Energy Sources

• Geothermal• Solar• Nuclear

– Fission – splitting of heavy atoms to release energy. By-product of radiation with long half-life. This occurs at nuclear power plants.

– Fusion – joining of light atoms to produce energy. This occurs on the sun.

• Fossil fuels (natural gas, coal)• Wind• Hydroelectric

Air Conditioners

• SEER rating for air conditioners– BTU (British thermal unit)– Calorie

• V = I/R

• V = voltage; I = amps; R = resistance

• Energy star rating

Building Insulation

• R-value of insulation

• Building insulation materials– Good- Paper (cellulose)

• Least expensive; settles over time

– Better - Fiberglass • Blown-in or on rolls

– Best - Isocyanine• Expanding foam (sound proofing)

Nitrogen in Tires

• 147 buses run millions of miles per year.

• A ½ % savings in gas cost is a substantial savings.

• Tires wear more evenly and therefore tread life is longer.

• Less cost to replace tires, manufacture new tires and dispose of old tires.

Audit Questions• Findings of informal walk through/observations• No wrap on water heaters (2) -- question on audit• Frequency of cleaning/inspections• forced air boiler heaters –2• fans? -- audit question• how often change filters – audit• do we do low light day?• bathrooms -- no sensor on waters or auto-off• over 2000 amps in kitchen alone• 8 x 8 walk in refrigerator  • 44 degrees water fountains• double pane windows• room settings controlled by computer; covered in rooms no tamper

Energy Sources in the United States

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 307

Wood Coal Petroleum / natural gas Hydro and nuclear

1850

100

80

60

40

20

0

Per

cent

9

91

1900

21

71

5 3

1940

10

50

40

1980

20

70

10

1990

26

58

16

Energy Sources in the United States

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 307

Wood Coal Petroleum / natural gas Hydro and nuclear

1850

100

80

60

40

20

0

Per

cent

9

91

1900

21

71

5 3

1940

10

50

40

1980

20

70

10

1990

26

58

16

2005

50

21 26

Energy Conversion

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 202

fanelectrical energy tomechanical energy

light bulbelectrical energy to

light energy tothermal and radiant energy

coffee makerelectrical energy to

thermal energy

pencil sharpenerelectrical energy tomechanical energy

Fission vs. Fusion

Fuse small atoms2H2 He

NO Radioactive

waste

Very HighTemperatures~5,000,000 oC

(SUN)

Split large atoms

U-235

Radioactive waste

(long half-life)

NuclearPowerPlants

Alike Different

Create Large Amounts

of EnergyE = mc2

Transmutationof Elements

Occurs

Change Nucleus

of Atoms

Fusion

Different

Topic Topic

Fission

Nuclear Fission

First stage: 1 fission Second stage: 2 fission Third stage: 4 fission

Nuclear Power Plants

Tokamak Reactor

• Fusion reactor• 10,000,000 o Celcius• Russian for torroidial

(doughnut shaped) ring

• Magnetic field contains plasma

Cold Fusion?

• Fraud?

• Experiments must

be repeatable to

be valid

0 1 2 3 4Number of half-lives

Rad

iois

otop

e re

mai

ning

(%

)

100

50

25

12.5

Half-life of Radiation

Initial amountof radioisotope

t1/2

t1/2

t1/2

After 1 half-life

After 2 half-lives

After 3 half-lives

Coal Burning Power Plant

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Nuclear Power Plant

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 621

Reactor Core

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 622

Hot coolant

Control rods ofneutron-absorbingsubstance

Uranium in fuelcylinders

Incoming coolant

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Production of heat Production of electricity

Nuclear Power Plant

Nuclear Waste Disposal

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 626

Surfacedeposits

Host rockformation

Interbedrock layer

Aquifier

Aquifier

Interbedrock layer

Bedrock

River

Shaft

Repository

Wastepackage

Wasteform

0 1 2 3 4Number of half-lives

Rad

iois

otop

e re

mai

ning

(%

)

100

50

25

12.5

Half-life of Radiation

Initial amountof radioisotope

t1/2

t1/2

t1/2

After 1 half-life

After 2 half-lives

After 3 half-lives

Uranium Radioactive Decay

U-238

206

210

214

218

222

226

230

234

238

Ma

ss

nu

mb

er

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

Atomic number

Th-230

Th-234

Ra-226

Rn-222

Po-218

Pb-206

Pb-214

Pb-210

Pa-234

Bi-214

Po-214

Bi-210

Po-210

U-234

4.5 x 109 y24 d1.2 m2.5 x 105 y8.0 x 104 y1600 y3.8 d3.0 m27 m160 s5.0 d138 dstable

Nuclear Fusion

Sun

+ +

Fourhydrogen

nuclei(protons)

Two betaparticles

(electrons)

Oneheliumnucleus

He e2 H4 4

2

0

1-

1

1 + Energy

Conservation of Mass…mass is converted into energy

Hydrogen (H2) H = 1.008 amuHelium (He) He = 4.004 amu

FUSIONFUSION

2 H2 1 He + ENERGY

1.008 amux 44.0032 amu = 4.004 amu + 0.028 amu

This relationship was discovered by Albert EinsteinE = mcE = mc22

Energy= (mass) (speed of light)2

Nuclear Fusion

ray Gamma He H H 32

11

21

H2 He He He 11

42

32

32

Nuclear Fusion

Neutrino e H H H 01

21

11

11

(Positron)

Reporter:Reporter: This is “Sam”, your local reporter at Prairieland Elementary School. With the increases in energy costs and the awareness of global warming – this school has hired expert sleuths to find ways to conserve energy.With me are Professor Watt-son and his partner Sherlock Holmes.

Holmes:Holmes: Wattson and I have closely examined this building and have found several possible “energy hogs”.

Watt:Watt: I suspected the big energy hog would be found in the boiler room. This is the room where the water is heated and cooled. Heated to keep the school warm in the winter and cool during warm days. I noticed most of the pipes had proper insulation and the machines were regularly checked and maintained.

HVAC:HVAC: I am doing my best to keep you comfortable – I use four pipe heating and cooling. You could save up to 70% on your heating bills by switching to geothermal. I’m controlled by a computer system. I can be shut down to work in only certain areas of the building where people are at.

Holmes:Holmes: We’ll Wattson, HVAC is NOT our energy hog.

WattWatt: What did you find out about the electrical usage in this building for lighting?

LightingLighting: All lighting is very efficient fluorescent lighting. We could add additional switches to shut off some lights in the school when not in use. We may want to add motion detectors. Also, consider adding skylights in the gymnasium to save lighting with electricity. An added benefit would be we could open the skylights to cool the gym on hot days. Consider using larger windows to allow more natural light into the building.

Holmes:Holmes: I don’t think lighting is our energy hog either.

WattWatt: I noticed a very large portion of the energy bill was for electricity.

Electricity:Electricity: Much of the electrical equipment is energy star rated. We could switch computers from CRT monitors to more energy efficient flat screen monitors. It saves money by having all computers shut off and turned on automatically when school is not in session. Future equipment purchased should have a high energy star rating.

Holmes:Holmes: I don’t think electricity is our energy hog either.

WattWatt: Could we save money using solar energy? Holmes:Holmes: Yes, but we would need to sell that idea to the school board first.

Watt:Watt: Water conservation saves energy.

Water:Water: I don’t have to be chilled to 44oF in the fountains. Consider low flush toilets and sensors on the sinks in the bathrooms. Be sure all dripping faucets are repaired.

Holmes:Holmes: We’ll Wattson, water is NOT our energy hog and is being used very wisely.

WattWatt: Where else could we be losing energy?

WindowsWindows: I don’t hold in the heat as well as walls. I have two panes of glass that trap air and insulate. I could do more if you gave me reflective coating or low-E glass. The shades help some.

Holmes:Holmes: I don’t think windows is our energy hog either.

WattWatt: Do you think we’re losing energy out of the ceiling?

Insulation:Insulation: The water pipes are insulated. The ceiling insulation could be improved by adding isocyene insulation. It saves 30-50% energy over traditional cellulose are slightly better fiberglass insulation.

Holmes:Holmes: I don’t think insulation is our energy hog either.

WattWatt: Why does the school have a double set of doors? Doors:Doors: I stop the energy from leaving the school too quickly.

Reporter:Reporter: Overall, this school is energy efficient. It does many things right. Small improvements can be made in most areas. When new schools are built in this community, the knowledge we’ve learned in our audit can be used to make a better, more energy efficient school.

The public doesn’t understand the benefits of going green to save energy and help the environment.

Holmes - trench coat & microscopeWattson – Lab coatWater – gel in hair to look wet (blue shirt)Window – sunglassesInsulation – wrapped like a mummyLighting – lamp shade on head? / hand crank flashlight

PLEASEKEEP

DOORSCLOSED

ENERGY IS BEING WASTED WHEN DOOR IS OPEN