Energy Sources of Pakistan.

8/17/2019 Energy Sources of Pakistan.

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ROLL NO: 11-CT-

39

SEMESTER 6TH

UET RAUL MANDI

BAHAUDIN

AFFILIATED WITH

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MIT

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ENERGY SOURCES IN PAKISTAN

INTRODUCTIONPakistan, despite the enormous potential of its energy resources, remains energy deficient and has

to rely heavily on imports to satisfy hardly its needs. Moreover a very large part of the rural areasdoes not have the electrification facilities because they are either too remote and/or too expensive

to connect to the national grid. Pakistan obtains its energy requirements from a variety of

traditional and commercial sources. Share of various primary energy sources in energy supply

mix remained during last few years as oil !".#$, gas !%.#$, &P' (."$, coal !.#$,

hydroelectricity ).*$, and nuclear electricity %.%$. +he electric power generation included

%.)$ thermal, *#.*$ hydel and *.)$ nuclear. -hile there is no prospect for Pakistan to reach

selfsufficiency in hydrocarbons, the good option is the exploitation and utiliation of the huge

coal reserves of +har and the other renewable energy sources.

Pakistan has wide spectrum of high potential renewable energy sources, conventional and as well

nonconventional, which have not been adequately explored, exploited and developed. +hus, the

primary energy supplies today are not enough to meet even the present demand. So, Pakistan, like

other developing countries of the region, is facing a serious challenge of energy deficit. +he

development of the renewable energy sources can play an important role in meeting this

challenge. Present observations based on reviewing the geological setup, geographical position,

climatological cycles and the agricultural/industrial/urbaniation activities reveal that there are

bright prospects for the exploitation of various renewable energy sources, which include mega 0

macro/microhydel, biomass, biogas, wind, solar, cogeneration, city and other solid wastes,

utiliation of lowhead canal levels, sea wave 0 tide and geothermal energies etc.

+echnologically, all these renewable energy sources are viable and consequently suit to efforts for

poverty alleviation and cleaner environment in Pakistan. +he country can be benefited by

harnessing these options of energy generation as substitute energy in areas where sources exist.

1s Pakistan is the agricultural country and ma2or part of population lives in the rural areas, theelectricity generated by renewable sources will also improve rural life, thereby reducing the urban

migration that is taxing the ability of cities to cope with their own environmental problems.

Pakistan stretches from *!34 to "34 latitudes and from 5%36 to 536 longitudes. +he

total land area of Pakistan is about 7((,((( km8. +he northeast to southwest extent of the country

is about %,(( km, and its eastwest width is approximately %,((( km.

+he geology and geography of Pakistan varies from lofty mountains of 9imalayas, :arakorum,

9indukush and Pamirs in the north to the fascinating coastline of the 1rabian Sea in the south. ;n

between the northern and southern extreme ends of the country, notable and unique bented north

south oriented mountain ranges exist centrally bounded by the fertile plains of "(((long hagai volcanic arc,vast tectonic depression of :haran, and the westward swinging mountain ranges of Makran flysch

basin.

;n the north and west nearly 5( $ of the land area is mountainous terrain and incised tableland

topography. +he remaining area consists of alluvial plains of the ;ndus holistan =eserts. +he offshore 6xclusive 6conomic ?one covers over *"%,5! km8 in the


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1rabian Sea. ;n Pakistan, cropped and forest lands cover an area of about *" million hectares and

! million hectares respectively.

Energy Sources1n energy source is a system which makes energy in a certain way, for instance a hydroelectricstation. 1 hydroelectric station uses the current of the river for the making of electricity. -e usemany different energy sources to do work for us.6nergy sources are classified into following two groups@

Non-Renewable;n our world, most of our energy comes from nonrenewable energy sources like >oal, petroleum,natural gas, propane, and uranium are nonrenewable energy sources. +hey are used to makeelectricity, to heat our homes, to move our cars, and to manufacture all kinds of products. +heseenergy sources are called nonrenewable because their supplies are limited. Petroleum, forexample, was formed millions of years ago from the remains of ancient sea plants and animals.-e cannot make more petroleum in a short time.

Renewable


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1reas Public -orks =epartment and the 1ga:han


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&-POTENTIA# O$ SO#AR ENERGYPakistan being in the sunny belt is ideally located to take advantage of the solar energy

technologies. +his energy source is widely distributed and abundantly available in the country.

=uring last twenty years Pakistan has shown quite encouraging developments in photovoltaicAPGB. >urrently, solar technology is being used in Pakistan for standalone rural telephone

exchanges, repeater stations, highway emergency telephones, cathodic protection, refrigeration

for vaccine and medicines in the hospitals etc. +he Public 9ealth =epartment has installed

many solar water pumps for drinking purposes in different parts of the country. Doth the private

and public sectors are playing their roles in the populariation and up grading of photovoltaic

activities in the country. 1 number of companies are not only involved in trading photovoltaic

products and appliances but also manufacturing different components of PG systems. +hey are

selling PG modules, batteries, regulators, invertors, as well as practical low power gadgets for

load shedding such as photovoltaic lamps, battery chargers, garden lights etc.

P>onventional 6nergy Sources has estimated thatthe gross wind power potential of ;ndia is about !#,((( M- and has identified more than *((sites suitable for wind power facilities. >onsidering the significance of the wind resource model, Ministry of Science 0+echnology has provided funds to Pakistan Meteorological =epartment to establish a network ofwind masts along the coastal areas *((%*((* to conduct an extensive wind survey of the coastalareas to assess wind power potential.9owever, P>


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In(a()e of Pr)a(e Sec(or

apital &imited

APG>&B, a company in the private sector, took initiative to establish the #.( M- capacity windfarm along the :arachi coast in *((*. +he PG>& approached to the :arachi Port +rust A:P+B,

which agreed to the proposal. ;n deciding to undertake this pro2ect, the PG>& also approached

P>


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1t the dumping sites, more than !(( tonnes of organic waste is used burnt to extract metals,

where smock and dust are generated to the crisis level of the health environment.

Such huge amount of solid wastes can be used as a fuel and dispose of it at the same time.

For instance, wastes can be burnt in purposebuilt incinerators. +he heat can then be used togenerate electricity, or to provide heating for buildings. 1dvanced technologies have been

developed to ensure that the wastesK gases emitted from these facilities, would not be harmful

to the environment. 9eat and electric power can be generated either by incineration of the solid

wastes or by anaerobic composting of solid wastes through proper landfill techniques. ;n

Pakistan no Lenergyfromcity wasteL facilities has been built.

H: produces *7 million tonnes of

household waste every year. +his could be

used to generate %((M- of energy, which is

enough to meet the needs of *. million

households. >urrently, H: only recovers %%$

of this, around %)(M-, enough for "((,(((households. ;n =undee, power station

generates %(.#M- of electricity from

incineration of %*(,((( tonnes of municipal

and commercial waste a year AFig.B.

Most of the waste we produce is disposed of in

Llandfill sitesL, which is not the case in

:arachi. +he waster is dumped on surface

without any soil cover.

;n case of proper landfill sites, as the waste

decomposes in the oxygenfree environment below the surface, it gives off a gas that is rich

in methane through a process known as

Lanaerobic digestionL.

+his biogas, or Llandfill gasL as it is called, can be collected through a system of wells, drilled

into the waste, and pipelines. ;t is then used to fuel an electricity generator or to provide heat.

'reengairs ;s Scotlands largest landfill site. ;t handles around #(,((( tonnes/year of waste. +he

power plant uses landfill gas to produce almost 7M- of power.

(B)ENERGY FROM MISCELLANEOUS WASTES

+here is also scope to use the specialied wastes for energy generation. -aste from local

chicken farms Achicken litterB, forestry waste, wood waste from furniture factories, agricultural

waste, hospital waste and animal slurry from farms are 2ust some of the kinds of waste that can

be used as fuel. Pakistan is not short of such wastes, but so far the cattle waste is being utilied

to generate biogas from dugwaste successfully at the local level. +he country has significant

potential to generate heat and electricity by utiliing other kinds of wastes.


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,-ENERGY GENERATION $RO+ CITY POU#TRY #ITTER

Poultry farms and animal processing operations create birdswastes that constitute a complex

source of organic materials with environmental consequences. +hese wastes can be used to make

many products, including the energy generation. +he wastes can be burnt in purposebuilt

incinerators. +he heat can then be used to generate electricity, or to provide heating for the

buildings. 1dvanced technologies can be employed to ensure that the waste gases emitted from

these facilities are not harmful to the environment. >hicken litter is one of those wastes produced

from the farms and animal processing operations.

Pakistan has broad based poultry farm industrial network mainly in private sector in different

cities and as such significant potential for power generation exists from chicken litter, but so far

there is no such facility for its use to generate electricity around the country.

Dased on the Pakistan Poultry 1ssociation APP1B statistics, in relation to the performance of

commercial poultry farming sector, it is found that there is a considerable increase in the growth

of the farmbird population from %))% to *((% in Pakistan A+able%B. Presently, more than a total

of %# million layerchicken and #*7 million broiler chicken birds are expected to be produced in

*((" with a share of ** $, 57 $, ".# $, and 5.# $ of Sindh, Pun2ab, Dalochistan and 4-FP

provinces Ainclusive of 1ad :ashmirB respectively. +hese statistical figures seems to much more

because, according to an unofficial estimate, hardly # to %( $ poultry farms have membership of

PP1 APersonal communications with a few stakeholdersB. +hus, the total number of chickenbird

population seems to be on much higher side. 1 proper survey during prefeasibility study would

reveal the exact figures, if taken any in future.

Enly in and around :arachi region, it is estimated that the growth of chickenbirds is about %((million per year based on the personal communications with a number of stakeholders and the

farmowners of the poultry farms. Since, very less number of farms are registered with the

PP1, the precise statistics are not available.

1ccording to a preliminary estimate, %#tonnes/year chicken litter is scrapped out from

a shade of "((( chickenbirds in a poultry farm. +herefore, more than #((,((( tonnes/year

chicken litter is expected to be produced in and around :arachi region, which has apparently no


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particular use. 1t present, this waste is being dumped here and there causing enormous

environmental damage. 1 poor section of people collect this litter free of cost Arather charging

from a farmowner for cleaning out the litterB. 1t present, much of chicken litter from the farms

is dumped in open lands without proper environmental consideration. +hus, the ecosystem in

the vicinity of outfall is breaking down.

+hrough installation of commercial units to generate electricity through purpose builtincinerator, like the +hetford Power Station in 4orfolk, about !( M- of electricity can be

produced daily, which could be utilied to meet the domestic and commercial energy

requirements of pro2ect area, in addition to creating healthy environment. &ater on, it can be

replicated on other chicken farms areas in the country.

;t would not be out of place to mention the Pakistan Poultry 1ssociation and several individual

stakeholders have indicated Ithat a solution, which brings any financial benefit to their members

and improvement in their environment will be welcomedJ.

-ENERGY GENERATION $RO+ ANI+A# S#URRY

Pakistan is an agriculture country. 1bout ($ of the population resides in rural areas who meet)#$ of their domestic fuel needs by burning biofuels, but in urban areas the biofuel

consumption drops to #5$ because they use :erosene oil, &P' and natural gases etc. in

addition to fuel wood to meet their domestic fuel needs.

1s per livestock census *(((, there are !5.5) million of animals Abuffaloes, cows,

bullocksB in Pakistan AFDS, *((*bB. En the average, the daily dung dropping of a medium sie

animal is estimated at %# kg perday. +his would yield a total of (( million kg dung per day.

1ssuming #($ collectability the availability of fresh dung comes to be "#( million kg per day.

+hus, %.# million M" biogas per day can be produced through the biomethanation. Desides,

producing #( million kg of biofertilier per day or %7.* million tons of biofertilier per year,

which is an essential requirement for sustaining the fertility of agricultural lands.

-ith the effective efforts of P>EMS1+S and other organiations such cattlewaste is being utilied to generate biogas from dugwaste successfully at the local level in many parts of the country. Dut the serious environmental problems are being faced in urban areas,where large cattle farms exist.

For example the >attle >olony, which is situated in &andhi area in the southeastern part

of :arachi city. ;nitially when the cattle colony was planned in %)5#, there were only ")

farms, but as the time passed the farms were divided and redivided and the number of farms

became about 7#( in %))%, which further continued increasing the number of farms. +his

increase has consequently resulted in overcrowding. +hese farms supplies about 7( $ of the

milk and the meat to the :arachi city A46>, *((!, personal communicationB.

+here are 75(,((( animals are available in the &andhi >attle >olony, :arachi, which produce5.# million kg dung per day. 1t present, this waste is disposed off through open drainage

ad2acent to the coastal area causing enormous environmental damage. +hrough installation of

commercial units of biogas plant, more than *.( million M" of biogas AmethaneB can be

produced daily. +he biogas so produced could be utilied to meet the domestic and commercial

energy requirements of pro2ect area, which otherwise is being escaped into the open


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atmosphere. ;n addition to biogas, more than (.5 million kg of organicfertilier can also be

produced daily from this pro2ect.

'as from the pro2ect could be used either directly, or converted to electricity and used locally, or

sold to the grid. +hough at &andhi, both gas and electricity are available, the electricity supply is

intermittent, and many farmers use standby diesel generators. +he national grid and a local

distribution line run alongside the colony, offering the possibility of sale of electricity from the pro2ect to the grid. >onversion of cattle waste of :arachi >attle >olony into Diogas and Dio

fertilier on commercial basis can be taken, later on, as to replicate on other cattle farms in the

country.

.-OCEAN %A/E AND TIDE ENERGY POTENTIA#

+wo distinct types of ocean resource are commonly mentioned as possible energy sources waves

and tides. ;n both cases, the oscillating motion of an incoming and outgoing wave is used to drive

turbines that generate electricity. ;t has been estimated that if less than (.%$ of the renewable

energy available within the oceans could be converted into electricity, it would satisfy present

world demand for energy more than five times over.

0A1-%a)e Energy

Power generation using wave energy is at a much earlier stage of development, which offers more

predictable outputs than wind. -ave energy generation devices fall into two general

classifications, fixed and floating. -ave motion can be used to compress air to drive a turbine or

hydraulic pumps.

;n 4ovember *(((, the worlds first commercialwave power station began to feed electricityinto the H:s 4ational 'rid Awww.dti.gov.ukB.Situated on the Scottish island of ;slay, the

&;MP6+ A&and;nstalled Marine Powered6nergy +ransformerB has been installed toharness the action of waves to generateelectricity.


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generating electricity. Hnlike wind and wave power, tidal streams offer entirely predictableoutput.+ypically, tidal turbines, similar inappearance to wind turbines, aremounted on the seabed. +hey aredesigned to exploit the higher energy

density. +idal stream differs fromestablished technology for exploitingtidal energy Neg estuarine tidal barrages,such as the *!( M- barrage operatingin France AFig.%5B in that tidal flows arenot captured and controlled by means of a large damlike structureAwww.dti.gov.kuB. reek System is a great asset for

future energy supply in Sindh, Pakistan. En the basis of limited surveys carried out by the

4ational ;nstitute of Eceanography A4;EB, the ;ndus deltaic region where seawater inundates

up to 7( km inland at some places due to the tidal fluctuation. +hese surveys and investigationsshow encouraging results. +hese creeks extend from :orangi >reek near :arachi to :a2har

>reek near the Pak ;ndia border. +he current velocity in these creeks generally ranged from !#

knots but values as high as 7 knots were also recorded. +he difference between tidal heights

along the Pakistan coast varies between * to # meters. +he tidal heights along the Sindh coast

vary between *# meters A:arachiB to over #.( meters ASir >reekB in the ;ndus delta A1m2ad,

*((", personal communicationB.

;t is estimated that about %%(( :- power can be produced from these creeks altogether.=evelopment of indigenous capabilities for harnessing tidal energy from Pakistan coast, could bring uplift of socioeconomic conditions of coastal population of Pakistan and consequentlywould also promote minimie environmental pollution. 9owever, detailed information is needed

on the distribution function of waves at the selected siteAsB. ;n addition, the Sonmiani 9or and the:almat :hor are also good prospects for the development of +idal Power in the Dalochistancoastal belt.

4-POTENTIA# O$ GEOT5ER+A# ENERGY'eothermal energy is the energy derived from the heat of the earthKs core. ;t is clean,

abundant, and reliable. ;f properly developed, it can offer a renewable and sustainable energy

source. People have used geothermal resources in many ways, including healing and physical


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therapy, cooking, space heating, and other applications. Ene of the first known human uses of

geothermal resources was more than %(,((( years ago with the settlement of Paleo;ndians at

hot springs A'6P, *((*B. 'eothermal resources have since been developed for many

applications such as production of electricity, direct use of heat and geothermal heat pumps.

Most of the high enthalpy geothermal resources of the world are within seismic belts associated

with ones of crustal weakness such as plate margins and centers or volcanic activity. 1 globalseismic belt passes through Pakistan and the country has a long geological history of geotectonicevents Permocarboniferous volcanism APan2al traps in :ashmirB as a result of rifting of ;ran1fghanistan micropiates, &ate Curassic to 6arly >retaceous rifting of the ;ndoPakistan Plate,widespread volcanism during &ate >retaceous A=eccan trapsB attributed to the appearance of aLhot spotL in the region, emergence of a chain of volcanic islands along the margins of the ;ndoPakistan Plate, collision of ;ndia and 1sia A>retaceousPaleoceneB and the consequent 9imalayanupheaval, and 4eogeneOuaternary volcanism in the >hagai =istrict A:ami 0 Can, %))) lassification of the geothermal field production field exists

". &ocation of productive ones

!. 1scertaining that a useful geothermal

#. 6stimation of the sie of the resource

5. =etermination of heat content of fluids that will be discharged by wells in the geothermalfield

. >ompilation of a body of data against which the results of future monitoring can be viewed7. 1ssessment of preexploitation values of environmentally sensitive parameters

). =etermination of any characteristics that might cause problems during field development

;n Pakistan, first three phases have so far been undertaken on limited scale to study the

geological characteristics of the geothermal energy sources. 4early half of the developing


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countries have rich geothermal resources, which could prove to be an important source of

power and revenue. 'eothermal pro2ects can reduce the economic pressure of developing

country fuel imports and can offer local infrastructure development and employment. For

example, the Philippines have exploited local geothermal resources to reduce dependence

on imported oil, with installed geothermal capacity and power generation second in the

world after the Hnited States. ;n the late %)(s, the Philippine government instituted a

comprehensive energy plan, under which hydropower, geothermal energy, coal, and otherindigenous resources were developed and substituted for fuel oil, reducing their petroleum

dependence from )#$ in the early %)(s to #($ by mid%)7(s A;166, *(("B.

Energy Sources of Pakistan.

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