 2: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Energy Modes
• Electricity Generation
• Transportation
• Direct Heating
• Industrial Use
![Page 3: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Energy Production and Use -Impacts by Environmental Medium
• Air –Thermal/Meteorological, Chemical, Radioactive
• Water – Chemical, Thermal/Aquatic, Radioactive
• Land – Radioactive, Chemical, Bulk Wastes
![Page 4: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Air Impacts
“Air Pollution”
Direct chemical impacts - short and long term
“Climate Change”
Indirect impacts – long term, global warming/meteorological instability
![Page 5: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Air Pollution
• SOx
• NOx
• O 3
• CO• Particulate matter, total, inhalable, respirable• Organics• Metals• Toxics
![Page 6: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percenta
ge R
esponse (
%)
Not at allA littleSomewhatVeryExtremelyLevel of Concern
Odours BlackFalloutVisibility Health Effects
Concerns About Air Quality
![Page 7: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How Does Poor Air Quality Affect Us?
• Human Health Impacts• Odors and Eye Irritation• Poor Visibility and Haze• Property Damage• Community Perception Issues• Direct and Indirect Economic Costs• Damage to Natural Ecosystems
![Page 8: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Problem
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Deaths Resp Cardio
Deaths
Hospital Admissions
Sahsuvaroglu & Jerrett 2003
Health Impacts of Air Pollutants in Hamilton
![Page 9: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Health Impacts in Hamilton – by Air Pollutant
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Deaths Resp Cardio
O3
NO2
SO2
P10
CO
Sahsuvaroglu & Jerrett 2003
![Page 10: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
(Higher Impacts on Women and Over 60s) Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction,
A. Peters et al, NEJM, Oct 21, 2004
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Odds Ratio
TrafficAdjusted
BicycleAdjusted
GettingUp
Outside
Augsburg
Traffic Exposure and Myocardial Infarction
![Page 11: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Level of Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and the Risk of Death from Cardiovascular Causes in Women
Miller KA et al. N Engl J Med 2007;356:447-458
![Page 12: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Electricity Generation
• Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants
![Page 13: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Air Emissions by Electricity Generation Method
Lbs/
MWh
Coal Oil Gas Municipal Waste
Nuclear/
Renewables
CO2 2249 1672 1135 2988 0
SO2 13 12 0.1 0.8 0
NOx 6 4 1.7 5.4 0
![Page 15: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fossil Fuel Power Plants % of U.S. Total Emissions
• 67 % of sulfur dioxide emissions
• 23 % of nitrogen oxide emissions
• 40 % of man-made carbon dioxide emissions
![Page 16: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ontario Coal Fired Generating Stations – Health Impacts in Ontario
• 668 premature deaths, • 928 hospital admissions • 1,100 emergency room visits per year
![Page 17: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Why don’t we just add a few more nuclear stations?
![Page 18: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Risk Management
• Hazard
• Risk = Hazard x probability
• Outrage = Risk perception x hazard
• Risk Analysis, including ranking
• Risk Management, education/marketing, prioritized actions, review
![Page 19: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ontario's Electricity Generation Mix
Fuel Type - Ontario % of Total
Nuclear 48
Hydro 25
Coal 17
Gas 8
Other 10
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Nuclear Hydro Coal Gas Other
![Page 20: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ontario Clean Air Plan for Electricity Generation
Close coal-fired generating stations • Reduces greenhouse gas emissions in Canada by
up to 30 megatonnes a year • Equivalent to taking seven million cars off the
road or removing every car and small truck in Ontario
• Meets half of the province’s greenhouse-gas-reduction contributions under the Kyoto Protocol .
![Page 21: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ontario Clean Air Plan for Electricity Generation
• Nuclear - Bruce Power refurbish two laid- up nuclear reactors, 1,500 megawatts.
• OPG to refurbish existing nuclear facilities at Pickering B.• Limiting the future use of nuclear power to today's
installed capacity level of 14,000 megawatts. • Cleaner (Gas Fired) - 7,500 megawatts of cleaner, more
diversified power. • Doubling the amount of electricity drawn from renewable
sources, bringing the total to 15,700 megawatts by 2025. • Adding $400 M to double the conservation efforts for a
total of $550 M, targeting to reduce electricity demand by 6,300 megawatts by 2025.
• Expanding the transmission capacity from Bruce County and surrounding area to facilitate the transmission of electricity from several new wind farms and the Bruce facility to Ontario homes and businesses.
![Page 22: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Smart Electricity Meters
• 800,000 smart meters by December 31, 2007, all Ontario customers by December 31, 2010.
• Cost $1Bn
• Cost per customer $3-4 per month
![Page 23: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Air Pollution Exposures in Hamilton
• Long Range Transport + Local Sources
• Mobile Monitoring Study to Identify and Rank Local Sources 2005 - 2007
![Page 25: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mobile Command Centre
![Page 26: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
###
#
###
#
#
##
### ###########
###
##
#
##
#####
#########
#
##
###
#
##
#
##
#
##
###########
##
########
#
#
#########
##
###
#########
##
#
#
##
#
########### #
#
# ###
##
########
####################################
#
#
#
#
#
##
##
#
##
########
##
##
########
###
#
###
###########
###########
#
##
#
##
#
#
##
###############
##
#
##
#
#
#
#
## #
### #
#
#
##
##
#
#
#
##
####
##
###
###
##
#####
### ###
No
December 8, 2005
1 0 1 2 Kilometers
Wind
NO ppb
![Page 27: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Time
P10
ug/
m3
NO
ppb SO2
CO
NO
PM10Mohawk and Upper James
Barton and Centennial Pkwy
= idling impact
--NO Residential
--PM10 Residential
Stoplight Idling – Concentrations Downwind
![Page 28: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Burlington St. Upwind Downwind
10:5
210
:54
10:5
610
:58
11:0
011
:02
11:0
411
:06
11:0
811
:10
11:1
211
:14
11:1
611
:18
11:3
011
:32
11:3
411
:36
11:3
8
NO
NO2
P2.5
P10
Downwind
Upwind
![Page 29: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
High Pollution Triangle
High Pollution Triangle, Samples of Modeled Impacts of Traffic Pollutants, (Julie Wallace, Ph.D. Centre for Spatial
Analysis, McMaster University)
![Page 31: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
NOMarch 9th 2007
Traffic
Traffic
Traffic
Industry
![Page 32: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
High Pollution TriangleMcMaster Model – Rotek Mobile Data
Monitoring/Modeling Interaction
![Page 33: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Health Impacts in Hamilton – by Air Pollutant
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Deaths Resp Cardio
O3
NO2
SO2
P10
CO
Sahsuvaroglu & Jerrett 2003
![Page 34: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
(Higher Impacts on Women and Over 60s) Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction,
A. Peters et al, NEJM, Oct 21, 2004
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Odds Ratio
TrafficAdjusted
BicycleAdjusted
GettingUp
Outside
Augsburg
Traffic Exposure and Myocardial Infarction
![Page 35: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Vehicle Idling outside Schools
“Natural Experiment”
![Page 36: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Morning – Idling Vehicles
![Page 37: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
8:59
9:05
9:11
14:0
0
14:0
6
14:1
2
14:1
8
14:2
4
14:3
0
14:3
6
14:4
2
14:4
8
14:5
4
15:0
0
15:0
6
15:1
2
15:1
8
15:2
4
15:3
0
15:3
6
15:4
2
15:4
8
15:5
4
NO (ppb)
MorningStudent Dropoff
AfternoonStudentPickup
Natural Experimentpp b
![Page 38: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Monitoring Vehicle at School
![Page 39: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Afternoon – Vehicle Engines Off
![Page 40: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Transportation
![Page 41: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Transit (7.00%)Walking/Cycling (7.00%)
Other (4.00%)
Autodriver (66.00%)
Auto Rider (16.00%)
Transportation By Modein Hamilton - Wentworth (1991)
![Page 42: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
63.6%
% increase
1991-2021 Current Trends
30%
New Roads
10%
-30%New Roads+ 25%Transit
New Roads+ TechImprovement
Transportation Trends
CO averageSimilar Trends forHC and NOx
![Page 43: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
An Evaluation of Hybrid Vehicle Use in a Canadian Fleet Environment
Honda Insight
Toyota Prius
Denis Corr, Michael ChoEngineering Physics, McMaster U.Ontario Ministry of Environment
![Page 44: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fuel consumption statistics
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Insight Prius Fleet avg
fuel
eco
nom
y (L
/100
km
)
MOEHHHSR
![Page 45: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
City of Hamilton Analysis Lifetime Cost Comparison
5 yr total costs, including lease and fuel
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
$16,000
Insight
Prius
Taurus
LuminaMalibu
Cavalier
![Page 46: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Fuel Economy, Actual, vs. Manufacturer’s Projections
• Honda projected Insight to have 50% better fuel economy than Prius, however over 1 year normal fleet operation, fuel economies were comparable.
Manufacturer's efficiency vs. Actual efficiency
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Manufacturer Actual
Fu
el E
ffic
ien
cy (
L/1
00
km
)
Honda InsightToyota Prius
![Page 47: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Drive Clean Emission Testing
• MOE Fleet average Drive Clean Test results.
• Honda Insight and Toyota Prius Drive Clean Test results.
0
50
100
150
200
250
MOE Insight
HC
/NO
pp
m
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
HC ppm
NO ppm
CO %
CO
%
Prius
![Page 48: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
NuVehicle Program Trend 2002
• Vehicle purchases by organizations, MOE, City of Hamilton, Hamilton Hydro
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2000 2002 2007
Vehicles Planned
![Page 49: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
NuVehicle Program Trend 2006
• Vehicle purchases by organizations, MOE, City of Hamilton, Hamilton Hydro
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2002 2007
Vehicles Planned
![Page 50: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Climate Change
• Doesn’t matter where CO2 is released
• NOAA index has increased 20% since 1990
• U.S. refuses to sign on to Kyoto agreement
• Coal is most abundant/cheapest fossil fuel available
![Page 51: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Global Warming - Solutions• Conservation• Aggressive introduction of new renewable
generation worldwide, including wind, solar and local geothermal
• Enhanced interest in nuclear• Investment in LPG facilities• Research investment in Clean Coal Technology,
including CO2 recovery and sequestration (Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Clean Power Coalition
• Hybrid/fuel cell vehicles• Alternative fuels
![Page 52: Energy Use and Pollution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062722/56813946550346895da0e09d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Good Intentions+
Good Science+
Good Process
=
Real Progress