ENERGY STORAGEFOR THE MODERN GRID

IMRE GYUK, PROGRAM MANAGERENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH, DOE

APS 3 - 2 - 08

Energy Storage provides Energy

when it is needed

just as Transmission provides Energy

where it is needed

Scales of Power

10000

1

10

100

1000

10k10 100 1k 100k

Cu

rren

t (A

)

Voltage (V)

Consumer Products

Aerospace

Military

Traction

Ships

UtilityHybrid Electric

VehiclesUtility

DRIVERS FOR THE MODERN GRID:

DIGITIZATION OF SOCIETY:

INCREASED POWER QUALITY

ECOLOGICAL CONCERN:

DISPATCHABLE RENEWABLES

GROWTH IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION:

INCREASED ASSET UTILIZATION

ENERGY STORAGE OFFERS A SOLUTION!

PQ,

Digital

Reliability

DER Support for

Load Following

Peak Shaving

to Avoid

Demand Charges

Voltage Support,

Transients

Smoothing

of Renewables,

Frequ. Reg.

Micro Grids

Dispatchability

Of Renewables

Mitigation of Transm. Congest.

Spinning Reserve

LOAD

GRID

POWER ENERGYSeconds minutes – hours diurnal

ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS

A. Nourai

Storage Technologies and Regimes of Application

RELIABILITYAND POWER QUALITY

Has Become a Necessity for the Digital Society

Any Stressed Un-buffered

Non-linear System is Highly

Susceptible to Collapse !

Stored vs. Delivered Energy:

• 2.5% U.S

• 10% Europe

• 15% Japan

Momentary Interruptions(<5min) are More Costly than Sustained Interruptions

Momentary Interruptions

67%

Sustained Interruptions

33%

U.S. Total: $79 Billion

$52.3 Billion

$26.3 Billion

Joe Eto LBL

Outage Costs for U.S. Industry estimated at$79 Billion Annually in a recent study by Joe Eto, LBL

Total U.S. Cost of Electricity $250 Billion Annually

Nine Nines of Reliability cannot be provided by

Generation---

Only Energy Storagecan provide

seamless Continuity of Power Supply

10 MW - 30 sec System at Microchip Plant

L/A Battery for Power Quality and Reliability

Ni-Cd Battery for Outage Support

World’s most Powerful Battery 40 MW in Fairbanks, Alaska!

In 2006: responded to 82 eventspreventing 311,000 member outages

Energy Storage provides both

Real (MW) Power and

Reactive (MVAR) Power

locally

Voltage Fluctuations are expensive

and require Mitigation.

Storage provides a good Solution

DG LOAD FOLLOWING

FREQUENCY REGULATION

RENEWABLE SMOOTHING

MICROGRIDS

Flywheels for Grid Frequency Regulation

Current method to balance constantly shifting load fluctuation is to vary the frequency and periodically adjust generation in response to an ISO signal. Flywheel storage could respond instantaneously!

A Beacon Flywheel being assembled

Containerized 7 Flywheel System

CEC / DOE PROJECT:

Beacon Power 100 kW Flywheel System for Grid Frequency Regulation

Design for a 20MW Facility with100kW flywheels funded by DOE

Flywheels represent an 80% reduction in CO2 emission over present methods

In addition, Flywheels are twice as effective as Fossil Generation

100 MW of storage could eliminate 90% of Frequency Variationin California

Substantial Penetration of

Intermittent Renewable Generation

such as Wind, Wave or Solar

will considerably increase

Voltage (Frequency) Fluctuations ...

which in turn requires

increased Frequency Regulation

and needs extra Fossil Generation

or else Energy Storage

The BPA / DOE Wind Project:

To Smooth out Fluctuations from a 48 MW Wind Farm on the BPA Grid

Measured Wind VoltageJuly 14-Aug.14, 06

3-phase coupling transformer

Grid

PCC 69 kV34.5 kV

ETO-Based ConverterSupercaps

Condon, OR Wind Farm Weak grid Pronounced PQ issues 10 MVA Statcom BPA, DOE, TVA, EPRI Prototype for smoothing major contributions from Wind and Wave Energy

48MW Wind Farm

Wind Integration

GENERATION: 2 x 225 kW Energy Bridge Ultracaps 950 kW Wind Turbine (Average!) 800 kW + 350kW Backup Diesel 250 kW Natural Gas Backup Generator 244 kW Hydroelectric Generator

LOAD: 320 kW Critical Load 930 kW Non-critical Load

450 kW Maxwell EC-Capacitorsto provide Wind Smoothing and Backup Power for the Palmdale, CA Water Treatment Plant CEC / DOE PROJECT

The Palmdale, CA Treatment Plant

ULTRACAPS FOR A 1.25 MW MICRO-GRID:

PEAK SHAVING

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

UPGRADE DEFERRAL

RENEWABLE DISPATCHABILITY

Energy Storage will allow increased Asset Utilization for Generation and Transmission thereby reducing the Number of Polluting Peaker Plants

40

60

80

100

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Number of Hours

Lo

ad

(G

W)

95% Load Level

Peak load 25% higher than 95% load level

MISO Load Duration Curve

FLOW BATTERIES:

Power and Energy are separated.Power Depends on the Conversion CellEnergy Depends on the Stored Electrolyte

Vanadium Redox

Zinc-Bromine

CASTLE ROCK, UTAH VRB TANK INSTALLATION

Provides Peak PowerWithout Distrib. Upgrade500kW / 2MWhVanadium Redox BatteryBy VRB Power SystemsExpandable to 1MW

SODIUM-SULFUR (NAS) BATTERY

Schematic Diagram of NaS Cell

6 MW / 8hrs NGK Sodium-SulfurBatteries for Load Management and Backup at a Japanese Resort Town

Three 600-HP compressors + 1 MW NaS battery

NYSERDA / DOE PROJECT:For 1,800HP Natural Gas Compressor in a Long Island NG Refueling Station for 220 Busses

Relieves LIPA Peak Load,Eliminates Night Shift at Plant

Partnership with NYPA

Costshares from NY ISO, TVA, EPRI, Southern, First Energy, ComEd, PSE&G, APPA, LIPA, Hydro Quebec, San Diego G&E

1MW NaS Batteryto Store Off Peak Power

AEP / DOE PROJECT

Generic Design funded by DOE

S&C Power Conditioning System developed with DOE Funding (R&D 100)

Commissioned June 26, 2006

1.2 MW / 6hr NaS Batteryfor Substation Support:

First Commercial Application in US. Provides Backup during Peak Load Defers Upgrade by 5 to 6 Years Reduces Transformer Heat up Potential Arbitrage Benefits 10K/month

Charleston, WV Appalachian Power Substation

Aggressive Renewable Standards:

CA – 20% by 2017NV – 20% by 2015NY - 25% by 2013

Kyoto Protocol!!!

Such Mandates can only be reached

if Renewables are smoothed

and made dispatchable

by Energy Storage

High Penetration of Renewables

will need appreciable

Spinning Reserve

to accommodate Ramping

Storage can also increase total

Throughput of Renewable Energy

by improving Asset Utilization

on Transmisssion Lines

Diesel / Wind / Battery Hybrid at King Island, Tasmania

1500 kW Diesel2450 kW Wind 200 kW / 4 hrs VRB Batteries

Batteries will: Smooth short term WindFirm CapacityLoad Shift to optimize Diesel

Operation Schematic

Experience shows that running

Diesel Generators at constant Power Output

Saves some 20% in Fuel,

Decreases Pollution,

and Increases Lifetime of the Generator

Rokkasho Windfarm in Northern Japan

Japan Target:

3,000 MW Wind by 2010

Rokkasho:

51 MW Wind

34 MW / 7 hr NaS Storage

Night Day

ChargeWindCompens. Power

Discharge

24 Hour Advance Planning dependingon Wind and Load Forecast

Expected Completion Date: April 2008

Fossil Fuel Generation produces Greenhouse Gases

In addition, Coal-fired Generation has adverse Health Impacts

Ontario Medical Association estimated such Health effects at $10 Billion

annually for Ontario’s 3,000 MW of Coal

Glacial Drift

Devonian Carbonates

Maquoketa Shale

Galena

Decorah-Platteville

St. Peter (Storage Zone)Prairie Du

Chein

Jordan

Eau Clair Sand & ShaleMt. Simon Sandstone

Glacial Drift

Devonian Carbonates

Maquoketa Shale

Galena

Decorah-Platteville

St. Peter (Storage Zone)Prairie Du

Chein

Jordan

Eau Clair Sand & ShaleMt. Simon Sandstone

COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE: A DOE/ Iowa Muni Project

Inexpensive Off-Peak Power is used to Compress Air for Storage in Aquifers. On-Peak, Compressed Air is used as Input for Gas Turbine Compressor, increasing Efficiency

200 MW Aquifer Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) with 75 MW of Wind and off-peak Power planned byIowa Associated Municipal Utilities

US:

Congressional Interest: FY07 Energy Bill has separate Storage Section with substantial Funding DOE Office of Science Initiative on Basic Storage Research DOE Solar, Vehicle Program have Storage programs Programs at CEC, NYSERDA, BPA continue with new solicitations Interest among Utilities such as AEP, PG&E, SoCalEdison, NRECA Interest among Investment Community Global Cimate and Energy Project at Stanford, $3M solicitation

International:

Australia: Storage Initiative with 6 Projects Canada: National Resource Canada preparing Initiative Saudi Arabia: New Research Center at Dhahran. Storage one of 5 initiatives Basque Rebublic: New renewables Research Center with Wave Energy and Storage as top priority

Energy Storage can:

Provide Power Quality and Digital Reliability,

Provide Voltage and Frequency Regulation to smoothe Renewables

Allow better Asset Utilization of Generation and Transmission

Provide Spinning Reserve and Energy Management

to make Renewables Dispatchable

Cost, Cost, Cost! Reliability Lifetime Efficiency Environmental Acceptability Safety Compactness

Requirements for Storage Technologies

in Utility Applications

Develop Batteries and Supercapacitors with Double the Energy Density, Double the Lifetime, and Improved Safety

Basic Research Needs for Storage – DOE Office of Science

Energy = ½ C V2

Research new Tailored Electrolytes with higher Voltage

Research nano-structured Electrodes with better penetration

Develop Ultra- high speed Flywheels with energy densities 5x Li-Ion

Materials with high tensile Strength and high tensile modulus such as Carbon-nanotubes fused in Glass or Silica allow use of speeds up to and beyond 1M RPM !

Transmission

& Distribution

Distribution

Substation

Commercial

Industrial

Gensets , FC, LM

Gensets , Solar, Fuel Cells (FC),

Load Management (LM)

Residential

Transmission

Substation

IGCC - FC Hybrid, Biomass,

Solar, Nuclear, Direct Carbon FC

Bulk Generation

Gensets , Solar, FC, LM

Transmission

& Distribution

Distribution

Substation

Commercial

Industrial

Gensets , FC, LM

Gensets , Solar, Fuel Cells (FC),

Load Management (LM)

Residential

Transmission

Substation

Bulk Generation

Gensets , Solar, FC, LM

Wind

Nourai, AEP

Distributed Storage, Distributed Generation, and Distributed Intelligence will be essential for the

Grid of the Future

IN CONCLUSION:

• Energy Storage can be an effective Tool for Utilities as well as Customers

• Storage Technology is developing more Options for more potential Applications

• The Importance of Storage to the Gridis becoming increasingly Accepted

Energy Storage

is a Disruptive Technologywhose Adoption will induce a

Paradigm Shiftin the Entire Utility Industry

!!!

RESOURCES

http://www.sandia.gov/ess/

EPRI/DOE Energy Storage Handbook

ESA Annual Meeting (Anaheim, May, ’08)

DOE Prog. Rev. (DC, Sep. ‘08)

ESA Data

Storage Technologies Capital Costs per Cycle