Energy and

Society Physics 20051 Energy 20101 Society Technology and Values 20304 Professor Ani Aprahamian

Projection of US annual energy consumption per person

Total US energy consumption: ~300x106x350x106 ≈ 100x1015 BTU

Energy and Society Next Class: We have a guest speaker

Nuclear  Issues  in  Australia  and  Beyond;  One  Perspec7ve      Professor  George  Dracoulis,  Fellow  of  the  Australian  Academy  of  Sciences  Australian  Na7onal  University      Nuclear  issues  in  Australia  have  had,  at  best,  a  conflicted  history:  A  country  with  significant  uranium  resources  but  no  nuclear  power.  In  this  talk  I  will  cover  selected  aspects  of  uranium  produc@on,  nuclear  fission,  the  scale  of  present  and  future  nuclear  power  world-­‐wide,    life-­‐cycle  greenhouse  gas  emissions  from  compe@ng  technologies,  and  the  demand  and  compara@ve  cost  of  electricity  genera@on  in  Australia.  As  far  as  @me  permits,  I  will  try  to  touch  on  the  numerous  topics  that  underlie  the  debate  including  poli@cs,  risk,  public  percep@on  and  public  acceptance  in  the  year  following  the  25th  anniversary  of  Chernobyl  and  drama@c  events  in  Japan,  with  likely  ramifica@ons  for  the  nuclear  industry.          George  Dracoulis  has  been  a  member  of  Department  of  Nuclear  Physics  at  the  Australian  Na@onal  University  since  1973,  and  was  Head  from  1992.to  July  2009.    He  was  appointed  Professor  Emeritus  in  2010.  During  2006  he  was  a  member  of  the  Prime  Minister’s  task  force  that  reviewed  the  prospects  for  uranium  mining  and  nuclear  energy  in  Australia  ,  and  he  has  been  involved  in  public  engagement  on  nuclear  policy  issues,  locally  and  abroad.  

   

Projection of energy consumption by different communities

Example: Why has the industrial world’s per capita use of energy remained about the same in the past decade, even though the world’s economy has increased by 50%? Answer: Much of the economic growth has been in developing countries, which have accordingly progressed from low energy use per capita to increasingly higher use. At the same time there has been a marked increase in efficiency of energy use in the industrial world.

hTp://www.growth-­‐dynamics.com/news/SEP20_04.htm  

Comparison of energy consumption of developed and developing world

zJ means Zetta Joules, i.e., 1021 joules.

[1.0 ton of oil equivalent = 40x106 BTU]

If the world use of oil is about 78 MBPD, how long would you expect this resource to last at this consumption rate?

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx  Answer: oil will last (1213 x 109 bbl)/(78 x 106 bbl/day) =15.6 × 103 days = 43.8 years.  

List reasons why U. S. per capita consumption of energy over the past three generations has risen by almost a factor of four? Answer: • Increase in travel, • moves to single family homes from apartments, • leisure time, • increased number of appliances, • higher per capita income to spend, • electrification, etc.

A ray of hope (literally): Comparison of existing resources vs. world energy usage. The problem is that today we don’t know how to get energy from these sources.

Add to this geothermal: Even today, much more electricity is produced from geothermal sources than from solar and wind resources combined.

TW means terawatts, i.e., 1012 watts.

What does Energy have to do with Society?

But now..more than energy supply and still significant consequences associated with traditional pollution and resource extraction is the impact on global climate change, brought about largely By the emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Climate change….no national boundaries

Enter the Anthropocene—Age of Man  It’s  a  new  name  for  a  new  geologic  epoch—one  defined  by  our  own  massive  impact  on  the  planet.  That  mark  will  endure  in  the  geologic  record  long  a\er  our  ci@es  have  crumbled.  

Na@onal  Geographic  (March  2011)  

What is the problem with fossil fuels?

Fossil fuels will not last forever

By  2040  oil  reserves  depleted  By  2080  natural  gas  reserves  depleted  By  2300  coal  reserves  depleted          

Limited Supply

Their use is dangerous to the environment (CO2 emission) ……………..

New Flood Warnings Raise Fears in Pakistan Photographs from NY Times

THE  LATEST:  FLOODING  DEVASTATES  THE  NATION  August  24,  2010  (NY  7mes)    The  summer  of  2010  produced  Pakistan's  worst  flooding  in  80  years  (more  on  Pakistan's  2010  floods  here).  In  a  televised  address  on  August  14,  Prime  Minister  Yusuf  Raza  Gilani  said  that  20  million  people,  about  one-­‐ninth    of  the  popula@on,  had  been  displaced  by  the  disaster.  Millions  were  le\  without  food,  shelter  and  clean  water.  Flooding  began  on  July  22  in  the  province  of  Baluchistan.  The  swollen  waters  then  poured  across  the  Khyber-­‐Pakhtunkhwa  Province  in  the  northwest  before  flowing  south  into  Punjab  and  Sindh.  

hSp://www.ny7mes.com/2011/03/12/world/asia/12japan.html?pagewanted=all  

Powerful  Quake  and  Tsunami  Devastate  Northern  Japan                                  Kyodo  News,  via  Reuters  An  area  in  Sendai  City,  in  northeastern  Japan,  that  had  been  swept  by  the  tsunami.  More  Photos  »  By  MARTIN  FACKLER  Published:  March  11,  2011  

Nuclear  Energy  Updated:  Aug.  9,  2011      2011  Japan  Nuclear  Crisis:  Overview  The  earthquake  and  tsunami  that  hit  northern  Japan  on  March  11,  2011  created  the  worst  nuclear  crisis  since  the  Chernobyl  disaster.  The  three  ac@ve  reactors  at  the  Fukushima  Daiichi  Nuclear  Power  Sta@on  170  miles  north  of  Tokyo  suffered  meltdowns  a\er  the  quake  knocked  out  the  plant's  power  and  the  tsunami  disabled  the  backup  generators  meant  to  keep  cooling  systems  working.  A  series  of  explosions  and  fires  led  to  the  release  of  radioac@ve  gases.  

Energy  &  Environment  

But  recently,  in  a  historic  shi\,  more  than  a  dozen  companies  around  the  United  States  have  suddenly  become  eager  to  build  new  nuclear  reactors.  Growing  electric  demand,  higher  prices  for  coal  and  gas,  a  generous  Congress  and  a  public  support  for  radical  cuts  in  carbon  dioxide  emissions  have  all  combined  to  change  the  prospects  for  reactors,  and  many  companies  were  ready  to  try  again.  

 

 

A  presenta@on  developed  by  the  Na@onal  Academy  of  Sciences  based  on  its  report  Ecological  Impacts  of  Climate  Change:  www.nas.edu/climatechange.    

Na@onal  Academy  of  Sciences  Na@onal  Academy  of  Engineering  

Ins@tute  of  Medicine  Na@onal  Research  Council  

The  Climate  is  Changing  

•  Temperatures  are  rising  •  Sea  levels  are  rising  •  The  ocean  is  acidifying  •  Climate  change  is  reflected  in  water  cycle  changes  and  in  extreme  weather  

Temperature  rise,  indicated  by  color  (red=higher  rate  of  increase).  Earth’s  surface  temperature  has  risen  ~1.3˚  F  since  1850.    

Image  courtesy  of  the  Joint  Ins@tute  for  the  Study  of  the  Atmosphere  &  Ocean,  U.  of  Washington.    

Na@onal  Academy  of  Sciences  Na@onal  Academy  of  Engineering  

Ins@tute  of  Medicine  Na@onal  Research  Council  

Ecological  Impacts  

Living  things  are  in@mately  connected  to  their  physical  surroundings.    

Ecosystems  are  affected  by  changes  in:    –  temperature  –  rainfall/moisture  –  pH    

–     salinity  (sal@ness)  –     ac@vi@es  &  distribu@on  of  other  species  –     …many  other  factors  

 

Na@onal  Academy  of  Sciences  Na@onal  Academy  of  Engineering  

Ins@tute  of  Medicine  Na@onal  Research  Council  

Global  Changes,  Local  Impacts  Although  climate  change  is  global,  the  ecological  impacts  are  o\en  local.    

What’s  happening  in  your  backyard?  

Na@onal  Academy  of  Sciences  Na@onal  Academy  of  Engineering  

Ins@tute  of  Medicine  Na@onal  Research  Council  

We are going to address some of the impact of Energy Use from fossil fuels

Issue has been politicized beyond recognition Important for National Security

hTp://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2008/0204-­‐global_warming_equals_stronger_hurricanes.htm  

hTp://youtu.be/YPmiSwt-­‐RLU  Chair  of  Intergovernmental  panel  on  climate  change…Rajendra  Pachauri  

Expressing our opinions Ar7cle  from  New  York  Review  of  Books  by  Tony  Judt    Words    July  15,  2010  

In  “Poli@cs  and  the  English  Language,”  Orwell  cas@gated  contemporaries  for  using  language  to  mys@fy  rather  than  inform.  His  cri@que  was  directed  at  bad  faith:  people  wrote  poorly  because  they  were  trying  to  say  something  unclear  or  else  deliberately  prevarica@ng.  Our  problem,  it  seems  to  me,  is  different.  Shoddy  prose  today  bespeaks  intellectual  insecurity:  we  speak  and  write  badly  because  we  don’t  feel  confident  in  what  we  think  and  are  reluctant  to  assert  it  unambiguously  (“It’s  only  my  opinion…”).  Rather than suffering from the onset of “newspeak,” we risk the rise of “nospeak.”

  Course Description: A course developing the basic ideas of energy and power and their applications from a quantitative and qualitative viewpoint. The fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are studied together with their societal limitations (pollution, global warming, diminishing supply). Nuclear power is similarly studied in the context of the societal concerns that arise (radiation, reactor accidents, nuclear weapons proliferation, high-level waste disposal). The opportunities as well as the risks presented by alternative energy resources, in particular solar energy, wind, geothermal, and hydropower, together with various aspects of energy conservation, are developed and discussed. We will consider the societal impacts and challenges in detail for nuclear energy in terms of the international context.

So What are we going to do this semester?

Aspects of Energy production/efficiency/transport Commercial Residential Industrial Transportation Energy demands in industry, Fossil Fuels and societal limitations Coal Natural gas oil What about Nuclear Energy? Alternative energy resources and resources needed solar energy wind geothermal hydropower new discoveries that change everything? energy conservation as a solution?

America's Energy Future  There  is  a  growing  sense  of  na@onal  urgency  about  the  role  of  energy  in  long-­‐term  U.S.  economic  vitality,  na@onal  security,  and  climate  change.  The  U.S.  has  the  resources  to  combat  this  energy  challenge;  the  dilemma  is  to  iden@fy  which  solu@ons  will  be  right  for  our  country,  and  how  to  address  the  massive  technological  and  social  changes  to  come.  To  fill  this  informa@on  gap,  the  Na@onal  Academies  launched  the  America’s  Energy  Future  study  in  2007.  This  four-­‐year  project  explored  energy  technologies,  providing  authorita@ve  es@mates  and  analysis  of  the  current  and  future  supply  of  and  demand  for  energy;  new  and  exis@ng  technologies  to  meet  those  demands;  their  associated  impacts;  and  their  projected  costs.  

hSp://sites.na7onalacademies.org/Energy/  Youtube  video    by  Secretary  of  Energy  Steve  Chu  

How are we going to do this? Part I: Instructor (lectures, guests)

Energy Fundamentals Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Resources (Wind, Solar, Geothermal, BioMass) Nuclear Energy Energy Conservation Transportation Architecture (Residential and Industrial), Global Effects

Energy and Society

Part II: Class

Energy and Society

1. Homework problems and essays on technical challenges/policy issues 2. Classroom participation and discussions 3. Keeping track of the latest developments in the news/www/etc. 4. Examinations (3) 5. Final Examination

Energy and Society

Moral and Ethical Issues of Consumption National Security of garnering the necessary energy resources (fossil fuels, other) Political and Geopolitical Instabilities associated with Energy requirements Financial Considerations of energy transitions (wood to fossil fuels to other energy resources) Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future How to address the challenges of Energy in the US? • Energy Independence. • Environmental Sustainability. • Economic Opportunity. Reducing Greenhouse Gases, Is it possible? Cooling the Earth? Efficiency: Electricity Transmission and Distribution? The GRID Efficiency: Appliances, Automobiles, Architecture Challenges of Nuclear Energy Challenges of Solar Energy/Wind/Geothermal/Hydropower/etc. Marketing Energy Conservation to the public: What are the real prospects? Energy policies in G-20 countries (or some subset of countries: Eurozone, Asia, South America, etc.)

Energy is the ability/capacity to do work Work is the transfer of energy…….. Work = force x distance Units: newton-meters,

1 J = 1 N m A force of 1 N moving a body over 1 m does 1 J of work.

Work is done when a force is exerted over a distance

Energy Basics… first displacement, velocity, acceleration

What is a calorie? 1cal= amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by one degree Celsius. Energy in food: Calories 1Calorie=1000 calories

Energy units

1Btu = amount of heat energy required to raise temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

Mo7on………  

Key  Concepts    displacement    average  velocity    average  speed    accelera@on    force    energy    power  

Displacement  

x  0   xi=(5m)   xf=(12m)  

 

Δx  =  +7m  

x  x  x   i  f   -  =  Δ  

x  0   xf=(5m)   xi=(12m)  

 

Δx  =  -­‐7m  

Displacement

Displacement is a vector (+/-direction)

Velocity

txvavg Δ

Δ= Average  velocity  

Points  in  the  same  direc@on  as  the  displacement.  

tdsavg Δ

= Average  speed  

They are not the same!! ….sometimes they are but not always…

Example a)  What  is  the  object’s  average  velocity  between  t  =  0  and  t  =  10  s?  b)  What  is  the  object’s  average  speed  between  t  =  0  and  t  =  10  s?    

Acceleration

tva x

avgx Δ

Δ=,

Accelera@on  is  the  rate  at  which  the  velocity  changes  

The  direc@on  of  the  accelera@on  vector  is  always  in    the  direc@on  of  Δ  v.  

dtdvax =

Direction of acceleration

falling objects

Force: Mass x acceleration Force required to change motion

   

Energy is the ability/capacity to do work Work is the transfer of energy……..

Energy Basics… first displacement, velocity, acceleration

Work = force x distance Angle between force and distance

Units: newton-meters,

1 J = 1 N m A force of 1 N moving a body over 1 m does 1 J of work. Power = the rate at which work is performed.

MORE DEFINITIONS:

Power: rate at which energy is converted to work

Familiar units of power: kilo-watt, kW 1hp = 746 W Energy = power x time =kWh is what you get charged for…J

Units: Joules per second, J/s, or watts (W)

Power =

energy time

Work = force . Distance

 Work is defined as the product of the force acting in the direction of motion times the distance moved in that direction.

d

F

If the force is perpendicular to the direction of motion NO work is done by the force.

NO work is done if the object does not move.

The consequence of doing work on an object is to give the object energy.

FORMS OF ENERGY: Energy can be kinetic (associated with motion) Energy can be potential (ability to do work stored in some form)

Gravitational Potential Energy

Potential energy of the ball/water

whPE =

More forms of energy thermal energy electrical energy = qV chemical energy (coal, oil, natural gas) mass energy = mc2

Electromagnetic radiation = hf

Energy may be transformed from one type to another

E = mc2

When nucleons come together, the mass of the product is less than the sum of the masses of individual nucleons.

Mass energy

Energy= (change in mass) c2

Example: Grain of sand (0.001g), if converted to energy, would provide 100,000,000,000 (100 billion joules, or about 25,000 kWh) of energy. Average family uses about 1,000 kWh of electricity per month. One grain of sand would supply their needs for two years!

Nuclear energy depends on the conversion of mass into energy

But, that is not how it works… It is not that simple… Why?

E = mc2

E / m = c2 = (299,792,458 m/s)2 = = 89,875,517,873,681,764 J/kg (≈9.0 × 1016 joules per kilogram) So one gram of mass is equivalent to the following amounts of energy: 89.9 x 1012 joules 0.001 gram of mass is 89.9 x 109 joules Conversion tables: 1 joule = 2.78x10-7 kWh 89.9 x 109 joules x 2.78x10-7 kWh/J=25,000 kWh 25,000 kilowatt-hours 85.2 million BTUs

Units of Energy……………….1 Joule = 2.78x10-7 kWh= 9.49 x10-4 Btu force xdistance units = Joules Btu is heat energy needed kWh is what you get charged for using electricity

What is Btu?

British Thermal Units. 1Btu= amount of heat energy required to raise temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. Burning of one wooden match releases 1Btu. 1Btu=252 cal

joule   waT  hour   electronvolt   calorie  

1  J  =  1  kg·∙m2  s−2  =   1   2.778  ×  10−4   6.241  ×  1018   0.239  

1  W·∙h  =   3600   1   2.247  ×  1022   859.8  

1  eV  =   1.602  ×  10−19   4.45  ×  10−23   1   3.827  ×  10−20  

1  cal  =   4.1868   1.163  ×  10−3   2.613  ×  1019   1  

Conversions…

Electromagnetic Radiation

How many tons of coal is that?

Each person in the USA consumes an energy equivalent of 58 barrels of oil/year.

1 barrel of oil=5.8 x106 Btu 58 barrels= 58 x 5.8 x106 Btu=3.36x108 Btu

1 ton of coal (2000lbs) = 2.66x107 Btu 3.36x108 Btu /2.66x107 Btu/ton= 12.6 tons or 25,260 lbs of coal

11,482 kg How many grams of Uranium is that? 1 gram of Uranium= 7.84x107 Btu 3.36x108 Btu/7.84x107 Btu/g of U = 4.3 g

Example

A bicyclist on a flat road expends energy at the rate of 100 watts. How many calories of energy are expended in five minutes of peddling?

Example

100 watts = 100 J/s

5 minutes x 60 s/min = 300 seconds

100 J/s x 300 s= 30,000 J 1 calorie= 4.184 J 30,000 J/ (4.184 J/cal)= 7170 calories or 7.2 Calories

So…is this a good way to lose weight?

Example

Person (weight=784 N) walks up a flight of stairs 3 m height in 20 s. What is the power?

PE= wh = 784 x 3 m = 2350 J

Power = work done time taken

energy used time taken =

Power = 2350 J/ 20 s = 120 W

We  believe  it  is  a  principle  of  the  Universe  that  energy  cannot  be  created  or  destroyed  but  merely  changed  from  one  form  to  another.        Energy  is  conserved                  total  amount  of                energy  in  the  Universe  is  constant.      

 

Efficiency=work output/work input

We are in a persistent pattern of consuming more energy than we are producing. US imports 50% of its oil needs. We have to import: Venezuela, Canada, Saudi Arabia Mexico and Nigeria.

World

Nuclear power 6%

Hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind

7%

Natural Gas 12%

Biomass 11%

Oil 32%

Coal 21%

Energy from fossil fuels

How long will they last?

Although low prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged: 1) improvements in energy efficiency 2) increased use of renewable energy resources