Energy Storage Innovation – Li-ion and beyond

Energy Storage beyond

Li-ion

Dr Timothy Hughes, Principal Scientist

Siemens Corporate Technology

siemens.tld/keyword Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016

15.11.2016 T Hughes / CT REE ENS

Contents

• Overall Energy Landscape 3

• Li-ion roadmap 7

• Advanced Flow Batteries 12

• Power2Chemicals 16

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“Energiewende 2.0”

Future energy systems are facing a profound transformation

Past Today Mid-term Long-term

<10% 20+% 40+% 60+% 80+%

– Efficiency

– LCC reduction

– Availability / reliability / security

– Decreasing spot market prices

– Subsidized economy

– Increasing redispatch1) operation

– First storage solutions

– Power2Heat, CHP increasing

– Demand side management

– HVDC/AC overlay

– Longer duration storage solutions

– Regional plants, cellular grids

– HVDC overlay and meshed

AC/DC systems

– Power2Chem / CO2toValue

– Stability challenge

– Complete integration of

decentralized power generation

– Storage systems/Power2X

– Return of gas power plants?

– Fossil (coal, gas, oil)

– Nuclear

– Renewables (mainly hydro)

– Fossil (coal, gas, oil)

– Renewables (wind, PV, hydro)

– Capacity markets etc. – Predictable regional “area

generation” (topological plants)

– Interaction of all energy carriers

Traditional mix System integration Market integration Regional

self sustaining systems

Decoupled generation

and consumption

Fierce competition in traditional businesses, need to set benchmark in new or changed markets

Profitable business for new technologies cannot be shown yet – today’s use cases are mainly niche or pilot applications

Energiewende 2.0

1) Corrective action to avoid bottlenecks in power grid



Energy storage indispensible in future ecosystem

– enables customers to cope with arising challenges



Portfolio of technologies will be required to cover diverse range of

requirements

Siemens is developing a wide range of storage technologies to meet the expected need for a portfolio of solutions



Contents








Li-ion market driven by eMobility scale and new applications

eMobility drives

manufacturing scale

Scale is driving price down

Price reduction is enabling

new applications

“2 to 3 million all-electric cars a year by 2025”.

Volkswagen June 2016

“50GWh of capacity by 2018”. Tesla June 2016 “Shenzhen has set a target to

make its fleet of 16,000 buses

all powered by batteries by

2017, according to its mayor Xu

Qin.” SCMP Jul 2016

Prices are down 70% in the last 18

months” STEM June 2016 (GTM

Research)

“Entering 2016 GM said its cells cost $145

per kilowatt-hour, and by late 2021, they

could be at the $100 mark.” GM Global

Business Conference 2015

100MW – 400MWh peaker plant

replacement (Southern California Edison

Co/AES Corp)

201MW Enhanced Frequency Response

(National Grid)



Li+ Li

Metal

Porous Carbon Organic

Electrolyte

2Li+ + S + 2e- Li2S Li2S

Li-ion roadmap driven by eMobility requirements

Gen 2 (LiCoO) Gen 3 (Si Anode, HV spinels, ) Gen 4 (Li-S/solid state) Gen 5 (Li-O2)

Evolutionary Disruptive Jump

(Different System)

Incumbent Technology at scale

Dominated by small number of

large players

Commoditised disappearing

margin

Key Challenges

1. Mechanical stability of anode (large

volume change during cycling – 3-

400%)

Key Challenges

1. Sulphur Cathode – novel carbon –

sulphur materials

2. Electrolyte – minimise electrode

interaction

3. Li-anode passivation to avoid dendrite

formation

4. Device operation to optimise

operation

Key Challenges

1. Air Cathode – novel carbon

materials

2. Electrolyte – minimise anode

interaction and O2

3. Li-anode passivation to avoid

dendrite formation

4. Device operation to optimise

operation

Limited Deployment Laboratory devices

280Wh/kg 600Wh/kg 350Wh/kg 900Wh/kg

Li+

LixC6 Li1-xCoO2 Organic

Electrolyte

3/2 LiC6+Li0.5CoO2 3C + LiCoO2

Limited Deployment

Li+

Li15C4 Li1-xCoO2 Organic

Electrolyte

4Si + 15Li+ + 15e- Li15Si4

Li+ Li

Metal

Porous Carbon

& catalyst

Organic

Electrolyte

2Li+ + O2 + 2e- Li2O2

Li2O2

O2



Innovation not only happens at the cell level

New Applications in eMobility

The fully electric aircraft Magnus

eFusion in flight over the

Matkopuszta airfield in Hungary.

The first electric car and passenger ferry in the world, Ampere was

equipped by Siemens in cooperation with shipbuilder Fjellstrand.

With three battery packs, one on board and one at each pier, it is

completely free of emissions



Innovation not only happens at the cell level

The role of Digitalisation



Contents








What is a Flow Battery?

A flow battery, or redox flow battery (after

reduction–oxidation), is a type of rechargeable

battery. The rechargeability is provided by two

chemical components dissolved in liquids contained

within the system and separated by a membrane.

The energy capacity is a function of the electrolyte

volume (amount of liquid electrolyte) and the power a

function of the surface area of the electrodes.

Many opportunities with different chemistries 1. Enables long duration storage – 6 to 10 hours

2. Lifetime in excess of 10,000 cycles – 20 years

3. 100% DoD possible with no degradation



Engineered Molecules offer disruptive opportunity for costs of both

electrolyte and stack

Research Programs

Polyoxometallate Flow Batterys are based on

mega-ions containing multiple transition metal redox

centers (use molecules containing 3 – 19 Me atoms

6 – 38 e- per molecule)

Symmetric Organic Flow Batteries are based on

organic molecules with metallic or non metallic redox

centers with a symmetric redox transfer mechanism

Polyoxometallate Flow Batterys

Symmetric Organic Flow Batteries

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First results from collaborations show promising results

Research Programs

Chemistry screening where a number of tests are

undertaken on a wide range of potential chemistries

and a short list prepared

Lab scale demonstration where stationary cells and

small scale flow cells are used to determine,

Membrane dynamics, Capacity retention, Faradaic

efficiency and Stability vs environment



Contents








The chemical industry faces significant challenges

Growing carbon emissions

Finite resources

Security of supply for both energy and raw materials

The chemical industry therefore faces significant challenges:

These large challenges represent an opportunity through electrification of the chemical

industry.

It is dependent on hydrocarbons for raw materials and energy for production.

The chemicals industry is a vital part of modern life –

e.g. Fertilisers for food, steel processing, plastics and so on.



Hydrogen is the fundamental technology for Power2Chemicals



The existing chemical industry emissions conflict with initiatives to avoid

climate change

1) Chemical and Petrochemical Sector – IEA2009 2) Key World Energy Statistics – IEA2014

Chemical Industry Emissions

1255 MT/yr CO21

4% world total2

1.1TW 1

8.2% world total2

UK target of 80% cut in emissions by 2050

EU wide target of 40% cut in emissions by

2030

Climate Act Requirements

≠

Top 10 Chemicals / Processes:

1) Steam cracking

2) Ammonia

3) Aromatics extraction

4) Methanol

5) Butylene

6) Propylene FCC

7) Ethanol

8) Butadiene (C4 sep.)

9) Soda ash

10) Carbon black

Ammonia: 1.8% of the world consumption of fossil energy goes into the production of ammonia. 90% of

ammonia production is based on natural gas.

Opportunity: carbon – free synthesis of chemicals powered by renewable energy



Beyond Hydrogen – Ammonia?

Source: World Fertilizer Trends and Outlook to 2018, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Global fertilizer nutrient consumption

161.829

161.659

170.845

176.784

180.079

183.175

186.895

190.732

193.882

197.19

200.522

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Mill

ion

MT

A gas, produced by the chemical industry. Over 80% of ammonia is used in the fertiliser

industry.

Demand for fertiliser, as shown in the graph (including projected growth to 2018), is growing at

+3%pa1.

Current production levels of Ammonia are about 180m t/year. The commodity value is €600-

€700/t, leading to a commodity market value of over €100bn/year

Production today uses the Haber-Bosch process and relies on natural gas as a feedstock.

Ammonia

http://energyfromthorium.com/2011/10/29/nuclear-ammonia/ammoniafertilizer/



With renewable energy, the ammonia cycle is carbon free

Electrochemically

Produced Ammonia

+ +

Water N2 from air Renewable Electricity

=

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Opportunity exists in technology for ammonia synthesis and power

conversion

Ammonia

Synthesizer

Technology

Ammonia

Power

Conversion

Technology

Ammonia Storage

Technology

Electrochemically

Produced Ammonia

+ +

Water N2 from air Renewable Electricity

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• Being built at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, near

Oxford, UK.

• Project 50% supported by Innovate UK

(UK government funding agency).

Decoupling Green Energy: “green” ammonia synthesis and energy storage

system demonstrator

• Evaluation of all-electric synthesis

and energy storage demonstration

system by Dec 2017.

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Site layout

Nitrogen

generator

Hydrogen electrolysis and

ammonia synthesis

Combustion and

energy export

Gas store, including

ammonia tank

Control room Wind turbine and grid

connection



Portfolio of technologies will be required to cover diverse range of

requirements

Siemens is developing a wide range of storage technologies to meet the expected need for a portfolio of solutions



Contact

Dr Tim Hughes

Principal Scientist Energy Storage

Corporate Technology, CT REE ENS

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Oxford OX11 0QX, United Kingdom

Tel.: +44 1235 446903

Mobil: +44 7808 825686

mailto:[email protected]

siemens.com

mailto:[email protected]


Energy Storage Innovation – Li-ion and beyond

Engineering

Transcript of Energy Storage Innovation – Li-ion and beyond