Energy(TKK-2129)

13/14 Spring Semester

Instructor: Rama OktavianEmail: rama.oktavian86@gmail.comOffice Hr.: M.13-15, Tu. 13-15, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11

Outlines

1. Clean coal technology 1. Clean coal technology

2. Coal to chemical (olefins) 2. Coal to chemical (olefins)

3. Coal gasification 3. Coal gasification

4. Coal to liquid fuel 4. Coal to liquid fuel

Clean coal technology

Clean coal technology

A new generation of coal-burning power plants with energy processes that reduce air emissions and other pollutants.

Coal power plants technology must adapt to the changing political climate towards environmental issues.

Clean coal technology

Clean coal technology

Clean coal technologies are several generations of technological advances that have led to more efficient combustion of coal with reduced emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.(http://www.nma.org/pdf/fact_sheets/cct.pdf)

Wet scrubbersIntegrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)Flue Gas DesulfurizationLow Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) BurnersSelective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Electrostatic PrecipitatorsCarbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Clean coal technology

Wet scrubbers

When the emissions reach the flue of the furnace limestone and water are sprayed

The SO2 reacts with the calcium carbonate (limestone) to form gypsum (calcium sulfate)

The gypsum is collected and used for construction

http://www.life.umd.edu/biology/dudashlab/Docs%20for%20CPS/Presenations/Clean%20Coal%20Sam.ppt

Clean coal technology

Integrated Gas Combined Cycle (IGCC)

IGCC uses a coal gasification system to convert coal into a synthesis gas (syngas) and produce steam.- The hot syngas is processed to remove sulfur compounds, mercury and

particulate matter before it is used to fuel a combustion turbine generator, which produces electricity.

- The heat in the exhaust gases from the combustion turbine is recovered to generate additional steam

- This steam, along with that from the syngas process, then drives a steam turbine generator to produce additional electricity.

http://www.duke-energy.com/about-us/how-igcc-works.asp

Clean coal technology

Integrated Gas Combined Cycle (IGCC)

http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/images/IGCCI.jpg?aba085

The integration of these technologies provides the high efficiency of the combined-cycle design with the low cost of coal

Clean coal technology

Integrated Gas Combined Cycle (IGCC)

Advantages:- efficiencies currently approaching 50%, IGCC power plants use less coal and

produce much lower emissions of carbon dioxide than conventional power plants

- Higher output: Using syngas in a gas turbine increases its output- The gasification process in IGCC enables the production of not only electricity,

but a range of chemicals, by-products for industrial use, and transport fuels

http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/images/IGCCI.jpg?aba085

Clean coal technology

Carbon capture and storage

Process consisting of the separation of CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources, transport to a storage location and long-term isolation from the atmospherehttp://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/images/IGCCI.jpg?aba085

http://wiki.dickinson.edu/index.php/Carbon_Capture_and_Storage

Clean coal technology

Carbon capture and storage

Three processes in the CCS technology [1]1. Capturing the CO2 produced from industrial or power generation processes2. Transporting the CO2 to an underground geological formation which is suitable

geological formations3. CO2 can be used as fluid in “Enhanced Oil Recovery”, where CO2 pushing the

remaining oil [2]

[1] http://webberenergyblog.wordpress.com/2012/04/06/3272/[2] “Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)”, Congressional Research Service, June 19, 2009 <http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33801.pdf>

Clean coal technology

Carbon capture and storage

http://www.captureready.com/userfiles/image/Carbon%20Capture/Post-combustion%20Capture%20Process_Vattenfall.jpg

Clean coal technology

Carbon capture and storage

http://www.captureready.com/userfiles/image/Carbon%20Capture/Pre-combustion%20Capture%20Process_Vattenfall.jpg

Clean coal technology

Carbon capture and storage

http://www.captureready.com/userfiles/image/Carbon%20Capture/Oxyfuel%20Combustion%20Capture%20Process_Vattenfall.jpg

Coal gasification

Gasification

the process of producing syngas–a mixture consisting primarily of methane (CH4) carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O)–from coal and water, air and/or oxygen

Coal gasification

Coal gasification reaction

In coal gasification, four principal reactions are crucial:

1. Steam gasification

2. Carbon dioxide gasification

3. Hydrogasification

4. Partial oxidation reaction

S. Lee, J. G. Speight, S. K. Loyalka. 2007. Handbook of alternative fuel technology. CRC Press

Coal gasification

Coal gasification reaction

1. Steam gasification

The steam gasification reaction is endothermic

S. Lee, J. G. Speight, S. K. Loyalka. 2007. Handbook of alternative fuel technology. CRC Press

Coal gasification

Coal gasification reaction

2. Carbon dioxide gasification

Carbon dioxide reacts with carbon to produce carbon monoxide and this reaction is called Boudouard reaction.This reaction is also endothermic in nature, similar to the steam gasification reaction

S. Lee, J. G. Speight, S. K. Loyalka. 2007. Handbook of alternative fuel technology. CRC Press

Coal gasification

Coal gasification reaction

3. Hydrogasification

Direct addition of hydrogen to coal under high pressure forms methaneThis reaction is exothermic and requires high temperature and pressure

S. Lee, J. G. Speight, S. K. Loyalka. 2007. Handbook of alternative fuel technology. CRC Press

Coal gasification

Coal gasification reaction

4. Partial oxidation

Combustion of coal involves reaction with oxygen, which may be supplied as pureoxygen or as air, and forms carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Principal chemical reactions between carbon and oxygen involve:

S. Lee, J. G. Speight, S. K. Loyalka. 2007. Handbook of alternative fuel technology. CRC Press

Coal gasification

Coal gasification scheme

Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin, Devendra Canchi. 2007. Coal-To-Liquids (CTL) & Fischer-Tropsch Processing (FT). The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University

Coal to chemical (CTC)

Coal to olefins technology

Olefins are one of the most important oil derivatives widely used in industry

To reduce the dependence of olefins industry on oil

Coal to chemical (CTC)

Coal to olefins technology

A number of coal-to-olefins (CTO) processes have been developed:

1. UOP/Hydro MTO2. DMTO developed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of Chinese Academy of

Science3. SMTO by Sinopec4. Lurgi MTP5. FMTP by Tsinghua University

Coal to chemical (CTC)

Coal to olefins technology

A CTO plant based on the technology was built by Shenhua Group and successfully put into commercial production on January 2011 with capacity 0.7 Mt/a olefins(0.3 Mt/a ethylene, 0.3 Mt/a propylene, and 0.1 Mt/a C4 ).

Coal to chemical (CTC)

Coal to olefins technology

Process flow diagram

Coal to liquid fuel

Coal to liquid fuel (Coal liquefaction)

Block flow diagram

X. Zhao, R. D. Mc Gihon, S. A. Tabak. 2008. Coal to liquid gasoline. Exxonmobil research and engineering, USA

Coal to liquid fuel

Coal to liquid fuel

Block flow diagram

Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin, Devendra Canchi. 2007. Coal-To-Liquids (CTL) & Fischer-Tropsch Processing (FT). The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University

Coal to liquid fuel

Coal to liquid fuel

Fischer-Tropsch process

converting a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide—derived from coal, methane or biomass—to liquid fuels

uses hydrogen (H2) and carbon-monoxide (CO) to make different types of hydrocarbons with various H2:CO ratios

In a CTL facility the H2 and CO can be supplied from the coal gasifier

Coal to liquid fuel

Coal to liquid fuel

Fischer-Tropsch process

The original Fischer-Tropsch process is described by the following chemical equation:

Coal to liquid fuel

Coal to liquid fuel

Coal to liquid fuel

Fischer-Tropsch process

CATALYSTS & PRODUCTS

CATALYST PRODUCTIron Linear alkenes and oxygenatesCobalt AlkanesNickel MethaneRuthenium High molecular weight hydrocarbonsRhodium Large amounts of hydrocarbons & little oxygenates

Coal to liquid fuel

Coal to liquid fuel (Coal liquefaction)

Block flow diagram