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Transcript of Energy Smart Healthcare
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Energy Smart LightingSustainable Healthcare
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Energy Smart Lighting
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Lightolier is committed to
sustainable lighting:lighting that meets
users needs with the
least consumption of
energy and other resources.
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Lighting for Sustainability 2
A Healthy Environment 4
Design Considerations 6
Impact of Color 20
Energy Smart Lighting 24
Selecting Light Sources 26
Lighting Controls 28
Toxicity and Material Consumption 30
Resources 32
This Application Guide is not intended to
serve as a design manual, nor does it address
such technical areas as surgical suites and
similar spaces. Readers should consult the
recommended practices of the Illuminating
Engineering Society of North America,
especially ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07 (Lighting
and the Visual Environment for Senior
Living) RP-29-06 (Lighting for Hospitals and
Healthcare Facilities) and their referenced
materials for an in-depth treatment of
healthcare issues and design approaches.
Lightolier recommends retaining a qualified
lighting professional. You can contact
the International Association of Lighting
Designers (www.iald.org) to begin a search.
Energy Smart LightingSustainable Healthcare
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Lighting for Sustainability
Sustainable lighting meets user needs with the least
consumption of energy and other resources. People
and their lighting needs necessarily come first.
User Needs
Healthcare is a diverse field with diverse users. These
range from acute care, specialized hospitals, clinics and
rehabilitation facilities, to residential environments, such
as assisted living and nursing homes. The facilities may
comprise multiple highly-specialized buildings in a cam-
pus setting or just a single structure. These may support
thousands in staff and patients, or perhaps only a hun-
dred. The enterprise itself may be structured as profit-
making or not-for-profit enterprises.
While the health and care of patients and residents
are the paramount concerns, the well being of the staff
is also critical. Lighting can make a significant impact
on everyone involved and ultimately contribute to the
success of the healthcare facility.
Environmental Impact
In terms of environmental impact, energy is our highest
priority. The electrical energy consumed in operation
and the emissions from its generation represent the
most significant part of the environmental footprint and
deserves the most attention, especially because market
forces do not yet inhi bit resource usage.
The material impact of permanently installed
equipment lighting fixtures and controls can be more
reasonably gauged by market costs. Over the life of the
lighting system, lamps (and to a lesser degree, electronic
ballasts) are the primary consumables. Extending their
life reduces their environmental impact.
Recycled and recyclable components and
a thorough recycling policy also help to reduce
environmental impact and the total lifecycle cost.
A third environmental impact is the toxicity ofmercury used in efficient fluorescent and HID light sources.
Careful specification and operation can reduce this.
Practical Applications
The next section of the Application Guide looks at the
key lighting needs for healthcare facilities and suggests
lighting approaches to meet these needs. Following this,
we consider energy-efficient technologies in light sources
and controls.
Sustainable
lighting meets
user needs
with the least
consumption
of energy and
other resources.
People
and their
lighting needs necessarily
come first.
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Lightolier
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People Energy Toxicity Material
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Light Admitted at the Eye - Relative to Age
0
20
40
60
80
100
15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85
Age
Glare Tolerance - Relative to Age
0
20
40
60
80
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Age
A Healthy Environment
Lighting for healthcare facilities addresses four broad
needs: a healthy environment, productivity within
the facility, the appeal of the facility itself, and
economical and sustainable operation.
In terms of lighting, healthcare facilities differ
from many other applications because of the wide age
range of the people who use them, the diversity of the
lighting needs, and the continuous operation within most
properties. Of these, addressing the lighting needs of
older eyesis perhaps the most significant and the most
challenging.
Older Eyes
While the aging of the American population is well docu-
mented, the issue is notably acute in terms of healthcare.
Older people are not only the primary occupants of
healthcare facilities residential and otherwise they
are also the primary volunteer labor in hospitals.
As the eyes age, they admit less light, experience
reduced contrast at the retina, adapt more slowly to
changes in the lighted environment, filter some of the
blue out of the spect rum, and are more sensitive to glare,
as well as a host of other debilitations. The tables below
highlight the significant drop in light transmittance at
the eye and tolerance for glare, relative to age. The full
range of visual challenges, coupled with reduced manual
dexterity, mobility, robustness, and ease of sleeping,
make the aging population particularly dependent on
effective lighting.
Compared to recommendations for younger popula-
tions, aging eyes will generally need:
Significantly higher levels of task illumination
Better control over glare, direct and reflected
Better control over veiling reflections (and generally
higher task contrast)
More balanced luminances throughout a space and
among spaces
A Healthy EnvironmentLighting plays an important role in creating a healthy
environment. Access to daylight, appropriate illumination
for patient care and a safe and secure facility, as well
as a cheerfully lighted atmosphere with pleasing
color and visual interest are the key strategies for
evidence-based design.
Daylight and views, in parti cular, are now recognized
to have beneficial effects in reducing patient recovery
times, in managing the circadian rhythms that control
sleep/wake cycles, and in providing a generally salubrious
environment.
Well designed electric illumination can also affect
outcomes, both as part of an integrated approach to
dynamic lighting and through its contribution to the
outlook and attitudes of patients and staff alike. The
spectral composition of the light sources natural and
electric affects both biological and visual experience
and is discussed in more depth on pages 20-23.
Productivity
Effective task illumination for both patient care and
support functions is a necessity. Satisfying this need
requires more than just providing the recommended
illuminance, which covers a considerable range. While
appropriate illumination for examination and medicalprocedures obviously requires careful design, sufficient
lighting has also been shown to improve productivity in
support areas such as pharmacies and laboratories.
The direction and color of the light can be critical, as
well as the control of glare and the balance of ambient
and task illumination. Additionally, the visual comfort
and the motivating influence of pleasing lighting help
address the key challenges of recruiting and retaining an
engaged staff as well as supporting good working and
interpersonal relationships among staff and patients.
Based on ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07, page 1
Based on ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07, page 12
Addressing the
lighting needs
of older eyes
is perhaps the
most significant
and challenging
lighting decision.
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Lightolier
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Facility Appeal
Importantly, lighting should enhance the appeal of the
facility. Whether a favorable first impression serves to
attract discretionary patients, or simply to inspire a helpful
confidence among supporting family and friends, the
need is real . . . and growing. Inviting lobbies, reception
areas, and visiting spaces benefit from the application
of hospitality lighting practices: softly glowing light
sources, a mix of focal, ambient, and sparkle lighting
effects, architecturally sensitive or integrated lighting
arrangements and attractive lighting equipment itself.
As this summary suggests, lighting that meets
user needs in healthcare tends to be varied, rather than
uniform, and addresses peoples feelings and emotions,
not just their vision.
Economical and Sustainable Operation
The electricity consumed by the lighting system makes the
most significant impact on both operating costs and the
larger environment and is the focus of the next sections
of this Guide. Maintenance (equipment replacement,
cleaning, and where required, system redesign) are also
important. Well designed lighting systems which utilize
long-life components and minimize the number of
unique ones, not only reduces maintenance cost but helps
in preserving the specified lighting performance.
Recommended Illuminance for Older Adults
Area Ambient Task
Exterior Entry (N) 10 fc
Interior Entry (D) 100 fc
Interior Entry (N) 10 fc
Visitor Waiting (D) 30 fc
Visitor Waiting (N) 10 fc
Hallways (Active) 30 fc
Hallways (Sleep) 10 fc
Dining 50 fc
Resident Room 30 fc 75 fc
Grooming 30 fc 60 fc
Resident Kitchen 30 fc 50 fc
Nurses (D) 30 fc 50 fc
Nurses (N) 30 fc 50 fc
Medicine Prep 30 fc 100 fc
Examination 30 fc 100 fc
Adapted from ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07 Table 2
Older adults include persons aged 60 or older and others
with visual impairment. Recommendations are minimums;
daylight utilization is encouraged.
D = Day N = Night
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Design Considerations
Energy represents the most significant environmental footprint for
lighting. Thus the most important step in a program of sustain-
able lighting is using energy smartly.
Energy Smart lighting requires more than using energy-efficient
equipment. Here are five key strategies for sustainable lighting that
apply to healthcare facilities of all types:
Utilize available daylight. As discussed previously,
daylight offers many important benefits for healthcare facilities. It
does not, however, reduce energy consumption unless electric lighting
usage is reduced. This means that daylight and electric lighting need to
be carefully integrated into the building architecture and both need to
be controlled.
Emphasize reflective finishes in the facility. Reflective
finishes improve the utilization of both daylight and electric lighting,
making it possible to reduce the amount of light required to achieve
the desired effect. Low-reflectance finishes not only absorb useful light,
they make the space look dark.
Apply a task/ambient lighting approach. Put high
levels of task lighting only where they are required; use lower levels
for ambient lighting. Choose light sources and luminaires that are
optimized for each application.
Select the most efficient light sources andluminaires that are suitable for the application. For example, high
performance fluorescent lamp and ballast systems are 15-20% more
efficient than the standard versions. Optimized luminaires can also
exhibit a comparable range in upgraded performance. This is discussed
in detail in the following sections.
Use controls to reduce waste by turning lighting off, or
reducing the power, when it is not needed. Controls affect the lighting
layout and luminaire choice and so should be considered at the very
outset of the design.
Design
Considerations
Energy Codes
Energy consumption is measured
in watts per hour (W/Hr). How-
ever, most codes regulate power
density which is measured in
watts per square foot (W/Sf).
Codes also address actual en-
ergy consumption by mandating
controls.
Lighting energy usage is
governed by both local and
Federal regulations. Beginning in 2009, state energy regulations
must be no less stringent than the provisions of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA
Standard 90.1-2004. The new lighting power limitations are about25% more restrictive that in the previous standard.
Standard 90.1 limits the power that can be used for lighting
(under the Prescriptive Path) and sets min imum control requirements.
The interior Lighting Power Allowances (LPA) applicable to healthcare
spaces are shown in the accompanying table. The LPA for each type
of space in the building is applied to the area of those spaces and the
results are summed to arrive at the total for the building interior. There
are separate allowances for the exterior, which may not be combined
with the interior.
Standard 90.1 requires that all lighting (except emergency
and egress lighting) must be controlled by an automatic shut-
off device, such as a programmable-clock, occupancy sensor, orrelay-sweep system.
Additionally, each enclosed area needs a readily visible
independent control over the general lighting that cannot override
the master shut off for more than four hours. Shared spaces, such
as conference/meeting rooms and dining rooms require either
occupancy-sensing or multi-scene control.Since sustainable lighting begins by meeting user needs,
the pages in this section address a variety of design
considerations.
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Lighting Power Allowances from ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2004
Space Type W/SF Space Type W/SF
Conference/Multi-Purpose 1.3 Nursery 0.6
Corridor/Transition 1.0 Nurse Station 1.0
Dining Area 0.9 Office (open and enclosed) 1.3
Electrical Mechanical 1.5 Operating Room 2.2
Emergency 2.7 Parking Garage 0.2
Exam/Treatment 1.5 Patient Room 0.7
Food Preparation 1.2 Pharmacy 1.2
Gift Shop (plus accent allowance) 1.7 Physical Therapy 0.9
Laboratory 1.4 Radiology 0.4
Laundry 0.6 Recovery 0.8
Lobby 1.3 Restrooms 0.9
Lounge/Recreation 0.8 Stairs (active) 0.6
Medical Supply 1.4 Storage 0.9
Lighting Power Allowances in watts per square foot are for the Space by Spacemethod.
Whole building LPA for hospitals is 1.2 W/SF and for clinics is 1.0 W/SF.
Note that these are minimum requirements, states may adopt
more restrictive codes. Some states follow the International Energy
Efficiency Codes (IECC) or have adopted their own codes, such as
Californias Title 24, which also requires controls that provide a 50%
level of illumination, as well as separate zoning in daylighted areas.
Standard 90.1 is also the foundation for some of the LEED credits
related to energy and atmosphere (see page 34). However, the
LEED credits are attained by modeling energy consumption and the
interaction among the building envelope, HVAC systems, and lighting,rather than a simple reduction in power density.
A project designed with the Energy Smart strategies discussed
here should be able to reduce energy usage substantially below the
levels implied by Standard 90.1 (and other codes) and qualify for the
applicable credits toward LEED certification.
Specific Design Considerations
The schematic above embodies spaces characteristic of both acute care and senior living facilities and is intended to be suggestive, not
representative of any particular facility. On the following pa ges, you will find lighting design considerations for six of these spaces, focusing
on the visual environment, characteristic tasks, and the needs of the varied users patients, residents, staff, and visitors. Specific lighting
approaches and innovative product ideas are distributed across the pages and should be considered as applying wherever appropriate, rather
than associated exclusively with the space that adjoins them.
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Design Considerations
Patient rooms whether in acute care hospitals or senior housing
represent the home base of the patient experience and thus the heart
of the facility.
These spaces should provide a pleasant, relaxed and intimate envi-
ronment for occupants and their visitors, while assuring the visual com-
fort and clarity needed for in-room examinations and other services.
The desired environment can be achieved with balanced
brightness from glare-free luminaires of different types distributed
throughout the space, as well as a combination of ambient, focal, and
sparkle lighting layers. Luminaires for general and local task lighting
are suggested on the adjacent page; decorative lighting options are on
page 10. Light source color is discussed in detail on pages 20-23.
Surface reflectances should be kept high, both to provide
appropriate spatial brightness and to minimize energy consumption.
Good facial lighting reveals expression and flatters appearance.
It is particularly important in grooming and social areas, where it
contributes significantly to a pleasing visual environment. Further, it
buoys the spirit, relaxes, and avoids an institutionalatmosphere. See
page 11 for specific ideas.
Visual clarity requires appropriate illuminances for examination,
reading, personal grooming, and housekeeping tasks (30-75 FC);
illuminances should be reduced for social activities and general
lighting. Very low levels of illumination (1 FC maximum) should beprovided for comfortable and non-intrusive night lighting. Compact
luminance ratios and good color rendering are also needed. For a
summary of illuminance recommendations for various spaces in senior
living facilities see page 5.
Conveniently located and ergonomically designed dimming and
switching controls are essential to modulate the multiple lighting
layers, to adjust lighting levels, and to enable staff to enter at night
without disturbing patients. Since patient rooms occupy the perimeter
of the facility and are provided with generous fenestration, the ability
to control electric lighting in conjunction with daylight should be an
important consideration. Controls are discussed in more detail onpages 28-29.
An overview of the IESNA approach to the Quality of the Visual
Environment (QVE) can be found on page 32.
Space:
Patient Room
Product Ideas
MD*4 Multi-Function Luminaires
Designed to provide flexible lighting in hospital patient rooms, Lightoliers MD*4 is a high-
performance multi-function luminaire combining ambient, reading, examination, and
nurses LED night light. It offers a practical approach, especially where space is limited.
Ceiling-mounted MD*4 also frees up precious wall area for other equipment and is less
prone to damage as equipment is moved around the space. Flexible control can be achieved
either by conventional wall controls or an integral low voltage sequential switch, which can
be controlled by a hand-held pillow switch(by others) for the patients convenience.
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Lightolier
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Flexibility and control are essential
elements of lighting in both hospital and
senior living facilities. Separately dimmed
and switched layers of lighting provide
much needed flexibility to modify lighting
distribution and intensity for the widerange of tasks, activities, and user needs.
It also helps avoid disturbing brightness
when patients are trying to rest. Providing
a separate control channel for each layer of
lighting and separate task area or function
assures that each can be controlled
as needed.
Controls are also a key tool in conserv-
ing energy. Occupancy sensing switches
turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied
and dimmers reduce light and electricity
when the full load is not required.
Controls should be located conve-niently for both staff and patient, their use
should be intuitive, and they should be
easy to manipulate by older hands. (See
pages 28-29 for a more detailed discus-
sion of controls.)
Access to natural light provides beneficial
ambient lighting for most healthcare
facilities, whether for acute care or resi-
dential use, and should be a priority in the
architectural design. Appropriate siting
and careful treatment and shielding of
building apertures is required to distribute
light optimally around the space, control
excessive brightness, and prevent interior
light trespass at night. Daylight can also
save energy, but only when electric light-
ing is reduced, generally with photocell-
controlled switches or dimmers.
Daylight penetration is limited by
window height (and location of skylights
or monitors), and, in any case, varies dur-
ing the day. Indirect lighting and interior
wall lighting are effective methods for in-
tegrating electric lighting into daylighted
spaces and managing brightness adapta-
tion in entry areas.
Flexibility and Control
Daylight and Views
Product Ideas
Solid-State Markers
LEDs permit the design of energy-effective luminaires in an ultra-small scale. Lightolier Solid-
State Markers use 1W LEDs to provide controlled luminance that is i deal for way-finding. They
are available with either 300 0K white or amber LEDs, which avoid low wavelength blue light
that can stimulate wakefulness at night. For higher levels of localized illuminance, Solid-State
Steps use 4W LEDs.
Only 2.74" wide x 4.49" high, both Markers and Steps feature die-cast construction to
dissipate heat, preserving LED life, output, and color consistenc y. Installation and maintenance
are simplified with integral drivers and power supplies (120-240V).
Light shelf (bottom) improves the distribution of daylight
and can support indirect luminaires.
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Design Considerations
Space:
Social Spaces
Optimo Surface Mount Fixtures
Carefully controlled sparkle and glow impart a friendly ambiance that can be particularly
valuable in the social areas of hospitals and senior living facilities and can be achieved with
energy effectiveness. Lightoliers Optimo surface mount fixtures are available in three main
sizes: 12", 16" or 22". Each luminaire utilizes energy efficient, electronic compact fluorescent
lamps that offer the most even and architecturally desirable illumination.
Social spaces are important to both hospitals and senior living facilities.
They include the areas where patients, residents, visitors, and staff dine,
such as cafeterias and dining rooms, as well as areas where people
gather for conversation, recreation, and leisure.
A relaxing environment, pleasantly distinguished from patient
rooms, living quarters, and procedure areas, offers a valuable respite
from daily routine. As such, it can advance health and wellness
outcomes, as well as refresh staff productivity, and enhance the
facilitys image with visitors and family.
Task lighting requirements are less rigorous than in exam,
procedure, and many service areas. Instead, the lighting should
emphasize a relaxing and comfortable environment, distinguished in
texture and contrast from other areas of the facilit y. Note, however, that
senior living facilities will typically need higher ambient illuminance for
reading books and menus, as well as many leisure activities.
Non-uniform illumination, with brightness at the periphery, rather
than concentrated overhead, tends to make a space feel relaxing and
appealing to occupants. Flattering facial rendition is also critical for a
pleasant social experience. Carefully controlled sparkle and glow from
decorative luminaires, or accents on glittering and intriguing materials,
adds visual interest and distinguishes social spaces. An expanded
luminaire vocabulary serves well in these areas.
Multi-scene controls are particularly useful in areas that supporta range of social activities; daylight-linked and occupancy-sensing
controls are effective for energy saving.
Product Ideas
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Lightolier
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Patients, residents, staff, and visitors all
judge their appearance and sense of
well being at the mirror . . . as well as
by observing others, especially in social
environments. Effective facial lighting plays
an essential role in creating the pleasantand relaxed environment in patient rooms
and common areas.
Flattering light falls softly on the
face, diffusing shadows and revealing
expressions and skin tones. Good color
quality is essential (see page 20-23).
In social areas, provide some well
shielded directional light to model faces
but avoid a space lighted exclusively
by concentrated downlights, which
can cause unpleasant shadows. Gently
glowing pendants and wall brackets add
comfortable light on faces
In bathrooms, use elongated and
well diffused fluorescent luminaires forgrooming light. For the best results, they
should be alongside the mirror to reduce
glare and shadows under the eyebrow,
nose and chin.
Glowing decorative pendants and wall-
mounted fixtures attract the eye, enliven a
space, and introduce interesting materials
into the visual environment. Wall-mounted
luminaires must comply with ADA
limitations (maximum 4" projection from
the wall when mounted above 27" and
below 80").
Diffusing wall brackets and pendants
work well with compact fluorescent lamps.
Bare-lamp luminaires, such as chandeliers
in common dining areas, can use low-
wattage halogen lamps and should be
tuned to the minimum brightness
necessary for the visual effect and mounted
so they are out of the direct line of sight.
Highlighting graphics, plantings, and
architectural features using recessed or
track-mounted accent lights also help to
prevent a space from appearing dull and
institutional. Where dimming is needed,
use infrared-coated halogen lamps.
Otherwise, compact ceramic metal halide
lamps are more energy-effective.
Facial Lighting
Visual Interest
Elongated luminaires flanking the mirror
should be centered at eye level.
60"
28"
Product Ideas
Calculite Solid-State Downlights
At nearly 50 luminaire lumens per watt, the new 4" aper ture Calculite Solid-State downlights
now represent our most efficient and longest life downlights where small apertures and
medium levels of output (1000 lumens) are desired.
These 20W Calculite luminaires use a remote-phosphor technology that achieves both
high efficiency and excellent color rendition. A deep Alzak reflector provides gentle luminosity
from normal viewing angles. Careful thermal management preserves the life and output of
the high-power LEDs, delivering an expected 50,000 hours life to 70% lumen maintenance.
The onboard driver, as well as the LED module, are all field replaceable.
D
D .55H
H
C
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Design Considerations
Space:
Nursing/PhysicianWork Areas
Argus Linear Pendants
Most people find a combination of indirect and direct lighting to be most comfortable and
pleasant for working environments. Lightoliers Argus pendants provide this preferred light
distribution (70% indirect and 30% direct) with a very high efficiency of 90% in a shallow
and attractive form.
Just 1.81" deep, Argus uses both T8 and T5 lamps and has the ability to integrate a full
range of energy and environmental controls or accent lighting modules into the fixture.
Nursing stations are the control centers for patient care, as well as the
home base for this essential part of the healthcare delivery team.
The nursing staff should have a comfortable and productive
environment that helps to mitigate the numerous visual, auditory, and
emotional distractions. Additionally, the station is active day and night
and is shared by different nursing shifts.
Lighting should be comfortable and provide the visual clarity
needed for the primary visual task of critical information management.Moderate levels of overhead lighting particularly indirect lighting
provides for effective viewing of computer screens; local task lighting
supplements the illumination for written materials.
Lighting for night shifts can be particularly challenging. Nursing
stations need to be bright enough to help staff maintain full alertness.
At the same time, the lighting needs night settings that transition to
the lower levels in circulation areas and patient rooms. Dimming or
bi-level control can be useful here.
Private office areas serve physicians as personal workspaces
and consultation areas. Adjacent areas are often used for patient
examinations. Lighting needs to be comfortable for both doctor
and patient, provide good facial rendition, and deliver appropriateillumination for the wide range of tasks in the space. A combination
of indirect ambient lighting, together with local task lighting, works
well. While completely indirect lighting may feel dull, directing a small
component of light downwards enlivens the space and aids in face-to-
face communication.
Lighting in those office areas that lack access to daylight should
also brighten walls to maintain a pleasant environment. Occupancy
sensing controls work particularly well in private areas, such as these.
Product Ideas
2
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Lightolier
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Preventing glare from luminaires is critical
for comfort, task visibility, and even safety.
No lamp should be visible at any expected
viewing angle (including from the bed).
Indirect and indirect/direct pendant
and wall luminaires and soft lighting coffersmeet this criterion, provided the lamps
are fully shielded and visible reflecting
surfaces are not excessively bright.
Small aperture downlights need
lenses or deeply regressed lamps and well
engineered cut-off optics to avoid glare.
Solid-state lighting with visible LEDs
(including those seen while seated or in
bed) can be extremely glary and therefore
require particularly careful shielding.
Well shielded luminaires can also be
energy efficient if their optics are properly
designed and use high-reflectance materi-
als. Since many direct luminaires only meetone of these two challenges, specifiers
need to search carefully for the few that
do both well.
The range of visual tasks and individual
vision in healthcare is far too broad for
a single overhead lighting system to
effectively and efficiently provide all of
the task lighting. A combination of ambient
and individual task lighting delivers better
task illumination, adjusts to personal
preferences, is more comfortable, is more
visually interesting and, as a strategy,
conserves energy. Task lighting with
convenient controls integrated into the
luminaire also affords users more personal
control, which can affect productivity.
Individual (sometimes called local)
task lighting can be provided through well-
shielded, furniture-mounted or portable
task lights with fluorescent or LED light
sources. Linear fluorescent serves where a
high illumination is required (a laboratory
or pharmacy area, for example); LED
provides superior control, lower power and
heat, and easier dimming.
Well Shielded Luminaires
Individual Task Lighting
Solid-State Task Lights
Solid-state task lights are todays choice for well controlled local task lighting. Lightolier offers
models both for installation under cabinets or shelves and desktop mounting.
The LLP200 series is a compact .75" high x 4.38" deep and uses 14x1W LEDs with
integral driver and switch. Units can be plugged together in a continuous row. A stand-alone
plug-in model is also available. For an even smaller luminaire, consider the MIC, which is .75"
high x 1.82" deep, and uses a remote, plug-in driver. Five of the 1x6W units can be plugged
together. For tabletops, use the adjustable-arm 8x1W Cirque or Edge.
Product Ideas
Task Luminaires
Fixture Source Type L H Watts* FC Area
LLP 100 LED Shelf 18.5" .75" 18 26 18x36
ADJ 100 LED Shelf 17.8" 1.25" 18 33 24x36
MIC 100 LED Shelf 14.5" .75" 10 21 24x36
Surfside CFL Desktop 10.3" arm 13 27 24x24
Surfside LED Desktop 10.3" arm 10 20 18x18
Cirque LED Desktop 9.2" arm 10 20 18x18
* LED at start up is higher than the watts listed above.
MIC and LLP LED Task Lights Micro LED Task Light
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Design Considerations
Space:
Procedure Area
ColorWash Luminaires
Lightolier ColorWash recessed luminaires create a dynamic range of white tones with 85+
CRI, as well as a saturated color palette, using an array of red, green, blue, and amber (RGBA)
LEDs. The True Tone optical sensor/feedback system, integrated in the on board drivers,
continuously monitors color and adjusts LED channels to maintain color with no shift over
life. Internal mixing and precise optics provide smooth, even wash and minimize the LED
dot effect. Color control is by DMX protocol.
Thermally optimized heat sinks assure consistent output and long life (50,000 hours at
70% lumen maintenance). All components are serviceable.
Non-surgical procedures such as diagnostic imaging, chemotherapy,
and even drawing blood, may bring on a sense of anxiety in patients
that can impede the therapeutic process. Thus, lighting for these
procedure areas should reduce anxiety and promote a sense of
relaxation and well being.
General lighting should be adequate for the staff to perform its
tasks levels vary of course with the procedure (low for imaging and
medium for blood work) but comfortable for patients who may
be partially reclined. Indirect illumination from wall, ceiling, or cove-
mounted luminaires works well.
Dimming control supports different light levels to meet procedure
requirements and to provide appropriate illumination for cleaning and
equipment servicing. Occupancy sensing control can be appropriate
provided there is adequate motion in the space.
Lighting room surfaces with dynamic color is among the newest
approaches for reducing patient anxiety and may be particularly
valuable in both pediatric and geriatric applications. Gradually
changing color can achieve a pleasing and relaxing distraction from the
procedure and may also speed up patientssense of the time involved.
Creating visual interest with selected accent lighting from recessed
or track-mounted luminaires is another effective strategy.
Product Ideas
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Dynamic color changes in hue and
intensity is a relatively new technique
that is finding a role in healthcare facilities.
Applications include creating soothing
environments for pediatric imaging, blood
draw, or other procedures; emulating thechanging quality of daylight for therapeutic
and circadian impact; and enhancing the
visual interest of public spaces.
Color contrast like luminance con-
trast draws attention. Depending on the
application, it may do so more effectively
and with less consumption of energy. Color
effects need to be designed by eye, not by
footcandles.
Color-changing luminaires with RGB
LEDs or colored fluorescent lamps can
generate colored light efficiently and adjust
the tones flexibly with digital control. Care
is needed to prevent the colored light from
playing on faces or otherwise distortingthe perception of people and objects. Color
in light is discussed in more detail on
pages 20-23.
Spaces appear bright and feel spacious
when the walls and other vertical planes
the surfaces we see most are well
illuminated. Dedicating some lighting
specifically for vertical surfaces can be
more effective visually and more energy
efficient than relying on bounce light
from the floor or desktop to brighten the
space. Daylighted spaces often need light
on interior walls to balance the perimeter
brightness.
Textured or polished surfaces should
be grazed with small-aperture, narrow
distribution luminaires mounted close
together and close to the wall. This reveals
texture and minimizes reflections.
Matte surfaces and graphics should be
washed with linear or compact fluorescent
luminaires mounted 2' to 4' away. This
will minimize surface irregularities and
improve visibility. In public areas with
higher ceilings, ceramic metal halide wall
washers serve well.
Dynamic Color
Vertical Surfaces
Wall washing
24"
24"-36"
Wall grazing
12" 12"
F7000 System
For general lighting from wall-mounted luminaires, the F7441 series offers a combination
of high efficiency, small scale, and elegant detailing. With a roughly 60% indirect and
40% direct light distribution, F7441 illuminates both ceiling and wall. The T5 lamping fits
effectively into a less than 4" deep housing that complies with ADA limitations and can
accommodate dimming ballasts.
The F7000 series also includes a choice of pendant-mounted fluorescent luminaires with
plug-in point source modules for local accent lighting effects, if desired.
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Design Considerations
Space:
Public CirculationCirculation areas include lobbies, reception
areas, public and internal corridors, and extend
into such service areas as retail shops. The
public areas help project the facilitys image to
patients and visitors. In senior living facilities
they help establish a residential quality.
Internal circulation areas connect patient
rooms with surgical and other procedure
spaces. Here the lighting must be flexible
enough to provide adequate illumination
in areas that serve as waiting zones for procedures, while avoiding
distracting brightness that might disturb waiting patients. An
additional concern is light trespass when staff visits patient rooms at
night. Careful luminaire placement with respect to entries and dual
level control can help. Occupancy sensors, in conjunction with dual
level control can also be a useful strategy when usage is intermittent.
Lighting should provide a flattering and relaxing light for patients,
visitors, and staff, with some modeling, but without unpleasant
shadows. Overhead lighting should be limited in power and spacing
to avoid excessive loads and shadows on faces or walls. Decorative
wall or ceiling lighting and selective accent lighting can enhance the
atmosphere and dispel the effect of uniform i llumination in other areas
of the facility. These techniques are particularly useful in entry areas andsenior facilities.
Lighting should also assist in wayfinding, particularly in large and
complex facilities. Here, distinctive luminaires or color in circulation
nodes provides luminous landmarks that help newcomers orient
themselves.
Product Ideas
Skyway Soft Lighting Coffers
In healthcare applications, recessed fluorescent luminaires tend to be fully shielded with
lenses, diffusers, perforated baffles, or a combination. This approach not only prevents
occupants or patients from seeing a direct view of a glary lamp, it delivers light high up on
nearby walls, creating a pleasing sense of volumetric brightness.
Lightoliers Skyway combines multiple-lens in a pyramidal array with internal reflectors
of 95% reflectance aluminum to provide both high efficiency and comfortable luminosity.
Skyway installs in a range of ceiling types and can be configured for either static or air
handling applications.
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Effective lighting for circulation areas con-
tributes to a relaxed and pleasant environ-
ment by brightening vertical surfaces and
flattering peoples faces. To accomplish this,
use more luminaires with lower power and
light output, spacing them closer together,rather than minimizing the number of
luminaires.
To provide even lighting on the faces
of people passing through or seated in
the space, consider the work plane for
uniform lighting to be at face height
(5' above the floor) rather than at the floor
itself, and space luminaires accordingly.
Reduce the size and wattage of each
luminaire to compensate for the greater
density of equipment. The change in scale
adds interest to the visual environment.
Fully shielded small fluorescent re-
cessed or indirect luminaires with broaddistribution work well. Supplementing the
primary illumination with well diffused
compact fluorescent wall brackets or se-
lected accent lighting adds visual interest,
especially in more residential applications.
To be effective in healthcare facilities,
decorative lighting should minimize
energy consumption and maintenance cost,
conform to the installation requirements of
the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),
and withstand the rigors of high activity in
commonly used circulation areas, as well
as frequent cleaning and maintenance.
Aesthetically, simple and compact
forms, clean detailing, and a gentle and
uniform luminosity across diffusers distin-
guish better luminaire options. Function-
ally, luminaires need practical lamp and
ballast options for compact fluorescent
lamps in a range of wattages. In senior
living facilities without centralized back
up power supply, the ability to incorporate
emergency battery packs is very desirable.
Limiting the facilitys lamp inventory by
coordinating lamping among fixture types,
including wall brackets, pendants, and
downlights reduces costs.
Reduced Spacing and Power
Decorative Lighting Effects
Product Ideas
Lytecaster Xceed Downlights
Designed specifically for compact fluorescent lamps and shallow, insulated plenum spaces,
Lytecaster Xceed downlights with 13-26W lamps deliver outstanding performance in low-
rise residential-type construction.
Xceed features a high-transmission prismatic lens that effectively obscures lamp image
in a housing that is merely 3.5" deep (and is suitable for in-wall installation). The precisely
formed reflector captures and directs light output for efficiencies up to 65%. A shallow splay
provides soft transitional brightness to the adjacent ceiling. Sloped ceiling, wall washing, and
dimming options are available. Xceed installs fast in both suspended and wallboard ceilings
and offers easy access for lamp and ballast maintenance.
60"
80"
27"
4"
ADA limits on projection of wall-mounted
luminaires in public areas.
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Design Considerations
Space:
Lab or Pharmacy
HP90 Soft Lighting Coffers
The efficiency of fluorescent luminaires is affected by both optical and thermal design.
Achieving an optimal temperature around the lamps can add as much as 10% to luminaire
performance. In 24" wide, two-lamp recessed luminaires, enclosed optics produce an effective
thermal environment, with efficiencies of 70-90%, depending on the design and lamp.
Lightoliers HP90 recessed luminaires completely enclose T5 or T8 lamps in a central
diffusing lens. Exposed side reflectors spread the light and provide brightness to the adjacent
ceiling. HP90 is available in both static and air handling configurations.
Laboratories and pharmacies are typical of back of the shop
support areas on which a hospital depends. The work that
goes on in these spaces characterized by small task size, low
contrast, and high demand for accuracy represent some of
the most challenging visual tasks outside of surgery and other
critical procedures.
Visual clarity with an appropriate level of comfortable
illumination and an environment of balanced brightness,
are needed for high productivity and minimal errors in these
support areas.
Since labs, pharmacies, and other support areas typically
lack substantial (or any) daylight, the quality of the electric
illumination is as important as that in any other area of the
facility. In addition to high efficacy, luminaires should enjoy
good glare control and the ability to distribute light where it is needed.
Soft lighting coffers and indirect pendant luminaires that provide
effective vertical as well as horizontal illumination work well in labs
and pharmacies, where tasks can occur in both planes.
The lighting of other support areas, such as food preparation,
laundry, and utility rooms, is typically less challenging, but may require
specialized equipment. Luminaires in food preparation areas, for
example, must be fully shielded.
Dual level and occupancy sensing controls are recommendedfor energy conservation in those support areas that are not in
continuous use.
Product Ideas
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A balanced relationship of brightness
among adjacent surfaces enhances visual
comfort by reducing adaptation in the eye
and visual system.
As the accompanying table indicates,
luminance ratios in healthcare facilitiesshould be more compact than is common
in other applications. Older eyes, in
particular, benefit from more uniform
brightness and the provision of transitional
spaces between bright and dark areas. On
the other hand, increased contrast between
furniture and surroundings also helps older
people find their way.
Achieving the desired balance involves
surface reflectance, as well as luminaire
light distribution and placement.
Soft lighting coffers and indirect
pendants and wall brackets, together
with the use of more luminaires with lesspower and light in each one, help distribute
brightness throughout the space. Sharp
cut-off luminaires, such as those with
parabolic louvers, on the other hand, can
prove problematical.
While the recommended practice for
lighting commercial spaces has generally
reduced light levels, the same is not
universally true in healthcare facilities.
Where task size is small, contrast is
relatively low, and accuracy is critical for
example, in pharmacies, assuring adequate
illuminance can affect task performance
and is of paramount importance.
Throughout healthcare facilities, vi-
sual tasks occur in both the horizontal and
vertical planes, requiring illuminance lev-
els to be delivered to both.
Of course, controlling glare (direct,
reflected, and overhead) is also important,
as is maintaining balanced luminances
among the task, adjacent surfaces, and re-
mote surfaces, while also reducing the veil-
ing reflections that diminish task contrast.
Where it is difficult to install local
task luminaires (for example, pharmacy
shelves, or laboratory areas impeded by
equipment), efficient and comfortable
overhead luminaires, with the desired
distribution of light, become the sole
source of task lighting. Dimming may
also be required where illuminance
requirements vary (low for procedures and
high for cleaning).
Balanced Brightness
Effective Task Lighting
Source: ANSI/IESNA RP-29-06
Source: ANSI/IESNA RP-29-06
Recommended Luminance Ratios (Maximum)
Relevant Surfaces Luminance Ratio
B et we en t as k a nd adjacent sur roun dings 1: 0.3 33
Between task and more remote darker surfaces 1:0.200
Between task and more remote lighter surfaces 1: 5
Recommended Reflectances
Surface Reflectance
Walls 40-60%
Furniture 25-45%
Equipment 25-45%
Floors 20-40%
LFK Pendant System
Lightoliers LFK pendant delivers well controlled downlight from T5 lamps, with soft uplight.
The 70/30 distribution is well suited for lighting vertical tasks, such as pharmacy shelves.
The luminaire sides are composed of a unique multi-layered acrylic extrusion, consisting of a
prismatic outer layer and a diffuse inner layer, which together provide a softly luminous effect.
A flat-blade louver provides direct shielding from below. Overall, LFK presents a pleasing and
comfortable appearance from any viewing perspective.
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Light source color is crit ical in healthcare. The color we
experience in the faces and objects around us results
from the chemical make up of those materials and
the spectral composition of the light that reflects from
them. Material texture, the distribution of incident light
and the visual environment also affect our perception.
While daylight enjoys many advantages visual and
biological efficacy, a balanced color spectrum, dynamic
quality, and low energy cost its essential variability
limits its use as a primary ambient light source. It remains,
however, the standard by which most people judge light
source color.
Impact of Color
Daylight (at various times of the day) and electric
light sources all have different spectral compositions,
and the chemistry of pigments and the human body can
be quite complex. So it is common for two materials to
appear to be the same color under one light source and
different under another (called metamerism).
Te color we
experience in
the faces and
objects around
us results from
the chemical
make up of
those materials
and the spectral
compositionof the light
that reflects
from them.
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Spectral Composition
The best way to understand the spectral composition of
a light source is by its spectral power distribution. The
SPD shows the amount or percentage of energy radiated
at different wavelengths of light. Several characteristic
SPD curves are shown on the following pages. They
show the distribution of power relative to the peak
wavelength (rather than the absolute power). Although
the incandescent SPD may appear to represent a greater
amount of radiant energy than the fluorescent SPD, this is,
of course, not the case.
In practice, two derived measures are often used to
evaluate white light sources: Color Temperature and Color
Rendering Index.
Color Temperature
Color Temperature (CCT for Correlated Color Temperature)indicates the color appearance of a white light source and
is measured in Kelvins. A low CCT (3000K and down)
indicates a warm reddish-tinged white; high CCT
(5000K and up) means a cool, bluish-tinged white. Cool
light sources will generally make a space appear brighter,
but there is no evidence that blue-rich light sources
improve visual performance at the light levels typically
found indoors.
CRI
CRI (Color Rendering Index), scaled from 0-100, attempts
to measure how well a light source renders the color of
objects. A CRI of 80-85 is considered the minimum for
most healthcare applications.
There are two important limitations, however. CRI
is measured using eight standard pastel colors, with the
rating an average across the samples. Thus, CRI does not
necessarily indicate how well the source will render spe-
cific objects or skin colors. Additionally, each light source
is evaluated against a reference of the same color appear-
ance so the CRIs of warm and cool sources are measured
against different standards. Moreover, warm sources are
compared to incandescent (a computer model) and cool
sources (>5000K) are compared to a model of daylight.
Emotional EffectsLight of different colors can influence mood and comfort,
which may have an important impact on patients
undergoing stressful procedures (MRIs, chemotherapy,
or brain surgery, for example). Providing dynamic electric
lighting (controlled by the patient or staff) is an emerging
technique for helping patients relax and thus expedite
the procedure or recovery, expand the practical capacity
of expensive equipment, and reduce facility costs. The
Philips Ambient Experience is the leading example of
lighting effects integrated into an imaging environment.
Light and Circadian Rhythms
Exposure to light with the appropriate spectral
composition at certain times of the day can advance a
persons biological clock. Thus zones of bright lighting
may be effective at helping shift workers maintain their
energy and concentration. Moreover, insufficient exposure
to light can lead to the form of depression called Seasonal
Affective Disorder. Properly applied doses of bright light
can remedy the deficit.
The biologically effective wavelengths of light are
in the blue region, but daylight in sufficient quantity is
effective. Taking advantage of the biological (rather than
visual) effects of light can have benefits for both staff
and patients.
The application of biologically effective light may be
a useful approach to caring for people with Alzheimers,
where sleep irregularity is a problem for both the patient
and the caregivers. Similarly, the use of red wavelengths
for night lights may help patients from waking up in
the middle of the night and contribute to more restful
sleep routines.
People need dark as much as they need light and in a
regular cycle. Interference with this cycle has been shown
to further the growth of cancers in night-shift workers.
Appropriate lighting conditions for rest and sleep with
the necessary shielding and control of light contributes
to a healthy environment.
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Impact of Color (continued)
Ceramic metal halide (CDM) derives its color from the mix
of salts in the lamp and the internal temperature at which
it operates. Warm-toned (3000K) lamps are generally
used indoors, while cool-toned (4000K) lamps are more
commonly found outdoors. High quality CDM lamps can
achieve a CRI of 90 or higher and maintain reasonablyconsistent color throughout their life.
Fluorescent lamps achieve different color rendering and
color temperatures by blending phosphor powders.
Todays high performance tri-phosphor lamps use a
blend of red, green, and blue phosphors, which produce
basically similar luminous efficacy, a CRI of 80+ and near
perfect color consistency throughout life. The standardcolor offering is 3000K, 3500K, 4100K, 5000K, and 6500K.
Most healthcare facilities use 3500K or 4100K .
Electric Light Sources
No electric light source (including LEDs) precisely
replicates the spectrum of daylight; a combination of
sources comes closer in effect than any single one.
Incandescent has a full, smooth spectrum but the red end
of the spectrum dominates. CRI is 100 (by definition). CCT
ranges from 2600K to 3100K, with halogen at the coolerend of the range.
Daylight
Daylight (the combination of sunlight and skylight)
enjoys a full and relatively balanced spectrum. There
is light at all wavelengths (including heat-producing
infrared and damaging ultra-violet), and no small band
of wavelengths predominates.
Daylight has a CRI of 100 (by definition) and is often
the measure we use to evaluate subjectively the color
of objects and of light sources. The color appearance
of daylight varies substantially during the day (and to
a lesser degree with the seasons and geography). Near
dawn and dusk, daylight has a warm color, about 3000K.
At noon, with sunlight available, daylight has a CCT of
about 5500K; in the afternoon, the CCT is about 6500K.
This dynamic cycle as well as its spectral
composition distinguishes daylight from any single
electric light source and is one of the appealing and
relaxing attributes of natural light. Nevertheless, dynamic
washes of electric lighting can be synthesized by blending
sources of different colors in varying proportions to
extendthe experience.
Daylight (6000K)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760
Wavelength (nm)
Relativepower
The SPD of daylight varies by time of day.
Incandescent
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760
Wavelength (nm)
Relativepower
Fluorescent (TL841)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760
Wavelength (nm)
Relativepower
Ceramic Metal Halide (CDM 3000K)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760
Wavelength (nm)
Relativepower
The SPD of incandescent extends into the infrared range. The character istic blue, green, and red peaks vary by lamp color. Compare this balanced SPD to that of other sources.
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Solid-State Light Sources
The color of white LEDs varies considerably, solid-state
luminaires use four distinct technologies to achieve
white light, with different results in terms of appearance,
rendering, and stability.
RGB: This is a combination of colored LEDs, whose
output is mixed by a lens or reflector. Since the output of
the different colored LEDs depreciates at different rates,
this technology either requires active power management
to balance the color or is prone to color shift.
Direct Phosphor coating: Blue LEDs are covered by
yellow (or yellow-red) phosphors to produce a cool white
or yellow and red phosphors for a warm white. Due to the
phosphor mix, warm white LEDs are less efficient thancool white. It is difficult to assure a consistent phosphor
coating on the LED, so this technology tends to produce
some dispersion in t he color.
Near phosphor: A phosphor coated lens placed a
small distance from the LED provides more consistent
color than direct phosphor coating.
Remote phosphor: A phosphor coated lens placed
away from an array of LEDs permits both consistent color
and high output.
LED (Luxeon Rebel Cool White)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760
Wavelength (nm)
Relativepower
Note the characteristic peak/smooth SPD.
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In a sustainable lighting strategy, the choice of a lighting
system first considers user needs, so the effect s of light
(diffuse or concentrated, direct or indirect, warm or
cool), controllability, scale, and architectural integration
are all important criteria.
Among lighting systems with similar effects,
however, designers often face confusing choices with
regard to energy effectiveness of different technologies.
Typically the light source drives the selection process,
but simple comparisons of the lamps alone is rarely
meaningful. Lamps and ballasts need to be considered as
a system, and the performance of the luminaire (lamp,
ballast, and fixture together) in a specific application
often determines what is most effective and ultimatelymost sustainable.
Measuring Energy Effectiveness
Energy effectiveness means delivering the desired
lighting effects with the least energy, a definition that is
obviously consistent with sustainability overall.
Effectiveness (or efficacy) is more meaningful than
the commonly used concept of efficiency because it is
based on achieving a desired result. A high-efficiency
technology, by contrast, delivers more output per unit of
input, but that output may or may not be useful.
The following paragraphs discuss several commonly
used metrics for efficacy. The numbers in the text refer to
columns in the accompanying table.
Light source efficacy: Ability to convert power
to lumens (light as measured by the human eye). This is
rendered as lumens per watt (LPW 1) and is the most
frequently used metric for evaluating light sources. Since
lumen output depreciates over time (and at different rates
for different sources), evaluating light source efficacy
using mean lumens (lumen output measured at 40% of
rated average life, MLPW 2) is more realistic than looking
at initial lumens.
System efficacy: Lumens per watt include the
power used by a commercial ballast or driver, which can
affect the result by as much as 10-20%. Since most of
todays commonly used light sources require a ballast or
other auxiliary, this is a more useful and realistic metricthan simple light source efficacy. When calculating
system efficacy (MLPW 3), it is necessary to adjust the
lumen output to that actually produced by the system by
applying the ballast factor. Due to the effect of heat on
LED performance, solid-state lighting is best evaluated as
a luminaire (see below).
Luminaire efficacy: Lumens per watt including
losses in the luminaire. Luminaire efficacy (MLPW 4) cap-
tures the efficiency of the fixture and helps in evaluating
the energy performance of different luminaire options (for
example, compact fluorescent downlights vs. linear fluo-
rescent pendants). For conventional luminaires, luminaire
efficacy is commonly computed by multiplying the light
source system efficacy by the luminaire efficiency. For
solid-state luminaires, however, luminaire efficacy is pho-
tometered directly, which is the most accurate method.
Application efficacy: Lighting result per
watt of power. This might be task illuminance per watt
or something similar for display, wall, or ambient
illumination. Application efficacy considers the ability ofthe luminaire to deliver the desired lighting and reflects
both luminaire performance and environmental factors
such as mounting location and surface reflectance.
Application efficacy is particularly useful in comparing
luminaires with different light distribution patterns,
(for example LED and fluorescent task lights) for a
specific purpose.
Technology Efficacy
Lamp System Luminaire
Light Source LPW 1 MLPW 2 Watts MLPW 3 Type Lumens MLPW 4Standard F32T8/TL80 92 88 56* 85 Coffer 3570 64
High Performance F32T8/ADV 97 94 48** 96 Coffer 3456 72
F28T5 104 98 60 92 Coffer 4140 69
PL-T 32W 75 64 35 58 7" Dnlt 1244 36
CDM T6 Elite 39W 90 81 44 72 6" Dnlt 1978 45
Standard MH ED17 70 74 49 94 36 6" Dnlt 1856 20
45MRC16/IRC 24.4 24.0 47 23 4" Dnlt 906 19
Calculite SSL Downlight 20 4" Dnlt 879 44
MLPW = Mean Lumens per Watt
Standard T8 system on standard electronic ballast. High performance T8 system on high per formance electronic ballast.
CDM on electronic ballast. Standard MH on magnetic ballast.
* Based on a two-lamp system using a standard electronic ballast with a ballast factor of .89
** Based on a two-lamp system using a high-performance ballast (Philips Advanced Optanium 2.0) with a ballast factor of .77
Energy Smart Lighting
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Linear Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts
Fluorescent systems are the principal light source for most
task and ambient applications in healthcare facilities.
Replacing outdated energy-consuming systems that
use electro-magnetic ballasts, with new low wattage,
long life systems using electronic ballasts can reduce en-
ergy consumption, reduce the need for lamp replacement,
and reduce their environmental impact, without compris-
ing performance.
With these high performance lamp and ballast
systems, both T8 and T5 systems can achieve high
luminous efficacy over 90 lumens per watt (LPW).
Lamps can be dimmed (with dimming ballasts
and controls) and are available in a range of colortemperatures and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) to meet
your application needs. Unlike incandescent and halogen
sources, dimming does not change the appearance of the
light or affect the lamp life.
The smaller diameter of the T5 lamp permits the use
of smaller luminaires (particularly beneficial for pendant,
cove, and surface applications) and precise optics
(beneficial for widespread light distribution).
High performance T8 systems offer more flexibility
to tune luminaire light output by selecting lamp
wattage and ballast factor (see table) and are generally
more economical.Both Philips T8 and T5 lamps feature Alto II Lamp
Technology, which means these lamps have the lowest
mercury content in the industry - down to 1.7 mg for 4 ft.
T8 25W fluorescents.
In addition, these high performance lamps deliver
longer life, which means reduced maintenance and
improved total cost of ownership.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
These lamps serve as direct replacements for incandes-
cents. They perform well where a diffuse source is desired
in compact luminaires, such as downlights, wall brackets,
smaller pendants, and portables. They deliver good color
with a high CRI of 82, and an incandescent-like light. And,like linear fluorescent lamps, CFLs are available both in
various color temperatures as well as with dimming ca-
pability. CFLs are energy efficient, with many types last-
ing up to 10 years. CFLs are available in a wide variety of
sizes and wattages. While dedicated CFL luminaries are
most efficient, retrofit lamps are also offered in attrac-
tive covered designs using familiar shapes that fit most
standard incandescent fixtures. While CFL lamps to not
produce concentrated beams of light like halogen lamps,
they provide soft, white ambient lighting that can create
a comfortable, relaxing environment.
Ceramic Metal Halide
Among high intensity discharge (HID) sources, ceramic
metal halide offers the best combination of color (CRI
of 85+), efficacy (60+ LPW), and lamp life (10-15,000
hours). The extensive choice of wattage and lumen
output in a compact size makes this source a good choice
for narrow beam downlights, accent lights, flood lights,
and exterior luminaires. Ceramic metal halide lamps (like
other HID sources) require about 4-7 minutes to warm up
when first started and longer to cool down and restrike
when power is interrupted.
Incandescent and Halogen
These lamps offer a residential quality of light and can be
dimmed, which can be useful in social settings to create a
warm, pleasing atmosphere. Low voltage halogen lamps
and luminaires are 120% more efficient than standard
incandescent and due to their small size, cannot easily be
replaced with fluorescent. However, they are considerably
less efficient (10-25 LPW) than fluorescent and HID
sources and have much shorter lifetimes (1000-6000
hours), which make them generally unsuitable for most
healthcare applications.
Tuning a Fluorescent System
Lamp Ballast System per Lamp at 25 C
Type Watts Type BF Watts Lumens LPW
F32T8/XEW 25 IS 0.77 19 1906 100
F32T8/XEW 25 IS 0.87 22 2153 98
F32T8/ADV 32 IS 0.77 24 2310 96
F32T8/ADV 32 IS 0.87 27 2610 97
F32T8/ADV 32 IS 1.2 36 3600 100
F28T5 28 PS 1 30 2448 82
F54T5HO 54 PS 1 60 4228 70
This table shows the range of watts and lumens from nominal 4' fluorescent lamp systems.
Data based on Philips Lighting lamps and ballasts
T5 and T5HO lamps have about 10% higher lumen ratings at 35 C.
BF: Ballast Factor
IS: Instant Start
PS: Program Start
Selecting Light Sources
6
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The Future of Solid-State Lighting (LEDs)
This relatively new light source has developed rapidly
over the last few years and continues to improve in
terms of efficiency, color, and output. Solid-state lighting
already offers sound choices for a variety of applications,including downlighting, exterior lighting, dynamic color,
architectural wall grazing, small scale cove lighting, and
step lights, as well as local task lighting and night lighting.
SSL can produce four different color effects: a single,
generally saturated color, dynamic color, white (of various
colors), and dynamic white. Dynamic color has many
aesthetic applications and has been incorporated into
therapeutic routines. Dynamic white is an emerging
application, with potential for emulating the dynamic
color of daylight. Static white is the fastest growing
area for SSL because of its potential for very high energy
efficiency, long life, outstanding beam control, low powerand heat, compact size, and easy dimming control. These
characteristics make it suitable to replace less effective
conventional sources in many applications.
The primary obstacles to wider application of white
light LEDs have been low efficiency, poor color, and high
cost. These issues are technically related, and advances
are being made on all fronts. In terms of SSL luminaire
design, the critical challenge is thermal management;
internal heat build up dramatically shortens the life of an
LED. Unlike conventional light sources, SSL should only
be evaluated as a complete luminaire, where heat, light
output, and delivered color can be most effectively judged.
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Lighting Controls
Controls
Controls are an increasingly important technology for
sustainable lighting, especially in healthcare applications.
Importantly, well designed controls help meet user needs
and minimize energy consumption.
Control Strategies
The most effective controls strategies are developed
as an integral part of the lighting design and luminaire
selection process. The critical first step is determining
the channel or zones identifying which luminaires will
be controlled together and which will be controlled
independently of others. Well designed control channels
help to assure that lighting can be bright when required
for visually demanding tasks, yet does not disturb patients
when they need rest.
The type of control required depends on the basic
control strategy and its objectives.
User-oriented controls, such as patient rooms or
examination controls, should be easy to locate in the
space and easy to operate. Older users with diminished
manual dexterity will find large rocker panels easier to
adjust than smaller toggles or levers. LED status indicators
also locate the control when the room is dark. Where
dimmers or switches are ganged, they should be labeled
with the luminaires they control.
Building-oriented controls, such as those for circula-
tion and other public spaces, need to integrate into the
building management system and be easy to configure.
Daylight Integration
Daylight integration depends first on effective architectural
and shading design to admit and distribute daylight, as
well as prevent glare and thermal gain. Closed-loop control
systems where photocells sense the combined effect of
daylight and electric light are the most commonly used
approach for task-oriented areas where maintaining a
relatively high level of illumination is required.
The electric lighting needs to be zoned so that the
luminaires in the daylighted areas can be separately
controlled. Sensors need to be placed where their
readings will reasonably represent the experience of the
controlled environment (and away from direct exposure
to light before it strikes relevant task surfaces). A controller
program is commissioned to respond to the photocell and
signal switches or dimmers to adjust as desired.
Photocell-based switching proves most cost effective
when daylight is ample and consistent and the electric
lighting can stay shut off once daylight has reached the
desired level.
Photocell-based dimming, on the other hand, serves
best where daylight only satisfies part of the daytime
illumination requirement or where some contribution is
desired from the electric lighting in terms of direction or
visible brightness.
IntelliSight photocells and power packs provide the
sensing and control components; for dimming strategies,
fluorescent luminaires must also have dimming ballasts.
Occupancy Sensing
Turning lights off is often the simplest and most cost-
effective approach to reducing energy usage. This
strategy applies particularly well to private offices and
intermittently occupied spaces, such as meeting and
exam rooms, which may be unoccupied up to 40% of
the time.
Sensors controlling fluorescent luminaires should
have a minimum setting of 30 minutes before the
lights turn out in order to avoid shortening lamp life.
Programmed Start ballasts also help. HID light sources
should not be controlled by sensors due to the warm up
time required for restarting.
IntelliSight wallbox and ceiling sensors detect a wide
field of view (line of sight required) and are particularly
sensitive to avoid false tripping. IntelliSight devices can
dim, where adjustable lighting is desired, and can be
integrated with photocells.
Time of Day
Where occupancy in any space is regular, relay-based
control systems can be programmed to turn off lights or
reduce the lighting to a programmed level according to
a time clock. A good system permits easy commissioning,
and onsite adjustment for different spaces. Sweep alerts
allow workers in staff areas to override the system to
avoid being left in the dark. Time of day control makes
sense for those parts of a facility that close down in the
evening (gift shops and dining areas, for example) and
for creating evening scenes with reduced light levels in
circulation areas. LyteSwitch relay systems integrate with
building management systems and other lighting control
systems, are self-addressing and permit walk around
commissioning.
Effective Controls Strategies
Space Daylight Strategy
Patient roomsLiving areas
Ample Daylight dimmingOccupancy sensing
Individual task tuning
Multi-scene control
Reception
Circulation
Ample Daylight dimming
Scheduled/zoned switching
Social areas
Dining
Ample Daylight dimming
Multi-scene control
Scheduled/zoned switching
Dining Limited Multi-scene control
Scheduled/zoned switching
Laboratories Ample Daylight dimming
Scheduled/zoned switching
Laboratories
Pharmacies
Limited Scheduled/zoned switching
Enclosed office Ample Daylight dimming
Occupancy sensing
Individual task tuning
Office/Utility Limited Occupancy sensing
Conference room
Training room
Limited Multi-scene dimming
Occupancy sensing
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Multi-Scene Preset Control
Social spaces, conference rooms, and the living areas
of senior residences typically support a wide range of
activities and associated lighting settings. These areas
can benefit from multi-scene preset controls that easily
adjust all the lighting layers in the space to the lighting
composition desired for each activity. Push buttons,
labeled for each activity (conference, presentation, break,
clean up, etc.) permit users unfamiliar with the space to
conveniently recall the appropriate lighting effect.
Multi-scene controls can be integrated with
occupancy sensors and daylight controls. They are required
by Standard 90.1-2004 for conference areas.
MultiSet systems connect individual five-scene presetdimmers with master control keypads and remotes. They
are notable for their flexibility and economy.
Task and Individual Control
Providing individual control over task lighting can
enhance productivity, improve user satisfaction, and
reduce energy consumption often very cost effectively.
Local task luminaires and multi-function patient
room luminaires typically offer integrated switches, as
previously discussed.
Where task lighting needs are variable and provided
by general-purpose luminaires, separate control should be
provided for each task area to avoid disturbing light levels
in adjacent areas. This can be accomplished by switch
or dimmer (with dimming ballasts in any controlled
fluorescent luminaires).
Dimmable fluorescent luminaires with easy-to-use
controls enhance the comfort and appeal of senior living
environments, while conserving energy.
Integrated Strategies
Facilities that combine multiple controls strategies and
require many zones of control typical of senior living,
benefit from an i ntegrated strategy. Lightoliers iGEN offers
a range of intelligent control technologies, including DALI
protocol, that configure and reconfigure flexibly, offer
interface options with other building system controls, and
reduce installation, commissioning, and monitoring costs.
Unlike conventional, hard-wired controls, iGEN
systems use addressable devices on a communications
network. This permits flexible assignment of control
channels and individual control of luminaires without
separate wiring from each one to the control point.
Dimming Fluorescent Sources
With appropriate equipment, linear T8 and T5 lamps
can dim smoothly down to 1% of output. Compact
fluorescent lamps dim down to about 5%. While the
change in intensity may affect color perception, the lamps
themselves maintain consistent color temperature.
Dimmers, wiring, and dimming ballasts must be
compatible and require particularly careful specification.
Specific Lightolier dimmers are available for the three
typical ballast configurations: three-wire line voltage
(Lightolier PowerSpec), designated HDF; two-wire line
voltage (Advance Mark 10), designated EB; and 0-10V
with two additional low voltage conductors (Advance
Mark 7 and others), designated FAM.
iGEN systems use networked ballasts with DALI or
other protocols and require compatible iGEN controls.
Dimming Solid-State Lighting
The dimming of a solid-state luminaire depends on its
design and driver. For dynamic color changing, DMX
is a common control protocol, Lightolier provides its
Lytemode DMX system as a convenient solution for these
installations. For more complex applications, consider a
Marquee PC console and software.
For white light applications, luminaire specifications
vary, and not all solid-state luminaires are dimmable.
The two common approaches use either electronic low
voltage (ELV) dimmers or 0-10V (FAM) dimmers.
Controls Performance Selector
Co ntrol Strateg y Pro duc t Family Loc at ion Features
Occupancy IntelliSight Wall Box Multiple sensor technology; up to 4000 sf coverage per sensor
Occupancy Intel liSight System Ceiling Multiple sensor technology; up to 2500 sf coverage per sensor
Daylight IntelliSight Photocell Ceiling Onboard controller permits commissioning from the floor
Time of Day Lyteswitch Relays CabinetSelf addressable with walk around commissioning;
integrates with Lytemode
Scene control MultiSet Pro Wall BoxFlexible, scalable design; integrates sensors and photocells;
controls all sources
Dynamic Color Lytemode DMX Wall Easy programming and control for simple routines
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Toxicity and Material Consumption
As the principal consumablein a lighting system,
lamps deserve special consideration in the
context of sustainability.
Mercury
All fluorescent lamps need a small amount of mercur y to
operate efficiently but Philips has been working hard to
reduce the mercury levels. With the use of ALTO Lamp
Technology, we set a standard by reducing the amount of
mercury in T8 lamps to a then industry- low 3.5 mg. With
the new ALTO II Technology, fluorescent T8 lamps now
have only 1.7 mg of mercury (T5 lamps now have only
1.4 mg) and still deliver outstanding performance. And
to further help reduce environmental impact, Philips only
uses recycled mercury in the lamp.
Lamp Life
Lamp Ballast 3 hrs/st 12 hrs/st
F32T8/ADV IS 24,000 30,000 hrs
F32T8/ADV PS 30,000 36,000 hrs
F32T8/XEW/XLL PS 40,000 46,000 hrs
F28T5 PS 20,000 25,000 hrs
F54T5HO PS 25,000 30,000 hrs
PL-T PS 12,000 16,000 hrs
CDM-T Elec (10 hours) 12,000 hrs
MR16/IRC 5000 hrs
SSL (to 70% Lumen Maintenance) 50,000 hrs
Mercury Content in Fluorescent Lamps
Std. T8Today
Alto T81997
Alto T8Today
Alto T5Today
1.4 mg1.7 mg
3.5 mg
6 mg
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
ALTO Technology
ALTO IITechnology assures that only a minimal amount
of mercury will suffice throughout the life of the lamp,
while maintaining lamp performance and actually
enhancing lamp life.
A capsule for introducing mercury into the lamp
permits a very precise and minimal dosage, while
enabling aggressive purificationduring manufacture. A pre-coating beneath the lamp phosphors inhibits
mercury absorption by the glass tube.
A chemical compound attracts mercury to the arc
stream in the center of the lamp, keeping it active.
Metal halide lamps, including ceramic types,
typically contain more mercury than fluorescent lamps.
LEDs, contain no mercury, which may be an important
consideration in their selection.
Lamp and Ballast Life
It is intuitive that reduced mercury in the lamp and
increased lamp life work together to reduce toxicity.
Longer lamp life reduces the number of lamps used over
the life of the facility and, therefore the total amount of
mercury. This is recognized in LEED for Healthcare (see
pages 34-35).
Lamp life is commonly measured in two ways: mor-
tality (how long the lamp operates) and lumen mainte-
nance (how much light is produced over life). Operating
conditions also affect life and are worth consideration.
Rated average life indicates the median time to
failure and describes lamp mortality. Characteristically, a
large sample of lamps reaches 10% of mortality (90%surviving) at about 70% of rated average life, which is
often used as the point for scheduled maintenance.
Under ANSI/IESNA standards, fluorescent lamp life is
tested by operating the lamps on a cycle of three hours
on and 20 minutes off und