Energy saving solution set description
Transcript of Energy saving solution set description
Project Acronym : Green@Hospital
Grant Agreement numbers: : ICT PSP 297290
Project Title: : web-based enerGy management system foR the optimization of the EnErgy coNsumption in Hospitals
Website : www.greenhospital-project.eu
Document version : v.6.0 Final
Document Preparation Date : 15/04/2013
Dissemination level : Public
Author(s) : Davide Nardi Cesarini (AEA), Cristina Cristalli (AEA), S.Papantoniou (TUC), Marc Trullas (AGE), Ferran Abad (AGE), Giacomo Grigis (SCH), Stefano Mangilli (SCH)
Work Package 2
Pilot’s solution set data analysis
Deliverable D2.2
Energy saving solution set description
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
Revision History
Revision Date Author Organization Description 1.0 05/12/2012 L. Remaggi, D.
Nardi Cesarini AGE First draft
2.0 06/01/2013 M.Trullas, S.Papantoniou, D. Nardi Cesarini
AGE, TUC, AEA
Contribution for the Energy audit chapter
3.0 18/02/2013 S.Papantoniou, D. Nardi Cesarini
AEA, TUC Solution set description for AOR and SGH
4.0 01/04/2013 M.Trullas AGE Solution set description for HVN and HML
5.0 04/04/2013 G.Grigis, S.Mangilli
SCH Contribution on chapter 4
6.0 15/04/2013 C. Cristalli AEA Final revision of the document
Statement of originality: This deliverable contains original unpublished work except where clearly indicated otherwise. Acknowledgement of previously published material and of the work of others has been made through appropriate citation, quotation or both.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
List of Acronyms
AHU: air handling unit
BMS: building management system
CHP: combined heat and power
ESCO: Energy Service Company
GSHP: ground source heat pump
HACS: hot aisle containment system
HVAC: heating ventilation and air conditioning
ICT: information and communication technology
OPC:OLE for process control
OLE: object linking and embedding
PLC: programmable logic computer
SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SNMP: simple network management protocol
SOAP: simple object access protocol
VFD: variable frequency drive
VSD: variable speed drive
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................9
2. Energy audit..................................................................................................................10
2.1. AOR ...................................................................................................................12
2.1.1. Questionnaires analysis ....................................................................................... 12
(1) HVAC - Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy ............................................ 14
(2) Lighting - Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy ......................................... 15
(3) Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy HVAC and lighting – System
operators ............................................................................................................ 16
(4) Data Center cooling system ................................................................................. 18
2.1.2. Audit team appointment ..................................................................................... 19
2.1.3. Energy audit ........................................................................................................ 21
(1) Building envelope ................................................................................................ 22
(2) HVAC ................................................................................................................... 23
(3) Lighting................................................................................................................ 24
(4) Energy use and bills ............................................................................................. 25
(5) Energy audit Level III ............................................................................................ 26
(6) ICT data collection ............................................................................................... 27
2.2. HVN...................................................................................................................31
2.2.1. Questionnaires analysis ....................................................................................... 31
(1) HVAC - emergency department and surgery theatres .......................................... 32
(2) HVAC – Emergency department - System operators ........................................... 33
(3) HVAC - Surgery theatres – System operators ....................................................... 33
(4) Data Center cooling system ................................................................................. 35
2.2.2. Audit team appointment ..................................................................................... 36
2.2.3. Energy audit ........................................................................................................ 37
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(1) Building envelope ................................................................................................ 37
(2) HVAC ................................................................................................................... 39
(3) Energy use and bills ............................................................................................. 40
(4) Energy audit Level III ............................................................................................ 41
(5) ICT data collection ............................................................................................... 41
2.3. SGH ...................................................................................................................45
2.3.1. Questionnaires analysis ....................................................................................... 45
(1) HVAC – various departments ............................................................................... 48
(2) Lighting - various departments ............................................................................ 49
(3) Room – HVAC and lighting – System operators .................................................... 50
2.3.2. Audit team appointment ..................................................................................... 52
2.3.3. Energy audit ........................................................................................................ 53
(1) Building envelope ................................................................................................ 55
(2) HVAC ................................................................................................................... 56
(3) Lighting................................................................................................................ 57
(4) Energy use and bills ............................................................................................. 58
(5) Energy audit Level III ............................................................................................ 62
(6) ICT infrastructure and data collection .................................................................. 62
(7) Hospital ICT data collection.................................................................................. 63
2.4. HML ..................................................................................................................66
2.4.1. Questionnaires analysis ....................................................................................... 66
(1) HVAC: hospital rooms and surgery theatres ......................................................... 68
(2) Lighting: rooms .................................................................................................... 68
(3) Surgery theatres – HVAC – System operators ....................................................... 69
(4) Room – HVAC and lighting – System operators .................................................... 69
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(5) Data Center cooling system ................................................................................. 71
(6) Geothermal system ............................................................................................. 72
2.4.2. Audit team appointment ..................................................................................... 73
2.4.3. Energy audit ........................................................................................................ 74
(1) HVAC ................................................................................................................... 74
(2) Lighting................................................................................................................ 75
(3) Energy use and bills ............................................................................................. 76
(4) Energy audit Level III ............................................................................................ 80
(5) ICT data collection ............................................................................................... 80
3. Energy saving solution sets ...........................................................................................83
3.1. Subsystem .........................................................................................................83
3.1.1. AOR ..................................................................................................................... 83
(1) Data centre .......................................................................................................... 84
(2) Lighting................................................................................................................ 91
(3) HVAC ................................................................................................................... 95
3.1.2. HVN ..................................................................................................................... 97
(1) Emergency AHUs ................................................................................................. 97
(2) Operating room AHU ........................................................................................... 98
(3) Data centre cold water production ...................................................................... 98
3.1.3. SGH ..................................................................................................................... 99
(1) Fan coils in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic ................................................. 99
(2) Artificial lighting in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic ................................... 101
3.1.4. HML................................................................................................................... 103
(1) Heating and cooling generation system ............................................................. 103
(2) Operating room HVAC control ........................................................................... 105
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3.2. Solution sets .................................................................................................... 107
3.2.1. AOR ................................................................................................................... 107
(1) Data centre cooling optimization ....................................................................... 107
(2) Smart lighting system ........................................................................................ 108
3.2.2. HVN ................................................................................................................... 111
(1) Emergency zone Air Handling Unit Control ........................................................ 111
(2) Surgery theaters Air Unit Control ....................................................................... 112
(3) Data centre cold water production management ............................................... 113
3.2.3. SGH ................................................................................................................... 114
(1) Fan coils management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic ......................... 114
(2) Artificial lighting management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic ............. 119
3.2.4. HML................................................................................................................... 123
(1) Heating and cooling generation system optimized management ....................... 123
(2) Optimized control strategies for Surgery Rooms ventilation ............................... 123
4. Preliminary solution-set energy savings ...................................................................... 125
4.1. HVAC Systems solutions .................................................................................. 128
4.1.1. Ground source heat pump management ........................................................... 128
4.1.2. VFD installation on AHU ..................................................................................... 129
4.1.3. AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions ................................................................ 129
4.1.4. Data center Cooling System management.......................................................... 132
4.2. Lighting system solutions ................................................................................ 134
4.2.1. Installation of presence detectors ...................................................................... 134
4.2.2. Installation of daylight sensors........................................................................... 135
4.2.3. Installation of dimmer ....................................................................................... 136
4.2.4. Overall lighting solutions evaluation .................................................................. 136
5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 138
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6. References .................................................................................................................. 139
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1. Introduction
This document is the result of the activities carried on in the framework of Tasks 2.1 and
2.2 of Work Package 2 “Pilot’s solution set data analysis”. The final output of these tasks is
the definition of the energy saving solution sets to be tested in each pilot hospital. This
output is the final result of a complex work which is described in Chapter 2 of this document.
The data collected and the results achieved with the energy audit performed in the pilot
hospitals following the Energy Audit Procedure described in the deliverable D2.1 “Standard
energy audit procedure” are listed. Great emphasis has been given to comfort questionnaire
results which can be considered as the key elements in order to choose the solution sets
involving different kind of stakeholders. The comparison between the comfort perception
before and after the intervention will be a parameter to test the qualitative efficacy of the
tested solutions. After the audit team appointment the most important data collected are
presented: first of all the global features and performances of the hospital buildings are
described together with the main equipments. Then, some particular areas are analyzed in
detail. Finally, for each hospital, its ICT infrastructures have been described.
Chapter 3 is dedicated to the description of the subsystems selected to be upgraded and
integrated within the Web-EMCS. For each of them the main interventions planned during
the Green@Hospital project are described.
Chapter 4 contains some preliminary considerations addressing energy saving potentials:
even if this activity will be carried on in the framework of Task 2.3 which is planned for the
second year of the project, some preliminary data have been integrated in this document to
provide a first idea of the energy savings expected and to understand if they are in line with
the project expected results.
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2. Energy audit
Energy audits were carried out in the pilot hospitals following the procedures and the
guidelines described in the deliverable D2.1 “Standard energy audit procedure” where some
tools and templates useful to collect data have been also provided.
Three key issues have been addressed in the energy audit procedure:
- Stakeholders involvement
- Audit team appointment
- Data collection through agreed templates and data format
Stakeholders’ involvement was one of the key actions to increase the quality of the
energy audit and to create the basis for the success of the project: the cooperation of final
stakeholders is very important both for the identification of the solution sets and for the
management of the solutions after the installation phase.
In each hospital some meetings have been organized with the hospital personnel
involving different stakeholders: IT staff, system operators and clinicians have been informed
about the project purposes and questionnaires have been submitted to them.
Also patients and their relatives have been interviewed to monitor the perception of final
users about comfort conditions in the areas involved in the project.
The second step towards the energy audit was the appointment of the Audit team. The
annex “Skill assessment matrix” of the deliverable D2.1 was used as a template to identify
for each task the person who was most skilled to perform it.
Then data collection started even if some difficulties have been encountered such as:
- Not complete information available
- Documentation available just in paper form
- Data owned by a third party organization
Anyway data collection from pilot hospitals has been successfully completed. Two other
documents published as annexes to D2.1 where used in this phase:
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1) Energy audit level I Report
2) BMS- SCADA-ICT checklist
The collection of data required in the first document was the first activity performed in
the framework of task T2.1 (Energy audit). Several technical inspections were organized in
each pilot hospital to collect data not available from technical document analysis and people
with different skills participated to this activity. More detailed data were collected with
reference to the solution sets identified in the preliminary phase of the project.
The second document was the main tool used to reach the objectives planned in the
framework of task T2.2 (Analysis of the BMS and of the ICT infrastructure). The main target
of this task was to understand which sub systems could be integrated with the Web-EMCS
and which data were already available in each pilot.
Stakeholders’ feedback, data collected and possibility of integration were the main
parameters considered in the choice of the final list of solution sets. A detailed report of the
activities performed in each pilot hospital is presented in the following paragraphs including
questionnaire submission and analysis, audit team appointment and energy audit.
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2.1. AOR
2.1.1. Questionnaires analysis
At Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, G.M. Lancisi , G. Salesi
of Ancona (AOR) questionnaires were submitted to people working and staying in four
different areas. For each area different kind of stakeholders were interviewed about
different systems as hereafter specified:
- Hematology department
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
System operator
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
System operator
- Oncology department
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
System operator
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
System operator
- Oncology pharmacy
o HVAC
Pharmacists and Nurses
System operator
o Lighting
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Pharmacists and Nurses
System operator
- Data Centre
o Cooling system
System operator
IT Staff
Questionnaires were submitted during the week from 16th July 2012 and 22nd July 2012.
External temperature conditions are very important to interpret the answers collected from
the interviewed people. In table 1 climate conditions monitored in Ancona during the above
mentioned week are presented.
Day T daily average T min T max RH
16 July 24 °C 19 °C 27 °C 50 %
17 July 23 °C 17 °C 27 °C 53 %
18 July 24 °C 17 °C 29 °C 51 %
19 July 29 °C 17 °C 37 °C 34 %
20 July 29 °C 20 °C 35 °C 30 %
21 July 27 °C 22 °C 33 °C 47 %
22 July 23 °C 21 °C 26 °C 69 %
Table 1 Climate conditions during monitoring week in AOR
The main questionnaire results are highlighted in the following paragraphs while more
detailed information and exhaustive results are reported in Annex I to this deliverable.
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(1) HVAC - Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy
124 people have been interviewed concerning HVAC system performances in the three
different areas.
With respect to the hematology department doctors highlight bad comfort conditions in
their offices due to high thermal loads and crowded spaces while nurses complain about a
too low air temperature in their working areas. Patients and families are quite satisfied with
comfort conditions and air quality in the different rooms they occupy. Drafts from vents
located just over the beds are the main sources of discomfort.
With respect to the oncology department doctors and nurses judge sufficient but
improvable the comfort level granted by the HVAC system. Patients and families satisfaction
is quite high. Low reaction speed of the cooling system and drafts from vents and windows
are the main sources of discomfort highlighted
With respect to the oncology pharmacy different comfort conditions are perceived by
pharmacists and nurses working in different areas and operating conditions. Nurses
complain about too high temperature level (they wear special clothing) and temperature
instability. Drafts from vents and low reaction speed of the cooling system are the main
causes of discomfort.
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(2) Lighting - Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy
122 people have been interviewed concerning lighting system performances in the three
different areas.
With respect to the hematology department stakeholders overall satisfaction with the
artificial lighting system is good. Lighting management can be improved in corridors and
common areas where lights remain switched on also during night. Stakeholders complain
about limited control of natural light since some shading systems are not working.
Similar results have been collected in the Oncology department where stakeholders are
globally satisfied with artificial light level and daylight. Installation of LED lamps is seen as a
good improvement for the system and, as underlined also in the hematology department,
light control should be improved allowing to switch off the light at night.
The oncology pharmacy is in a basement floor and there are no windows, so artificial
lighting is the only source of light available. Clinicians are satisfied with artificial light level
even if they wish to have switches in the different area, a softer background light level and
some task lights where operators have to read labels.
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(3) Oncology, Hematology, Oncology Pharmacy
HVAC and lighting – System operators
System operators were interviewed to collect technical opinion from who manages the
system about its performances and capabilities.
Concerning HVAC, in the three areas analyzed:
- Occupants can operate windows (except in the oncology pharmacy were there aren’t
windows)
- Occupants can’t adjust the required room temperature; temperature setpoint is
adjusted by the system operator. If a change in the setpoint is required, the user calls the
system operator by phone. Just in some offices there is an autonomous control of the
cooling system.
- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system and
know how to adjust it.
- System operators can monitor some parameters like heating and cooling coil water
temperatures and AHU air flow.
- The control system is sufficiently friendly but its control capabilities can be improved
in order to reduce the time needed to manage the system.
The HVAC control system can be improved implementing an automated alert system that
can eliminate the need for 24h surveillance. Thermostatic temperature control in each room
can reduce energy wastes, increase comfort for users and reduce time dedicated to regulate
the system by the system operator. More control on AHUs is needed in order to reduce flow
rates in not occupied areas.
Concerning lighting, in the three areas analyzed:
- Occupants can control artificial lights (except in corridors and in the oncology
pharmacy where there is a unique switchboard)
- Occupants can control manually shadings from the sun
- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system and
know how to adjust it
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- The control system is sufficiently friendly but its control capabilities can be improved
in order to reduce the time needed to manage the system
The lighting control system can be improved implementing light dimming and
decentralized controls. The benefits coming from lighting control via PLC, already
implemented in other hospital areas, can be extended also to the oncology and hematology
departments and to the oncology pharmacy.
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(4) Data Center cooling system
Two categories of users were interviewed to understand capabilities and limits of the
Data Centre cooling system.
IT staff questionnaire is very useful to understand the cooling requirements while the
system operator questionnaire helps to understand strengths and weaknesses of the system.
Data Centers require 22-24°C in the cold aisle and 29°C in the hot aisle. The cooling
system should guarantee autonomy of at least 1 hour with the air temperature below 40°C.
At the moment the norms does not require particular air quality conditions but air
quality control is important particularly in this case where the compartmented area has not
a ventilation system.
IT staff is globally very satisfied by the data center cooling system even if some aspects
could be improved:
- there is no fresh air in the data centre area: a ventilation system can be implemented
to ensure fresh air when operators are in the compartmented area; air quality parameters
could be measured
- Risk of data loss in case the cold water pipes breaks: a passive PCM (phase changing
material) system can be added to increase the system inertia
- Drycoolers are not outdoor: this aspect reduces the efficiency of the cooling system
System operators are very happy with the cooling management system: friendly user
interfaces allow controlling easily a lot of parameters and an automated alert system
reduces the amount of time needed to control and manage the system.
The system can be improved implementing advanced control algorithm to allow fault
prevention and increase energy efficiency.
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2.1.2. Audit team appointment
After questionnaire collection and analysis, the Skill assessment matrix document
published as annex to the deliverable D2.1 was used to identify the key actors in the audit
phase.
SKILL ASSESSMENT MATRIX
SKILLS
FINANCE / MANAGEMENT
ADMINISTRATION ENGINEERING O&M ENERGY
TASKS TECHNICAL BUILDING MANAGER
HVAC/LIGHTING MANAGER
BMS & ICT MANAGER
MAINTENANCE MANAGER
MAINTENANCE OPERATOR
ENERGY MANAGER
Data Collection
General description of the building ( m2, beds,...)
Penna (AOR) +
Maniscalco (AOR)
Maniscalco (AOR) + ESCO
Annual Energy Use ( type of energy, units )
Maniscalco
(AOR)
Maniscalco (AOR) + ESCO
Cost of Annual Energy Use ( Euros per type )
Biraschi (AOR) + Penna (AOR)
Maniscalco
(AOR)
Breakdown of spaces by function, hours of use, plant distribution,..
Biraschi (AOR) + Penna (AOR)
Clinicians (AOR) Maniscalco
(AOR)
Operation parameters ( temperature, artificial light-hours, use hours )
Maniscalco
(AOR) Maniscalco (AOR)
Maniscalco (AOR) + ESCO
Maintenance practices concerning efficiency.
Maniscalco
(AOR)
Maniscalco (AOR) + ESCO
Maniscalco (AOR) + ESCO
Maniscalco (AOR) + ESCO
Description of energy-using systems and components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical characterization, input and output measurement
Maniscalco
(AOR) Maniscalco (AOR)
Davide Nardi Cesarini
(AEA)
Description of energy-producing systems and components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical characterization, input and output measurement
Maniscalco
(AOR) Maniscalco (AOR)
Davide Nardi Cesarini
(AEA)
Description of BMS/SCADA (systems, components and functions)
Maniscalco
(AOR)
Libertini (AOR)
Description of ICT infrastructure (systems, components and functions)
Maniscalco
(AOR)
Libertini (AOR)
Calculations :
Breakdown of energy use and costs of systems and components
Biraschi (AOR) + Penna (AOR)
Davide Nardi
Cesarini (AEA)
Maniscalco (AOR) + ESCO
Energy Conservation Measures :
Without cost Maniscalco
(AOR)
Maniscalco (AOR) + ESCO
Davide Nardi
Cesarini (AEA) + ESCO
With cost: cost estimate of implementation, estimation of annual savings, rate of amortization.
Biraschi (AOR) + Penna (AOR)
Maniscalco
(AOR)
Davide Nardi Cesarini
(AEA) + ESCO
Measurements of savings.
Maniscalco
(AOR)
Libertini (AOR)
Davide Nardi
Cesarini (AEA) + ESCO
Verification of savings. Biraschi (AOR) +
Penna (AOR)
Maniscalco (AOR)
Maniscalco (AOR)
+ ESCO
Davide Nardi Cesarini
(AEA) + ESCO
Table 2 AOR audit team
As shown in the previous table two partners were involved in the AOR audit phase. The
table was filled in September 2012 with the name of the people coordinating each activity.
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AEA involved in the audit phase people working in different areas which were involved
on different topics:
- Research for Innovation
Team coordination
Communication with the Pilot hospital
Data collection
Visual inspections
- Energy R&D
Data analysis
Energy saving solution analysis
Energy saving estimation
- Humancare R&D
Relationship with clinicians
Impact of the solutions analysis
Also AOR involved in the audit phase people working in different sectors:
- Technical office personnel
Building plants collection
Electrical plant data collection
Thermal plant data collection
Visual inspection
- IT office people personnel
IT and ICT infrastructure data collection
- Administration personnel
Consumption data collection
- Clinicians (Oncology department, Hematology department, Pediatric oncology
department, Oncology pharmacy)
Interviews and impact on clinic activities
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Also the ESCO operating in the Hospital was involved in the audit phase: some of the
information dealing with energy consumptions is owned by the ESCO Company. Some of the
information needed for the project was not provided because considered essential for the
competitiveness of the ESCO Company itself. The contract between the hospital and the
ESCO expires by June 2014 and the contract does not allow the hospital to provide energy
consumption data to third part companies.
However the ESCO assured the cooperation with AOR and AEA providing the required
data even if in some cases they do not refer to the last years. The ESCO Company is also
responsible for the global service activity in the hospital and assured the support to the
Green@Hospital consortium during the installation phase.
2.1.3. Energy audit
Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, G.M. Lancisi , G. Salesi of
Ancona is a university hospital. It was born because of a Regional law in 2004 from the union
of 3 hospitals. It is the biggest regional hospital and it belongs to the National Health Service.
It is composed by two main premises: the main settlement and the Mother and child
hospital. While the main settlement was built from 1970 the Mother and child hospital is an
older building. The Mother and child hospital will move from the actual area to the new
settlement in the next 5 - 10 years.
Below some numbers to describe the hospital activity:
- 700 beds
- 3500 employees (700 of which clinicians)
- 24/7 opening
A Level I energy audit was performed for the main settlement of the hospital. Six visits
were needed to collect the required information which was used to fill in the document
Energy Audit Level I Report.
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(1) Building envelope
The most important information concerning the building envelope is resumed in the
following table.
BUILDING SHELL CHARACTERISTICS
Total exposed above-grade wall area (m2) 38116 Insulated
Glazing area (% of exposed wall area) 20 Double
Roof area (m2) 9000 Insulated
Floor surface area exposed to outdoor conditions (m2) 0
Above-grade wall area common with other conditioned building (m2) 0
Total heated floor area (m2) 101000 Table 3 AOR building shell main characteristics
The picture below shows the layout of the hospital. Each block of the building is
identified by a letter.
Figure 1 AOR building map and block division
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(2) HVAC
Heat generation is carried out by three gas boilers, two dedicated to low temperature
heat production and one dedicated to high temperature heat production. Heat exchangers
separate the primary circuit from the secondary circuit which feeds the terminals installed in
the hospital departments. Heat exchangers were replaced in the last years to reduce the
temperature of the water flowing in the primary circuit. Great savings due to reduced heat
losses have been obtained. When heat demand is over a certain threshold two CHP
(combined heat and power) systems are activated. They are fed with natural gas.
Cooling generation is carried out by water cooled chillers. Condensing water is cooled
down by evaporative towers. Chillers with different compressor technologies and different
efficiencies are installed.
Different departments were built in different periods and different technologies have
been selected to heat different areas: radiator, fancoil, radiant ceiling, radiant floor and all
air systems.
Set point temperature control logics are available in almost all areas but with different
features from department to department: Where all air systems are installed there is a
unique set point for all the areas served by the same air handling unit (AHU). In the other
cases a single thermostat usually controls more than one room. In day hospital areas heating
is stopped according to time schedule. This operation is not possible if the same AHU serves
areas with different patterns of use. Except for some particular areas where dedicated AHUs
have been installed, AHUs serve an entire block of the hospital.
The main HVAC equipment is listed in the table below.
Designation Model/Type Capacity Remarks
Chiller 1 TECS W 1954 1949 kW Turbocor compressors
Chiller 2 TECS W 1954 1950 kW Turbocor compressors
Chiller 3 Emicon rwh 2503 k vb 1870 kW Scroll compressors
Chiller 4 Emicon rwh 2503 k vb 1871 kW Scroll compressors
Chiller 5 Emicon rwh 2503 k vb 1872 kW Scroll compressors
Chiller 6 Emicon rwh 2503 k vb 1873 kW Scroll compressors
Gas boiler 1 Vitomax 200 8 MW Low temperature
Gas boiler 2 Vitomax 200 8 MW Low temperature
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Gas boiler 3 Vitomax 200 4.5 MW High temperature
CHP 1 Jenbacher 2MW
CHP 2 Jenbacher 2MW Table 4 AOR HVAC equipment list
HVAC system control features have been checked and the results are shown in the
following tables.
UNOCCUPIED SETBACK
Shutdown of: Yes/No
AHUs by Time Schedule Yes
Exhaust Fans by Time Schedule Yes
Chillers:By Outside Air Temperature Yes
Boilers,By Time Schedule No Table 5 AOR HVAC system features
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
Cogeneration Yes Thermal Storage Yes for DHW
Energy Monitoring and Control System Yes Humidifiers/Dehumidifiers Yes
On-site Generation Yes Dessicant System No
Active Solar Equipment No Evaporative Cooling No
Energy Recovery Yes Other-Define: Table 6 AOR HVAC system other characteristics
(3) Lighting
Lighting equipment and its control capabilities depend on the year when the department
was built or refurbished.
With respect to lamps all over the hospital fluorescent lamps are installed. Anyway
different ballasts technologies are available in different hospital areas. The ballast is the
auxiliary equipment needed to provide electrical conditions to start and operate a lamp.
Both electromagnetic and electronic ballasts are installed in the hospital. Electronic ballasts
have better performance than electromagnetic ballasts in terms of energy consumption,
lamp life, visual comfort (especially when dimming) and flexibility.
With respect to lighting automation three different architecture can be identified in
different hospital areas:
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
- Type 1: Manual switches installed in the switch board: no auxiliary contacts are
available or can be installed. Lights have to be switched manually by hospitals operators
from switchboard or from wall mounted room switches.
- Type 2: The PLC enables lighting switching on. Operators can force manually the
position of each switch.
- Type 3: Each single switch is controlled via PLC (Programmable Logic Controller).
Operators can force manually the position of each switch. The PLC receives a feedback about
the position of the switch.
(4) Energy use and bills
The energy consumption of AOR is divided in electricity consumption and natural gas
consumption. Getting recent data about AOR consumption was a complex task: the contract
which regulates the relationship between the hospital and the external company who
manages its energy management does not allow the hospital to make public data concerning
energy consumption. Anyway some data were provided even if not very recent and detailed.
Concerning electricity consumptions annual data from 2004 to 2007 were provided and are
shown in the figure below.
Figure 2 AOR annual electrical consumption
21.500.000,0
22.000.000,0
22.500.000,0
23.000.000,0
23.500.000,0
24.000.000,0
24.500.000,0
25.000.000,0
25.500.000,0
26.000.000,0
2004 2005 2006 2007
Electrical consumptions (kWh)
CONSUMPTION (kWh)
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Concerning natural gas consumption monthly data collected in 2011 were provided and
are shown in the figure below.
Figure 3 AOR natural gas monthly consumption
(5) Energy audit Level III
As stated in deliverable D2.1 “Standard energy audit procedure” for the aim of the whole
project, a Level I energy audit can be enough for the whole building while the analysis should
be deepened for the selection of the most suitable solution sets to be tested.
For these areas more detailed information had to be collected not only to have the
necessary data to plan the intervention but also to provide to the modelers the required set
of data needed to calibrate and validate the models.
For AOR three main subsystems have been selected to be analyzed in detail:
- Data Centre IT cooling equipment
- Lighting system in Oncology and Hematology Departments
- HVAC system in the Oncology and Hematology Departments
For each of them a list of additional information was required. The collected data are
presented in the following Chapter 3.
-
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
350.000
400.000
450.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural Gas consumptions (m3)
CONSUMPTION (m3)
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
(6) ICT data collection
Data collection concerning ICT architecture and hospital building automation system has
been carried out filling in the BMS-SCADA-ICT checklist published as annex of deliverable
D2.1. The objective of this template was to help to collect the data needed to understand
the sub systems that could be integrated in the Web-EMCS. Two different files have been
filled in for AOR: one concerning the main architecture of the hospital and another one
dedicated to the AOR data centre which was one of the subsystem likely to be chosen as test
field for the Green@Hospital project.
Hospital ICT data collection
With respect to the Hospital ICT architecture, data collection was particularly difficult
because the hospital was built in different steps and different BMS were installed in different
areas. The absence of a concentrator and the lack of documentation concerning the
architecture of the hospital automation system resulted in a limitation in the areas that
could be included in the project.
In details the hospital HVAC automation system is split in the following parts:
- A group of controllers automating the heat exchangers and the AHUs of all the
hospital except the block called “block E”. Data and parameters from these controllers are
collected by Allen Bradley Hardware. The system is managed by a TAC-Satchwell BMS and
parameters are presented to the final user by GUIs developed by a company called “Team
Sistemi” which allows the remote control of this part of the mechanical plant.
- A group of controllers automating the heat exchangers and the AHUs of “block E”.
This was the last block to be built. Data and parameters from these controllers are collected
by Trend IQ3 Excite controllers communicating with the BMS via TCP/IP over Ethernet. These
controllers enable embedded web server with security protected monitor/control. This
system is managed by a Trend (Honeywell) BMS.
- A group of controllers provided by Danfoss manages the automation of the new low
temperature heat exchangers that have been installed in the last years. For each heat
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
exchanger a heat meter is available. These controllers are not connected with other parts of
the automation system and remote control is not available.
- Gas boilers are managed and monitored by Siemens Logo! PLCs. No remote control is
available.
- Chillers are controlled by Allen Bradley PLCs which are responsible for chiller
temperature setpoint definition. The chiller start and stop is controlled by the internal
controller of the chiller itself.
Concerning the lighting system, 40 Allen Bradley PLC located in the main switch boards of
each block of the hospital control the state of the switches sending and alert in case of
failure to the remote control system. These PLCs communicate using a proprietary protocol
called control.net.
The same PLCs control also the state of the main switches located in the recently
refurbished departments.
Data centre ICT infrastructure
With respect to the second BMS-SCADA-ICT checklist dedicated to the data centre, data
collection was much easier: a complete documentation was available due to the recent
refurbishment of the system .
The AOR data center BMS manages and controls all the parameters related to the IT
devices and its auxiliary architecture. These parameters can be classified in: electric
measures, thermal measures, alarms and server comfort condition. These parameters refer
to different devices categories such as IT equipment, cooling devices, chillers and lighting
system.
Electric consumptions of different devices are monitored following different strategies:
- Rack servers consumptions are acquired by an AP8853 acquisition module produced
by APC that communicates with the upper systems using the SNMP protocol.
- Chillers and dry coolers are monitored through the device KL340300-0010 produced
by Beckhoff which communicates towards the PLC via a PLC module 5A protocol.
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Chillers and dry coolers provide a list of analog and digital parameters concerning their
state which are read by a PLC as shown in Figure 7. Finally, other key temperatures needed
to manage the system are monitored:
- inlet and outlet condenser temperatures
- inlet and outlet evaporator temperature
All these data are stored in a local database accessible from the AEA platform, i.e. Leaf
Framework.
The data center contains a lot of sensors to monitor the following parameters:
- room air temperature and humidity
- racks inlet and outlet temperature
- cooling unit inlet and output water temperature
Also these data are stored in the local database. SNMP protocol is used to communicate
with higher level controller systems.
Figure 4 Scheme of the AOR’s ICT architecture
Two Beckhoff PLCs are used as sub-controllers in order to manage the datacenter and its
cooling system: the first one, installed in the mechanical room, manages the water cooling
system while the second one, installed in the DC, monitors the consumption and the state of
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
the IT devices. The SecureBox is a tool which monitors devices connected to the LAN
developed by AEA-Loccioni Group. Moreover, the SecureBox is able to read some data from
the Leaf Framework. Through the SecureBox is possible to monitor not only IT devices but
also some elements of the computer room air conditioning system. Through the system
control it is therefore possible to get measure data such as temperature, humidity, energy
and power, directly from the field. The two PLCs and the SecureBox communicate with the
Leaf Framework which writes data in a local RAWLOG database. Furthermore, a lighting
management system of the data center has been integrated. In fact, the datacenter is lit by
some dimmable lamps in order to increase energy savings. These lamps are controlled by
some motion sensors which communicate through the Konnex protocol whereas the lamps
are controlled by Dali protocol. There is not a supervisor system; however, concerning
lighting, some parameters can be read through the Beckoff PLC.
The Leaf Framework was designed to be integrated using different technologies:
automatic file log export
database access
communication interface for based on Rest Web Services.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
2.2. HVN
2.2.1. Questionnaires analysis
At Hospital Virgen de las Nieves (HVN) questionnaires have been submitted in the
following areas:
- Emergency department
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
System Operator
- Surgery Theatres
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
System Operator
- Data Centre
o Cooling system
System operator
IT Staff
Questionnaire have not been submitted to patients and families because of the particular
nature of the selected areas.
Questionnaires were submitted the 14th of September 2012. Below climate conditions
monitored in Granada during the above mentioned day are described.
Average Temperature 20 °C
Maximum Temperature 31 °C
Minimum Temperature 9 °C
Average Humidity 32 %
Maximum Humidity 72 %
Minimum Humidity 5 % Table 7 Climate conditions in HVN during monitoring period
The main questionnaire results are highlighted in the following paragraphs while more
detailed information and exhaustive results are reported in Annex I to this deliverable.
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(1) HVAC - emergency department and surgery theatres
13 clinicians have been interviewed concerning HVAC system performances of the two
hospital areas.
In the emergency department air quality seems to be the main problem. Both doctors
and nurses pointed out problems with ventilation (noise, draft from the ceiling) and with
window surface temperature.
Similar considerations can be applied to surgery theatres.
In both areas the interviewees complain about the lack of control of the comfort
parameters.
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(2) HVAC – Emergency department - System operators
System operators were interviewed to collect technical opinions of who manages the
system performances and capabilities.
Concerning HVAC, in the three areas analyzed:
- There are no windows in the zone object of questionnaire
- Occupants can adjust the required room temperature both in heating and cooling
mode, but actually there is a note saying that “at this moment there is no adjustment
possibility”.
- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system and
know how to adjust it.
- System operators can monitor some parameters like heating and cooling coil water
temperatures, AHU outdoor air, room total and outdoor air flow rate.
- System operators are half satisfied with the system’s interface and with the time
needed to manage the system.
The system should be very reliable, in particular in a complex facility; moreover the
system operators have stressed the importance of having a 4 tubes system operating
properly (with good answer to the different requests for cold and hot water).
(3) HVAC - Surgery theatres – System operators
With the same objective, system operators of the surgery theatres were interviewed.
Concerning HVAC, in the areas analyzed:
- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system and
know how to adjust it.
- System operators can monitor some parameters like room air temperature set points
and AHU total supply flow rate. System operators are not satisfied with the parameters that
can be controlled.
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- The control system is friendly but its control capabilities can be improved in order to
reduce the time needed to manage the system.
The system operators are satisfied with the design of the system and its operation even if
they noticed that the systems are quite old and that the multi-zone systems should deserve
more reliability in the operation and communication between signals and actuators for the
different zones.
They suggest to refurbish the old equipment and to consider the possibility of turning the
Hydronic system from 2 tubes to 4 tubes circuit.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
(4) Data Center cooling system
Two categories of users were interviewed to understand capabilities and limits of the
Data Centre cooling system.
IT staff questionnaire is very useful to understand the cooling requirements while the
system operator questionnaire helps to understand strengths and weaknesses of the system.
Data Centers require 22°C and 50 % of relative humidity.
At the moment the norms does not require particular air quality conditions but air
quality control is important to limit the amount of dust in the environment.
IT staff is not satisfied by the data center cooling system and suggests as follows:
- Better separate hot and cold spaces
- Integrate cooling system to have enough cold water production and system
redundancy
- Increase hot air extraction to improve air circulation and heat removal
System operators are not completely aware of the control system’s capabilities and don’t
have enough information on system management (they noted that temperature sensors are
misplaced, not working with actual temperature data).
They are satisfied with the parameters they can control, but would add the measure of
water temperature in the room.
The interface is not friendly enough and could be improved also for operation time.
According to system operators the cooling system integration should also allow the
water temperature to go below 10 °C (present lowest temperature).
They also highlighted the need to increase data reliability and coordination between
systems (cooling and extraction system).
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2.2.2. Audit team appointment
After questionnaire collection and analysis, the Skill assessment matrix document
published as annex to the deliverable D2.1 was used to identify the key actors in the audit
phase for HVN.
Table 8 HVN audit team
FINANCE /
MANAGEMENTADMINISTRATION ENERGY
TASKSTECHNICAL
BUILDING
MANAGER
HVAC/LIGHTING MANAGER BMS & ICT
MANAGER
MAINTENANCE
MANAGER
MAINTENANCE
OPERATORENERGY MANAGER
Data Collection
General description of the building ( m2, beds,...) 1 y 2 6
Annual Energy Use ( type of energy, units ) 3 y 5 3 y 4
Cost of Annual Energy Use ( euros per type ) 2 3 y 5
Breakdown of spaces by function, hours of use,
plant distribution,..2 1 y 2 3 y 5
Operation parameters ( temperature, artificial light-
hours, use hours )3 2 6
Maintenance practices concerning efficiency. 3 6 7 3 y 4
Description of energy-using systems and
components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical
characterisation, input and output measurement 3 5 5
Description of energy-producing systems and
components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical
characterisation, input and output measurement
3 5 5
Description of BMS/SCADA (systems, components
and functions)4 4
Description of ICT infrastructure (systems,
components and functions)4 4
Calculations :
Breakdown of energy use and costs of systems and
components2 3 3 y 4
Energy Conservation Measures :
Without cost 3 6 3 y 4
With cost : cost estimate of implementation,
estimation of annual savings, rate of amortization.2 3 y 5 3 y 4
Measurements of savings. 3 y 5 4 3 y 4
Verification of savings. 2 3 y 5 6 3 y 4
Legend:
Number: Name: Surname: email.
1 BEGOÑA NAVARRO
2 JUAN LINO NAVARRO
3 JESÚS ÁRBOL
4 JOSÉ MARÍA FERNANDEZ
5 ENRIQUE JAIMEZ
6 ANTONIO VERA
7 ANTONIO MARTIN
SKILLSSKILL ASSESSMENT
MATRIX ENGINEERING O&M
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
2.2.3. Energy audit
The Hospital Virgen de las Nieves is made of three main buildings: the General Hospital
(HG), the Maternity Hospital (HMI), and the so called Licinio de la Fuente (LIFU). In the
hospital area there is another building hosting some administrative offices of the
government (EG). HG, HMI and EG are fed from a single power plant which supplies both
thermal and electrical energy. In addition there are some shared services such as the kitchen
which is hosted in the building HG but also supplies the building HMI. The laundry that
serves the three buildings belongs to another hospital complex. The EG also meets the needs
of all the hospital buildings.
HG was built in 1953 and has 11 floors and hosts a surgical area and several hospital
wards. HMI was built in 1973, it has 8 floors and it is dedicated to the care of children and
pregnant women. EG is a 6-storey building where administrative services dedicated Hospital
Virgen de las Nieves are host.
(1) Building envelope
The most important information concerning the building envelope is resumed below.
Envelope Building HG (General Hospital):
BUILDING SHELL CHARACTERISTICS HG
Total exposed above-grade wall area (m^2) 18503 Insulated? Y
Glazing area (% of exposed wall area) 17,8 Double
Roof area (m^2) -- Floor surface area exposed to outdoor conditions (m^2) -- Above-grade wall area common with other conditioned building (m^2) -- Table 9 HG building envelope characteristics
The building envelope is made of double wall of brick (15 cm either) with an air gap in the
middle (30 cm). The external layer is made of concrete. There is also an indoor coating layer
made of plaster. Most of the windows are equipped with double glazing.
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Building: Maternity Hospital (HMI)
BUILDING SHELL CHARACTERISTICS HMI
Total exposed above-grade wall area (m^2) 8565,22 Insulated? Y
Glazing area (% of exposed wall area) 9,6 Double
Roof area (m^2) 2868 Insulated? N
Floor surface area exposed to outdoor conditions (m^2) 2868 Above-grade wall area common with other conditioned building (m^2) 445
Table 10 HMI building envelope characteristics
The building envelope is made of double wall of brick (15 cm either) with an air gap in the
middle (10 cm). The external layer is made of bricks. There is also an indoor coating layer
made of plaster. Most of the windows are equipped with double glazing.
Building: Government Building (EG)
BUILDING SHELL CHARACTERISTICS EG
Total exposed above-grade wall area (m^2) 4189 Insulated? Y
Glazing area (% of exposed wall area) 13,71 Double
Roof area (m^2) 900 Insulated? N
Floor surface area exposed to outdoor conditions (m^2) 900 Insulated? N
Above-grade wall area common with other conditioned building (m^2) 0
Table 11 EG building envelope characteristics
The building envelope is made of double wall of brick (10 cm either) with an air gap in the
middle (5 cm). The external layer is made of bricks. There is also an indoor coating layer
made of plaster. Most of the windows are equipped with double glazing.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
(2) HVAC
The main HVAC equipment is listed in the table below.
HVAC SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
Describe in detail, including floor plans and sketches.
• Fuel Source • Control Description and Setting
• Fuel Conversion Equipment • Operating Periods
• Distribution Method • Space Temperature Setting and Setback
• Terminal Type • Operating and Maintenance Problems
• Equipment Capacity
Table 12 HVN HVAC system characteristics
Heating System
There is only one common thermal power for several buildings.
There is a boiler for heating and hot water and a cogeneration plant that provides heat energy
Cooling System
There is only one common thermal power for several buildings. There are three water absorption chillers. One connected to the CHP and two independent burners natural gas
Distribution system
From a single power plant, is distributed to four buildings. The distribution system is made in two pumping stages. First Stage. From Thermal Central to Building distribution collector. Here the diameter of the tubes is 8 " Second stage. From collector to the building (AHU and fancoils). The diameter of the collector is 12 " and derivations of 4 " The system is only 2 tubes. You can only send hot or cold Now the system is not controlled There are several pumps in parallel, which are implemented manually, as required.
Table 13HVN HVAC systems details
HVAC system control features have been checked and the results are shown in the
following tables.
UNOCCUPIED SETBACK
Shutdown of: Y/N
AHUs by Time Schedule N
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Exhaust Fans by Time Schedule N
Chillers:
Chillers:By Outside Air Temperature N
Boilers,By Time Schedule N Table 14 HVAC system features
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
Cogeneration Y
Energy Monitoring and Control System In some cases
On-site Generation N
Active Solar Equipment N
Energy Recovery In cogeneration exhaust Table 15 HVAC system other characteristics
(3) Energy use and bills
Full data are available from 2010 to 2012 considering both electrical consumptions and
thermal consumptions. The CHP power plant provides part of the hospital buildings energy
needs. In particular, the tables 16 and 17 show the electrical consumptions from the grid and
from the CHP unit and the thermal consumptions from the natural gas and the CHP,
respectively.
Table 16 HVN electricity consumptions
Utility Company: ENDESA + Cogeneration own Acconunt # ES0031101457770001GC0F Rate Number:
6 Periods.
(6.1)
METERING PERIOD day/month/year (1) External supply (2) Internal supply COST (€) without TAXES
month n° from to #days CONSUMPTION (kWh) Cogeneration Plant (KWh) (1) +(2) KWh Measured Demand (kW) Billed Demand (kW) Consumption (1)Demand (1) Cogeneratión (2) TOTAL COST (€/kWh)
1 01/06/2012 30/06/2012 30 289.973,0 927.580,0 1.217.553,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 30.843,6€ 7.549,9€ 67.353,4€ 105.746,9€ 0,09€
2 01/05/2012 31/05/2012 31 351.266,0 615.620,0 966.886,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 26.813,5€ 6.966,6€ 44.701,4€ 78.481,5€ 0,08€
3 01/04/2012 30/04/2012 30 251.501,0 635.720,0 887.221,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 19.408,2€ 6.929,7€ 46.160,9€ 72.498,8€ 0,08€
4 01/03/2012 31/03/2012 31 285.750,0 660.830,0 946.580,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 22.199,0€ 6.782,1€ 47.984,2€ 76.965,3€ 0,08€
5 01/02/2012 29/02/2012 29 201.537,0 782.820,0 984.357,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 23.816,1€ 7.007,6€ 56.842,1€ 87.665,7€ 0,09€
6 01/01/2012 31/01/2012 31 275.422,0 671.440,0 946.862,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 31.130,0€ 7.104,2€ 48.754,6€ 86.988,7€ 0,09€
7 01/12/2011 31/12/2011 31 619.477,0 492.830,0 1.112.307,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 64.119,3€ 6.943,6€ 35.785,4€ 106.848,3€ 0,10€
8 01/11/2011 30/11/2011 30 684.249,0 213.950,0 898.199,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 53.393,5€ 6.978,9€ 15.535,3€ 75.907,7€ 0,08€
9 01/10/2011 31/10/2011 31 418.345,0 592.480,0 1.010.825,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 26.484,8€ 6.796,5€ 43.021,2€ 76.302,5€ 0,08€
10 01/09/2011 30/09/2011 30 281.762,0 887.340,0 1.169.102,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 23.177,5€ 7.177,4€ 64.431,5€ 94.786,3€ 0,08€
11 01/08/2011 31/08/2011 31 217.506,0 1.033.360,0 1.250.866,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 13.459,5€ 6.665,5€ 75.034,3€ 95.159,3€ 0,08€
12 01/07/2011 31/07/2011 31 229.697,0 1.033.740,0 1.263.437,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 27.765,0€ 8.075,0€ 75.061,9€ 110.901,9€ 0,09€
13 01/06/2011 30/06/2011 30 328.825,0 791.940,0 1.120.765,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 31.979,4€ 7.982,8€ 57.504,3€ 97.466,6€ 0,09€
14 01/05/2011 31/05/2011 31 613.694,0 337.610,0 951.304,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 43.787,0€ 6.676,0€ 24.514,5€ 74.977,5€ 0,08€
15 01/04/2011 30/04/2011 30 604.683,0 213.920,0 818.603,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 43.015,4€ 6.593,5€ 15.533,2€ 65.142,0€ 0,08€
16 01/03/2011 31/03/2011 31 254.118,0 728.530,0 982.648,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 20.180,7€ 6.375,4€ 52.900,0€ 79.456,1€ 0,08€
17 01/02/2011 28/02/2011 28 276.270,0 650.870,0 927.140,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 32.136,8€ 6.375,4€ 47.261,0€ 85.773,2€ 0,09€
18 01/01/2011 31/01/2011 31 275.423,0 632.900,0 908.323,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 31.130,0€ 6.375,4€ 45.956,1€ 83.461,6€ 0,09€
19 01/12/2010 31/12/2010 31 394.302,0 632.020,0 1.026.322,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 40.093,9€ 6.628,6€ 45.892,2€ 92.614,7€ 0,09€
20 01/11/2010 30/11/2010 30 270.470,0 660.300,0 930.770,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 21.147,3€ 6.396,2€ 47.945,7€ 75.489,3€ 0,08€
21 01/10/2010 31/10/2010 31 489.987,0 385.800,0 875.787,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 34.304,1€ 6.438,4€ 28.013,7€ 68.756,2€ 0,08€
22 01/09/2010 30/09/2010 30 279.366,0 830.010,0 1.109.376,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 21.933,4€ 6.772,5€ 60.268,7€ 88.974,6€ 0,08€
23 01/08/2010 31/08/2010 31 307.708,0 920.270,0 1.227.978,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 19.041,3€ 6.450,7€ 66.822,6€ 92.314,7€ 0,08€
24 01/07/2010 31/07/2010 31 393.239,0 954.770,0 1.348.009,0 Different values in each period Different values in each period 44.842,2€ 8.420,3€ 69.327,8€ 122.590,3€ 0,09€
TOTAL (1) + (2) 24.881.220,00 2.095.270€
YEAR N° Total Year Consumption Minimum Consumption Maximum Consumption Average Consumption
kWh kWh/(m^2) kWh kWh kWh
1 12.654.195,00 138,7425388 887.221,00 1.263.437,00 1.054.516,25
2 12.227.025,00 134,0589812 818.603,00 1.348.009,00 1.018.918,75
ELECTRICITY : Metered Consuption Monthly Data, year:
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Table 17 HVN thermal energy consumptions
(4) Energy audit Level III
Specific subsystems have been audited in detail. All the areas analyzed refer to the HVAC
system which has been judged as the most promising considering energy saving potentials.
Detailed data concerning AHUs dedicated to emergency areas and surgery theatres and
cooling generation have been collected and are reported in the subsystems description
chapter.
(5) ICT data collection
Granada Virgen de las Nieves Hospital (HVN) is structured in different buildings that have
different control platforms and these systems are not integrated one with each other.
Natural Gas : Metered Consuption Monthly Data, year
Utility Company:GAS NATURAL FENOSAAcconunt # ES0218901000015293MZ Rate Number: 3.5
Energy TypeNatural GAS Consumption Units:
Note: This natural gas supply also includes part of the electrical energy produced by the cogeneration
month n°from to #days CONSUMPTION (mc) CONSUMPTION (kWh) FIXED VARIABLE TOTAL COSTS €/mc €/kWh
1 01/06/2012 30/06/2012 30 326.258,0 3.393.083,20 12.602,62€ 148.095,99€ 160.698,61€ € 0,5 € 0,05
2 01/05/2012 31/05/2012 31 190.138,0 1.977.435,20 10.616,17€ 86.607,66€ 97.223,83€ € 0,5 € 0,05
3 01/04/2012 30/04/2012 30 181.907,0 1.891.832,80 9.890,15€ 82.487,31€ 92.377,46€ € 0,5 € 0,05
4 01/03/2012 31/03/2012 31 202.163,0 2.102.495,20 9.840,94€ 86.678,93€ 96.519,87€ € 0,5 € 0,05
5 01/02/2012 29/02/2012 29 294.576,0 3.063.590,40 12.706,97€ 126.780,08€ 139.487,05€ € 0,5 € 0,05
6 01/01/2012 31/01/2012 31 267.421,0 2.781.178,40 10.881,11€ 114.409,44€ 125.290,55€ € 0,5 € 0,05
7 01/12/2011 31/12/2011 31 219.345,0 2.281.188,00 9.430,63€ 91.546,77€ 100.977,40€ € 0,5 € 0,04
8 01/11/2011 30/11/2011 30 127.613,0 1.327.175,20 9.430,63€ 53.513,57€ 62.944,20€ € 0,5 € 0,05
9 01/10/2011 31/10/2011 31 206.486,0 2.147.454,40 9.430,63€ 85.773,64€ 95.204,27€ € 0,5 € 0,04
10 01/09/2011 30/09/2011 30 279.996,0 2.911.958,40 10.373,93€ 111.540,40€ 121.914,33€ € 0,4 € 0,04
11 01/08/2011 31/08/2011 31 376.325,0 3.913.780,00 14.301,67€ 150.259,40€ 164.561,07€ € 0,4 € 0,04
12 01/07/2011 31/07/2011 31 381.093,0 3.963.367,20 13.618,70€ 151.526,95€ 165.145,65€ € 0,4 € 0,04
13 01/06/2011 30/06/2011 30 275.376,0 2.863.910,40 11.320,48€ 104.057,85€ 115.378,33€ € 0,4 € 0,04
14 01/05/2011 31/05/2011 31 133.318,0 1.386.507,20 9.430,63€ 50.297,36€ 59.727,99€ € 0,4 € 0,04
15 01/04/2011 30/04/2011 30 85.041,0 884.426,40 9.430,63€ 32.168,60€ 41.599,23€ € 0,5 € 0,05
16 01/03/2011 31/03/2011 31 246.124,0 2.559.689,60 9.829,17€ 86.254,44€ 96.083,61€ € 0,4 € 0,04
17 01/02/2011 28/02/2011 28 239.383,0 2.489.583,20 10.089,51€ 83.790,97€ 93.880,48€ € 0,4 € 0,04
18 01/01/2011 31/01/2011 31 273.619,0 2.845.637,60 9.864,12€ 95.415,96€ 105.280,08€ € 0,4 € 0,04
19 01/12/2010 31/12/2010 31 241.729,0 2.513.981,60 9.302,56€ 85.999,16€ 95.301,72€ € 0,4 € 0,04
20 01/11/2010 30/11/2010 30 230.832,0 2.400.652,80 8.814,10€ 83.004,53€ 91.818,63€ € 0,4 € 0,04
21 01/10/2010 31/10/2010 31 137.947,0 1.434.648,80 8.764,47€ 49.326,37€ 58.090,84€ € 0,4 € 0,04
22 01/09/2010 30/09/2010 30 300.677,0 3.127.040,80 12.749,50€ 107.025,45€ 119.774,95€ € 0,4 € 0,04
23 01/08/2010 31/08/2010 31 395.051,0 4.108.530,40 13.373,47€ 140.794,20€ 154.167,67€ € 0,4 € 0,04
24 01/07/2010 31/07/2010 31 382.271,0 3.975.618,40 14.344,71€ 136.844,06€ 151.188,77€ € 0,4 € 0,04
5.994.689,00 62.344.765,60 2.604.636,59
Minimum ConsumptionMaximum Consumption Average Consumption
kWh kWh/(m^2) kWh kWh kWh
31.754.538,40 348,1616393 1.327.175,20 3.963.367,20 2.646.211,53
30.590.227,20 335,3959523 884.426,40 4.108.530,40 2.549.185,60
Total Year Consumption
COST (€) without TAXESMETERING PERIOD day/month/year
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Field devices
In HVN there are many parameters and devices controlled directly on field. They can be
divided into the following sets: electric consumptions, thermal consumptions, heating
generation, cooling generation, room control and data center.
Concerning electric consumptions, electric meters produced by Circuitor are installed:
they measure energy, power and other parameters for each of the three hospital buildings;
the communication protocol available to send measured values to the upper layer systems
are the Modbus RTU and the Modbus TCP.
Only one meter measures the thermal consumption due to HVAC and domestic hot
water. The meter cannot communicate with the BMS and it can only be manually read by
the operator.
Heating generation is carried on by gas boilers and CHP units (Combined Heat Power).
The control loop is based on return temperature and the set point cannot be remotely set.
Cooling generation is carried on by three absorption chillers:
- A Carrier 16JB model which has a manual control of the temperature and it can
communicate with upper layer systems, but the protocol is not identified;
- A Termax GLB-550-E which has only a manual set point control and no remote
control available;
- A Carrier 16DN which has only a manual set point control and no remote control
available.
The controlled I/Os for each room are:
- air temperature,
- fan speed,
- position of the hot and cold water valve
The I/O modules communicate with the SCADA through Lonworks protocol.
Concerning the data center, the parameters measured are:
- air temperature and humidity
- cooling unit inlet and outlet water temperature.
The controllers communicate using TCP/IP protocol.
In Figure 5 a schematic representation of the ICT architecture of HVN is reported.
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SCHEME OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE AUTOMATIONSYSTEM IN HVN-GRANADA
Web users Administrator Operator Data Center
Gateway
(3)
Network LON (4)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(6)(7)
(8)
(1) Non programmable Controllers. Although configurable. Mainly installed in patient rooms for controlling operationof fancoils. Type TAC Xenta 101-VF ó TAC Xenta 121-FC.
(2) Wall Module. Type STR 350 ó STR 100, ó STR 106(3) Gateway LON communication to Ethernet. TAC Controller Type 511. (Usually one per floor)(4) Red LON. Bus lines formed by 2x1 mm2 shielded braided hose type "Belden 8471"(5) Programmable controller 302 with type Xenta Xenta 415A type slave controller to control AHU. With standardized
program for HVN(6) Other PLCs to control different processes outside the LonWorks protocol (energy counters, alarms, critical
processes).(7) Gateway specific communications protocol Ethernet(8) Other specific systems requiring control. With controller type Tac Xenta 281, 282, 283.(9) Data Center. Houses the Scada. Type Vijeo Citect Scada Schneider Electric brand
Network Ethernet
Figure 5 Scheme of the HVN's ICT architecture
The Scada System
The most important control system manages heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
More specifically the system mainly monitors AHUs (Air Handling Unit) operation and fan-
coils. The Scada is the VijeoCitect Scada 6.1 SPB produced by Schneider Electric. The
VijeoCitect, regardless of the release version, is an open software which has more than 130
drivers to communicate with the lower layers and it has some internal functionality (CTAPI)
to communicate with applications written using programming languages as Visual Basic,
Visual C, etc. Concerning the communication with the higher layers, the VijeoCitect is able to
store its data over any type of database and it can communicate using the OLE for Process
Control (OPC). The 6.1 SPB version is tied to some Microsoft operating systems as Win 2000
and Windows XP SP1.
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Two OPC data hubs have been installed in the hospital architecture:
- First hub near the OPC server machine
- Second hub near the client machine
The same client machine hosts also the Communication Framework: in this way the
communication between the SCADA system and the Web-EMCS can be faster because the
OPC communication, typically slow, is limited between the OPC server and the gateway. The
drivers needed to communicate with the OPC protocol are developed and added in the
Communication Framework driver core.
The SCADA system allows HVAC systems monitoring from AHU to fan-coils. It is also
possible to get alarms and other parameters.
The HVAC management sub-system consists of several Schneider Electric devices which
control data directly as sub-controllers. For the AHU the devices used are the TAC Xenta 302
and the Xenta 401A, the fan-coils are controlled by the TAC Xenta 101 and the Xenta 121,
whereas the drivers set alarms and the pumps controls are under the Modicon M340
supervision.
Both HVAC and SCADA systems have the possibility to manually export log files, to have a
full access to the databases and communicate with web services through the SOAP protocol.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
2.3. SGH
2.3.1. Questionnaires analysis
At Saint George Hospital in Chania (SGH) various stakeholders from nine different
departments were interviewed. The questionnaires were submitted to patients and their
relatives and also to the hospital doctors, nurses and system operators.
The departments where questionnaires were submitted are the following:
- A pathology
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
- B pathology
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
- A surgery
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
- Gynecological
o HVAC
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Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
- Cardiology
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
- Orthopedic
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
-Urology
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
- Pediatric
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
Patients and families
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
- Pneumology
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
The questionnaires were submitted to the stakeholders of the hospital from 11th to 23rd
July 2012. The weather conditions in that period that the questionnaires were submitted are
very significant for their following analysis. The climate conditions that prevailed during that
period (11th to 23rd July 2012) are presented below.
Average Temperature 27 °C
Average Maximum Temperature 32 °C
Average Minimum Temperature 21 °C
Average Maximum Humidity 77 %
Average Minimum Humidity 46 %
Table 18Climate conditions in SGH during monitoring period
The main questionnaire results are highlighted in the following paragraphs while more
detailed information and exhaustive results are reported in Annex I to this deliverable.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
(1) HVAC – various departments
103 people were interviewed in different hospital departments concerning HVAC
performances and comfort conditions.
31 clinicians were interviewed. They are globally satisfied with the comfort conditions
encountered in the hospital rooms even if they underlined some discomfort sources in the
mechanical ventilation system (noise, draft from the ceiling) and in the window surface
temperature which is higher than the room air temperature.
Patients and relatives were interviewed from 9 different departments. Comfort
perception varies according to the department were the interviewees where hosted.
However some discomfort causes where more frequent than others, such as:
- Drafts from windows
- Indoor comfort deeply influenced by outdoor conditions
- Window surface temperature higher than air temperature
- Noisy ventilation system
Anyway the majority of the interviewees highlighted the effectiveness of the ventilation
system.
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(2) Lighting - various departments
103 people were interviewed in different hospital departments concerning lighting
system performances and visual comfort conditions.
The 31 clinicians interviewed highlighted a general satisfaction with visual comfort in the
hospital rooms. Some of them wish to have bigger windows, with sunshade. In general
clinicians are more interested in improving control on artificial lighting, rather than daylight
control.
Patients and relatives were interviewed from 9 different departments. In some
department patients and families are quite satisfied with visual comfort (A-Pathology,
Orthopedic, Urology, Pneumology) while in other departments the satisfaction is lower (A
Surgery, B Pathology, Gynecological, Cardiology, Pediatric). The main source of
dissatisfaction is natural light: more control on shades is wished to reduce the impact of
sunlight on the visual comfort in the rooms.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
(3) Room – HVAC and lighting – System operators
System operators were interviewed to collect technical opinions of who manages the
system performances and capabilities.
Concerning HVAC, in the three areas analyzed:
- Occupants can operate windows
- Occupants can adjust the required room temperature both in heating and cooling mode.
- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system and know
how to adjust it
- System operators can monitor some parameters like heating and cooling coil water
temperatures, room air temperatures set point, AHU total supply and outdoor air flow
rate and room supply air flow air. System operator is not completely satisfied with the
parameters they can control and think that they could be improved
- The control system is friendly but its control capabilities can be improved in order to
reduce the time needed to manage the system
- The HVAC control system can be improved implementing a remote control.
- Some of the interviewee asked for system control based on doors and windows status
(open/close) to avoid waste and for autonomous temperature control of each room and
independent system for each clinic.
- In general the system operators noticed that it should be faster and sometimes “goes
off”, showing some problems in reliability.
Concerning lighting, in the three areas analyzed:
- Occupants can control artificial lights
- Occupants can control shadings from the sun
- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system, and know
how to adjust it
- System operators are well satisfied with the time needed to manage the system
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
- Some of the system operators complained about the lighting fixtures, that should be
changed with low consumption ones and should be dimmed on the basis of natural light
availability and on the lighting level set point in order to avoid excess of lighting and
energy consumption.
- They would extent the BMS.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
2.3.2. Audit team appointment
The person that was the most skilled to perform the energy audit phase as the “Skill
assessment matrix” from the deliverable D2.1 template defined is presented below.
SKILL ASSESSMENT
MATRIX
SKILLS
FINANCE / MANAGEME
NT
ADMINISTRATION
ENGINEERING O&M ENERGY
TASKS
TECHNICAL BUILDING MANAGER
HVAC/LIGHTING MANAGER
BMS & ICT MANAGER
MAINTENANCE
MANAGER
MAINTENANCE
OPERATOR
ENERGY MANAGER
Data Collection
General description of the building (m2, beds,...)
Tsirintani Stella/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni
Tzemanakis Mamas/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni
Annual Energy Use ( type of energy, units )
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/ Papantoniou
Sotiris
Papadogiannis
Emmanouil/ Vasilomichelaki Ariadni
Cost of Annual Energy Use ( Euros per type )
Nodaraki Stella/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/
Papantoniou Sotiris
Breakdown of spaces by function, hours of use, plant distribution,..
Nodaraki Stella/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni
Tsirintani Stella/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/ Papantoniou
Sotiris
Operation parameters ( temperature, artificial light-hours, use hours )
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/
Papantoniou Sotiris
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/ Papantoniou
Sotiris
Tzemanakis Mamas/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni
Maintenance practices concerning efficiency.
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/
Papantoniou Sotiris
Tzemanakis Mamas/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni
Tzemanakis Mamas/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni
Papadogiannis
Emmanouil/ Vasilomichelaki Ariadni
Description of energy-using systems and components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical characterization, input and output measurement
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/
Papantoniou Sotiris
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/
Papantoniou Sotiris
Tzemanakis Mamas/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/
Gompakis Kostas
Description of energy-producing systems and components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical characterization, input and output measurement
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/Vasilomich
elaki Ariadni/Papantoniou
Sotiris
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/Vasilomich
elaki Ariadni/Papantoniou
Sotiris
Tzemanakis Mamas/Vasilomich
elaki Ariadni/Gompakis
Kostas
Description of BMS/SCADA (systems, components and functions)
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/
Papantoniou Sotiris
Tzemanakis Mamas/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/
Gompakis Kostas
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
Description of ICT infrastructure (systems, components and functions)
Papadogiannis Emmanouil/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/
Papantoniou Sotiris
Tzemanakis Mamas/
Vasilomichelaki Ariadni/
Gompakis Kostas
Calculations :
Breakdown of energy use and costs of systems and components
Kolokotsa Denia/
Nodaraki Stella
Kolokotsa Denia/ Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Papadogiannis Emmanouil
Kolokotsa Denia/
Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Papadogiannis
Emmanouil
Energy Conservation Measures :
Without cost
Kolokotsa Denia/ Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Papadogiannis Emmanouil
Kolokotsa Denia/
Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Tzemanakis Mamas
Kolokotsa Denia/
Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Papadogiannis
Emmanouil
With cost : cost estimate of implementation, estimation of annual savings, rate of amortization.
Kolokotsa Denia/
Nodaraki Stella
Kolokotsa Denia/ Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Papadogiannis Emmanouil
Kolokotsa Denia/
Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Papadogiannis
Emmanouil
Measurements of savings.
Kalaitzakis Kostas/ Papadogiannis
Emmanouil
Kalaitzakis Kostas/ Tzemanakis Mamas
Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Papadogiannis
Emmanouil
Verification of savings.
Kolokotsa Denia/
Nodaraki Stella
Kolokotsa Denia/ Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Papadogiannis Emmanouil
Kolokotsa Denia/
Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Tzemanakis Mamas
Kolokotsa Denia/
Kalaitzakis Kostas/
Papadogiannis
Emmanouil
Table 19 SGH audit team
For the audit phase the auditing team includes the collaboration of four employees from
SGH hospital and five persons from the research staff of TUC. The table above was filled in
September 2012 with the name of the people who were the most skilled for coordinating
and accomplishing each activity.
2.3.3. Energy audit
Saint George Hospital is an active treatment hospital. The building was constructed
during the period 1997-2000 and first operated in 2000. The gross floor area of the hospital
is 58.992,54 m2 and the net floor area of the hospital is 50.992,54 m2. The total conditioned
area for heating and cooling is 50.992,54 m2. The hospital operates 24 hours and for 7 days
per week.
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The Level I energy audit was performed for the main settlement of the hospital. The data
required in order to fill in the document Energy Audit Level I Report, requested the
involvement of four key people, one from TUC and three of SGH. The table below gives a
brief description of the building.
Location: City Area Mournies of Eleftherios Venizelos, 4 km south of Chania and 600 meters from National Road Network
Capacity: 460 beds
Year built first installation: 2000
Land area: 187.000 m2
Surroundings: Helipad, 850 car parking
Uses of buildings
Number of offices and spaces for administration, management, meetings
262
Number of outpatient room 24
Number of Surgical room 17
Ward 139
Single 21
Double 35
Triple - Quadruple 82
Bed with more than 4 beds 1
Booths with ext. bath and W.C. 139
Fully air-conditioned rooms (Cooling - Heating)
139
With internal Phone 139
Floors
Level -2 Basement Network Channel
Level -1 Customer-Support Services
Level 0 Diagnosis - Treatment - Nursing - Administration-Auditorium
Level 1 Operations Management
Level 2 Electromechanical
Level 3,4,5 Nursing Units Table 20 SGH brief building description
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(1) Building envelope
The majority of the walls in SGH are made from concrete, with insulation and drywall
lining inside. In some places we have double brick with insulation, lined drywall or plaster.
The roof is from concrete with insulation and gravel on the top. The most important
information concerning the building envelope is presented in the table below.
Total exposed above-grade wall area (m^2) 32.000 Insulated
Glazing area (% of exposed wall area) 30,6 Double
Roof area (m^2) 10000 Insulated
Floor surface area exposed to outdoor conditions (m^2) 248,1 Insulated
Above-grade wall area common with other conditioned building (m^2)
- -
Table 21 SGH Building envelope characteristics
The picture below shows the 3D model plan of SGH hospital.
Figure 6 SGH hospital 3D model plan
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(2) HVAC
The heating system of SGH includes 3 oil boilers. Each one has 2.000.000 kcal/h heat
capacity with oil consumption 150-300 kg/h. The boilers are also used for domestic hot
water production. The boilers work approximately for 16 hours during the day in winter, 10
hours during the day in spring, and 6 hours during the day in summer and feed local fan coils
that are in each ward with their local thermostats and controlled by the end user. The set
point of the boilers is 80oC. The circulation is made by 13 circulation pumps
The cooling system of SGH includes 5 water chillers 3.600.000 BTU (300 RT ) each one
which feed the local fan coils that are in each ward with their thermostats and controlled by
the end user. Also there are 50 split units 12.000 BTU each one. The circulation is made by
15 circulation pumps.
There are 41 air handling units (AHU) with total nominal power 180,32 kW. The central
adjustment of ventilation is done by AHU. The AHU that work for ventilation also provide
precondition air that has a little contribution to the system either for heating or cooling
depending on the specific requirements of the hospital.
In the hospital there are also 3 steam generators with capacity 1.500 kg/h each one at 10
bar pressure with 180oC set point.
The main HVAC equipment is listed in the table below.
Designation Model/Type Capacity Remarks
5 chillers McQuaY/PEH 079 3.600.000 BTU (300 RT) each one
3 oil boilers MASINA/HWB 2000 2.000.000 kcal/h each one
3 steam generators SGH 1500 1.500 kg/h each one
50 split units - 12.000 BTU each one
41 AHU - - total power 180,32 kW
Table 22 SGH HVAC equipment
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System control features and other characteristics of HVAC are presented in the following
tables.
UNOCCUPIED SETBACK
Shutdown of: Y/N
AHUs by Time Schedule Yes
Exhaust Fans by Time Schedule No
Chillers: By Outside Air Temperature No
Boilers, By Time Schedule Yes
Table 23 SGH HVAC System control features
Cogeneration No Thermal Storage No
Energy Monitoring and Control System
No Humidifiers/Dehumidifiers Yes
On-site Generation No Desiccant System Yes
Active Solar Equipment No Evaporative Cooling No
Energy Recovery No Other-Define: -
Table 24 SGH HVAC other characteristics
(3) Lighting
The majority of the lamps in SGH hospital are fluorescent. In addition only some of the
some of the lamps in common spaces and corridors switch on/off from the BMS the other
lamps have their own switches and switch on/off depending on users preferences.
The lamps in the SGH are specifically:
Type Fluorescent 18 W Fluorescent 36 W Fluorescent 54 W Incandescent bulb E27
Incandescent bulb E 14
Pieces 1200 6500 2100 600 700
Table 25 SGH type of lamps
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(4) Energy use and bills
The energy consumption of SGH is divided into electricity consumption to serve the
needs of electric consumers and oil consumption for the boilers. SGH is a large energy
consumer with margins of improvement in its energy efficiency which will help reducing
energy consumption. The oil and electricity consumption was recorded from SGH bills for
two years in order to fulfill Energy audit Level I for D2.1.
Electricity consumption
The electricity consumption was recorded from SGH bills for the past two years from
25/07/2010 until 1/08/2012. The graph reported in Figure 7 indicates the electricity
consumption in kWh during that period and the one of Figure 8 the measured demand in kW
in the same period.
Figure 7 SGH Electricity consumption in kWh from 25/07/2010 until 1/08/2012
-
100.000,0
200.000,0
300.000,0
400.000,0
500.000,0
600.000,0
700.000,0
800.000,0
900.000,0
1.000.000,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
kWh
Month
Electricity consumption
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Figure 8 SGH Measured demand in kW from 25/07/2010 until 1/08/2012
Further analysis of electricity consumption from SGH bills the past two years
from25/07/2010 until 1/08/2012 is presented in the tables below.
YEAR N° Total Year Consumption Minimum Consumption
Maximum Consumption
Average Consumption
kWh kWh/(m^2) kWh kWh kWh
1 7.267.500,00 123,1935428 454.500,00 864.000,00 605.625,00
2 7.047.000,00 119,455782 481.500,00 846.000,00 587.250,00
Table 26 SGH yearly electricity consumption
YEAR N° COST (€)
COST (€) COST (€/kWh)
1 543.871,30 0,07
2 460.355,28 0,07 Table 27 SGH Total cost of electricity consumption
Maximum Demand 1.760,00 kW
0,029834281 W/(m^2)
Minimum Demand 908,00 kW
0,015391777 W/(m^2)
Average Demand 1.175,08 kW
0,019919185 W/(m^2) Table 28 SGH Year 1 Analysis of metered electrical demand
-
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1.000,0
1.200,0
1.400,0
1.600,0
1.800,0
2.000,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
kW
Month
Measured demand
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Maximum Demand 1.484,00 kW
0,02515572 W/(m^2)
Minimum Demand 913,00 kW
0,01547653 W/(m^2)
Average Demand 1.133,83 kW
0,01921994 W/(m^2) Table 29 SGH Year 2 Analysis of metered electrical demand
Oil consumption
Oil consumption was recorded from SGH bills for the past two years from 1/01/2010 until
1/01/2012. The graph below indicates the oil consumption in liters (lt) during that period
and the following graph the oil consumption in kWh also in that period.
Figure 9 SGH oil consumption in liters (lt) from 1/01/2010 until 1/01/2012
-
20.000,0
40.000,0
60.000,0
80.000,0
100.000,0
120.000,0
140.000,0
160.000,0
180.000,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
lt
Month
Oil consumption
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Figure 10 SGH oil consumption in kWh from 1/01/2010 until 1/01/2012
Further analysis of oil consumption from SGH bills in the past two years from 1/01/2010
until 1/01/2012 is presented in the tables below.
YEAR N° Total Year Consumption Minimum
Consumption Maximum
Consumption Average
Consumption
kWh kWh/(m^2) kWh kWh kWh
1 11.348.970,50 192,3797568 - 1.862.945,00 945.747,54
2 14.510.550,60 245,9726365 687.344,00 1.766.959,60 1.209.212,55
Table 30 SGH yearly oil consumption
-
200.000,00
400.000,00
600.000,00
800.000,00
1.000.000,00
1.200.000,00
1.400.000,00
1.600.000,00
1.800.000,00
2.000.000,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
kWh
Month
Oil consumption
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
(5) Energy audit Level III
The deliverable D2.1 “Standard energy audit procedure” described that a Level III
analysis is a further expansion from the previous levels of effort and is based on the deeper
analysis of the Selected Solution, including further refinement of an energy model or more
extensive data collection. For the aim of the Work Package 2, and of the whole project in a
more general view, it is considered to be enough to perform an energy audit of Level I and to
deepen the analysis to Level III for the Selected Solutions. For these selected solutions sets
further detailed information has to be collected in order to set, design and calibrate the
accurate models of the selected solution sets in SGH.
The solution sets that have been selected to be modeled for SGH are the following two:
-Fan coils in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic;
-Artificial lighting in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic.
Further information and detailed analysis of the proposed solution sets is presented in
the paragraph “Solution set description”.
(6) ICT infrastructure and data collection
As was described in the deliverable D2.1, the solution sets to be modeled and analyzed
were chosen not only considering their energy saving potential and their impact on the
hospital energy balance but also analyzing the possibility to integrate them in the Web-EMCS
which is the main final output of the project. The data that has been collected for ICT
architecture and hospital building automation system was used in order to fulfill the BMS-
SCADA-ICT checklist published as annex of deliverable D2.1. The objective of this template
was to help to collect the data needed to understand the sub systems that could be more
easily integrated in the Web-EMCS. The analysis of the BMSs and of the ICT infrastructure of
each hospital is needed to understand the real integration potential of each solution
between the system analyzed and the Web-EMCS with the lowest impact on costs.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
(7) Hospital ICT data collection
The Saint George Hospital is equipped with the Metasys building management system
produced by Johnson Control Inc.
Field devices
In SGH there are some general parameters and devices controlled: the electric
consumption, the AHU, the heating generator, the cooling generator, the rooms control and
the lighting management.
The electric consumption measurement is committed to six electric multimeters (IME
201-206) which monitor voltage, current, frequency, energy, power and cosfi; they
communicate with higher layer BMS systems using N2 protocol (protocol owned by Johnson
Control which is the provider of the BMS).
The I/Os measured for each AHU are:
- air temperature and humidity
- VAV (Variable Air Volume) position
- hot and cold water valves position
The protocol used to communicate with the SCADA is the N2.
Heating generation is carried on by the oil boiler. The set point can be manually or
remotely controlled using the N2 protocol.
Cooling generator is carried on by the water cooled chiller and its set point can be
remotely controlled through the N2 protocol.
The I/O rooms parameters monitored are:
- air temperature
- hot and cold air position valves.
The protocol used for the communication is the N2.
Lighting management is quite limited, crepuscular sensors are used to manage the
external lighting system. ON/OFF states of some external areas and of corridor lights are
read by the BMS using N2 protocol.
In Figure 11 a schematic representation of the ICT architecture of SGH is reported.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
Figure 11 Scheme of the SGH's ICT architecture
The BMS system
As sub-controllers there are two Network Control Module 350 (NCM 350) by Johnson
Control’s. This is the main processing module in the Metasys network. Fully programmable
the NCM coordinates and supervises the control activities for all objects and control loops
connected to it. The controlled devices are:
- HVAC devices
- external lights
- domestic hot water boilers
- steam gas boilers
- backup generator
- electricity monitoring.
Three types of specific controllers are disposed under the Metasys: the Johnson Control
model TC9100 which is assigned to control fan-coils, the model DX9100 which controls the
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
HVAC devices and the XT9100 that is an extension model designed to add more input and
output capacity, specifically used with the DX9100.
It is possible to manually export log files and to have a read only access on the database
through Ethernet IP network. Due to its closed format, the N1 protocol cannot be used for
direct integration with the Communication Framework. The solution consists in installing a
device produced by Johnson Controls (NIE5511-2) which behaves as gateway for other
protocols.
Lighting
Some lights in common spaces and corridors are controlled by the BMS. The other lights
switch on/off manually and they are not connected to the central BMS.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
2.4. HML
2.4.1. Questionnaires analysis
In Hospital de Mollet (HML) questionnaires were submitted to people working in four
different areas and for each area different kind of stakeholders were interviewed about
different systems, as specified below:
- Rooms
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
System operator
o Lighting
Doctors and Nurses
Patients and families
System operator
- Surgery theaters
o HVAC
Doctors and Nurses
System operator
- Data Centre
o Cooling system
System operator
IT Staff
- Building
o Geothermal system
System Operator
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Questionnaires were submitted on the 25th July 2012. Below climate conditions
monitored in Mollet during the above mentioned day are described.
Average Temperature 25 °C
Maximum Temperature 31 °C
Minimum Temperature 17 °C
Average Humidity 45 %
Maximum Humidity 60 %
Minimum Humidity 33 % Table 31 Climate conditions during monitoring day in HML
The main questionnaire results are highlighted in the following paragraphs while more
detailed information and exhaustive results are reported in Annex I to this deliverable.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
(1) HVAC: hospital rooms and surgery theatres
131 people have been interviewed concerning HVAC system performances in different
areas.
With respect to the hospital rooms 44 clinicians were interviewed. Doctors often
observed that the heating/cooling system does not respond very quickly at their changes in
thermostat settings while nurses noted that room temperature is hotter that what desired.
Both stakeholders highlight the lack of possibilities to control rooms environmental
conditions. Patients and families air quality and comfort condition perception is quite good.
Some interviewees complained about room temperature and slow system response in the
open questions.
With respect to surgery theatres 44 clinicians were interviewed. Both doctors and nurses
complain about temperature instability and low reactivity of the system. In general it is
asked a cold and dry environment with air temperature between 18 – 22 °C and relative
humidity between 40 % and 60%.
(2) Lighting: rooms
87 people have been interviewed concerning lighting system performances in different
areas. Questionnaires highlight a good satisfaction about natural lighting availability among
both clinicians and patients. Lighting control would be increased by an high number of
clinicians.
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(3) Surgery theatres – HVAC – System operators
System operators were interviewed to collect technical opinion of who manages the
system performances and capabilities.
Concerning HVAC, in the areas analyzed:
- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system and
know how to adjust it
- System operators can monitor some parameters like heating and cooling coil water
temperatures and flow rate, AHU and room total supply flow rate. System operators are not
completely satisfied with the parameters that can be controlled
- The control system is friendly but its control capabilities can be improved in order to
reduce the time needed to manage the system
The HVAC control system can be improved implementing a better regulation of air
quality: particles and pollutants control, supply and return air flow control to guarantee the
required overpressure and the pollutant cleanliness, air renovation regulation, time control.
As for thermal condition, the system efficiency can be improved controlling the
conditions according to room operation and regulatory needs – even if it is already possible
to set different type of schedule (use/not use/cleaning), by now the system operator can’t
modify the internal temperature setpoint.
(4) Room – HVAC and lighting – System operators
As specified before, system operators were interviewed concerning HVAC and lighting.
Concerning HVAC, in the three areas analyzed:
- Occupants cannot operate windows
- Occupants can adjust the required room temperature both in heating and cooling
mode with some restrictions. If changes are required out of limits the user calls the system
operator by phone.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system and
know how to adjust it
- System operators can monitor some parameters like heating and cooling coil water
temperatures and room air temperatures set point
- The control system is friendly but its control capabilities can be improved in order to
reduce the time needed to manage the system
The HVAC control system can be improved implementing an automated control and alert
system.
Temperature set point potentially different in each room can reduce energy wastes,
increase comfort for users and reduce time dedicated to regulate the system by the system
operator.
The system operator is satisfied with current system as for integration of primary air and
ceiling radiant condensation control and for system noise level.
Concerning lighting, in the three areas analyzed:
- Occupants can control artificial lights
- Occupants can control shadings from the sun (curtains)
- System operators are aware of the control possibilities offered by the system, but
don’t know how to adjust it
- System operators can’t automatically control the room light in any way.
The lighting control system can be improved implementing light dimming and
decentralized controls. The system should regulate the lighting level (lux) depending on
natural light in order to reduce as much as possible electrical consumption, while
maintaining and increasing the lighting comfort level.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
(5) Data Center cooling system
Two categories of users were interviewed to understand capabilities and limits of the
Data Centre cooling system.
IT staff questionnaire is very useful to understand the cooling requirements while the
system operator questionnaire helps to understand strengths and weaknesses of the system.
Data Centers require 22-24°C in the cold aisle and 29°C in the hot aisle. The cooling
system should guarantee an autonomy of at least 1 hour with the air temperature below
40°C.
At the moment the norms does not require particular air quality conditions but air
quality control is important particularly in this case where the compartmented area has not
a ventilation system.
IT staff is globally satisfied by the data center cooling system even if some aspects could
be improved:
- there is no fresh air in the data centre area: a ventilation system can be implemented
to ensure fresh air when operators are in the compartmented area; air quality parameters
could be measured
- there is no remote control: it increases the risk of data loss in case of malfunctioning.
A remote and alarm control system should be implemented.
System operators are well aware of the control system’s capabilities and know how to
manage them; the interface is quite friendly and doesn’t take too much time for operating it.
As the IT Staff, also System operator complaint the lack of remote control and automated
alert system which prevent them to quickly check the status of the system and of the
actuators.
Moreover, the system can be improved implementing advanced control algorithm to
allow fault prevention and increase energy efficiency.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
(6) Geothermal system
System operators have been asked to give impressions and observation on the
geothermal system, present in the Hospital de Mollet, and on the possible improving
solutions.
System operators are well aware of the control system’s capabilities and know how to
manage them; however they are not satisfied with the parameters they can control and with
the interface: they consider it not friendly and it takes too much time to be used.
The possible improvements indicated are:
- soil saturation temperature control
- continuous control of geothermal pumps performance
- efficient utilization of geothermal system and backups (chillers/boilers) according to
individual performance and operation temperatures
- regulation of collectors’ temperatures and set points according to outdoor air
temperature.
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
2.4.2. Audit team appointment
After questionnaire collection and analysis, the Skill assessment matrix document
published as annex to the deliverable D2.1 was used to identify the key actors in the audit
phase.
Table 32 HML audit team
Also the Dalkia (Agefred Servicio) operating in the Hospital was involved in the audit
phase: some of the information dealing with energy consumptions is owned by the Energy
Manager. The contract between the hospital and Dalkia Catalunya expires by July 2013.
However Dalkia Catalunya assured the cooperation with HML providing the required data
even if in some cases they do not refer to the last years and assured the support to the
Green@Hospital until the end of the project.
FINANCE /
MANAGEMENTADMINISTRATION ENERGY
TASKSTECHNICAL
BUILDING
MANAGER
HVAC/LIGHTING
MANAGER
BMS & ICT
MANAGER
MAINTENANCE
MANAGER
MAINTENANCE
OPERATORENERGY MANAGER SKILLS
Data Collection
General description of the building ( m2, beds,...) 1 5 1 .- Lourdes Laborda (HML)
Annual Energy Use ( type of energy, units ) 2 3 2 .- David Barrachina (HML)
Cost of Annual Energy Use ( euros per type ) 1 2 3 .- Marc Trullàs (AGE)
Breakdown of spaces by function, hours of use,
plant distribution,..1 1 2 4 .- Enrico Braggion (AGE)
Operation parameters ( temperature, artificial light-
hours, use hours )2 3 5 5.- David Sambia (AGE)
Maintenance practices concerning efficiency. 2 6 7 3 / 4 / 5 6 .- José Antonio Pérez (AGE)
Description of energy-using systems and
components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical
characterisation, input and output measurement
2 3 4 7.- José Luis Gavilan (AGE)
Description of energy-producing systems and
components ( Lighting, HVAC, water,.. ) : technical
characterisation, input and output measurement
2 3 4
Description of BMS/SCADA (systems, components
and functions)2 4
Description of ICT infrastructure (systems,
components and functions)2 4
Calculations :
Breakdown of energy use and costs of systems and
components1 2 3 / 5
Energy Conservation Measures :
Without cost 2 5 / 6 3 / 4
With cost : cost estimate of implementation,
estimation of annual savings, rate of amortization.1 2 3 / 4 / 5 / 6
Measurements of savings. 2 4 4 / 5 / 6
Verification of savings. 1 2 5 / 6 3 / 4
SKILLS HOSPITAL DE MOLLETSKILL ASSESSMENT
MATRIX ENGINEERING O&M
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2.4.3. Energy audit
Hospital de Mollet starts its activity in 2010.
In Figure 12 a layout of the hospital is illustrated and below some numbers to describe
the hospital are reported:
- 160 beds
- 750 internal employees + 150 external employees
- 24/7 opening
Figure 12 HML layout
(1) HVAC
Heat generation is carried out by two Geothermal Heat Pumps (geothermal system
production). Hospital has also two boilers to support geothermal energy in case of failure.
Cooling generation is carried out by two Geothermal Heat Pumps (geothermal system
production). Hospital has also three water chillers to support geothermal energy in case of
failure .
Different technologies have been selected to heat different areas: fan coil, radiant
ceiling, and AHUs.
The main HVAC equipment is listed in the table 33 below.
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Designation Model/Type Capacity Remarks
Chiller 1 CLIMAVENETA FOCS-CA/LN 2722 650 Kw 2 Scroll compressors
Chiller 2 CLIMAVENETA FOCS-CA/LN 2722 650 Kw 2 Scroll compressors
Chiller 3 CLIMAVENETA NECS-ST/LN 0604 175 Kw 2 Scroll compressors
Heat Pump 1 J&E Hall A115952-PACK2 450 Kw 2 Scroll compressors
Heat Pump 1 J&E Hall A115952-PACK2 450 Kw 2 Scroll compressors
Chiller 4 CLIMAVENETA BRAT 01211FF 17,30 Kw 1 Compressor
Gas boiler 1 VITOPLEX 300 780 Kw High temperature
Gas boiler 2 VITOPLEX 300 780 Kw High temperature Table 33 HML HVAC equipment
HVAC system control features have been checked and the results are shown in the
following tables.
UNOCCUPIED SETBACK
Shutdown of: Yes/No
AHUs by Time Schedule Yes
Exhaust Fans by Time Schedule Yes
Chillers:By Outside Air Temperature Yes
Boilers,By Time Schedule Yes Table 34 HML HVAC system features
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
Cogeneration No Thermal Storage Yes for GEO
Energy Monitoring and Control System Yes Humidifiers/Dehumidifiers Yes
On-site Generation No Dessicant System No
Active Solar Equipment No Evaporative Cooling No
Energy Recovery No Other-Define: Table 35 HML HVAC other characteristics
(2) Lighting
All common area lighting equipments have a remote and time control.
All luminaries are equipped with fluorescent lamps and electronic ballasts . Electronic
ballasts have better performance than electromagnetic ballasts in terms of energy
consumption, lamp life, visual comfort and flexibility.
With respect to lighting automation two different architectures can be identified in
different hospital areas:
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
- Type 1: Manual switches installed in the switch board: no auxiliary contacts are
available.
- Type 2: Each single switch is controlled via PLC (Programmable Logic Controller).
Operators can force manually the position of each switch. The PLC receives a feedback about
the position of the switch.
(3) Energy use and bills
The energy consumption of HML is divided into electricity consumption to serve the
needs of electric consumers and natural gas consumption. The gas and electricity
consumptions were recorded from HML bills for two years in order to fulfill Energy audit
Level I for D2.1. In the following tables and graphs those consumptions and costs are
reported.
PRELIMINARY ENERGY ALLOCATION TO END USE
END USE ENERGY TYPE (from energy performance summary)
PRIMARY
SECONDARY (more than 5% of end
use)
Heating Geothermal System // Boilers Heating // Hot Domestic
Water
Cooling Geothermal System // Chillers Air Conditioning
Domestic Water Heating
Preheating with Geothermal System // Boilers x
Kitchen cooking Equipment x x
Laundry Equipment x x
Other Process Equipment Emergency Power Generator Gas-Oil
Table 36 HML energy source allocation to end use
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METERING PERIOD day/month/year month n° from to #days CONSUMPTION (kWh) TOTAL COST (€/kWh)
1 01/01/2011 31/01/2011 31 546.723,00 53.443,59 € 0,09775 € 2 31/01/2011 28/02/2011 28 512.336,00 50.368,60 € 0,09831 €
3 28/02/2011 31/03/2011 31 585.097,00 44.190,20 € 0,07553 €
4 31/03/2011 30/04/2011 30 593.662,00 39.982,52 € 0,06735 €
5 30/04/2011 31/05/2011 31 626.520,00 42.321,73 € 0,06755 €
6 31/05/2011 30/06/2011 30 654.576,00 60.412,32 € 0,09229 €
7 30/06/2011 31/07/2011 31 739.632,00 74.415,81 € 0,10061 €
8 31/07/2011 31/08/2011 31 792.035,00 48.968,36 € 0,06183 €
9 31/08/2011 30/09/2011 30 709.331,00 54.057,73 € 0,07621 €
10 30/09/2011 31/10/2011 31 629.403,00 42.641,63 € 0,06775 €
11 31/10/2011 30/11/2011 30 572.835,00 43.186,96 € 0,07539 €
12 30/11/2011 31/12/2011 31 628.284,00 60.555,97 € 0,09638 €
13 31/12/2011 31/01/2012 31 650.179,00 65.894,09 € 0,10135 €
14 31/01/2012 28/02/2012 28 584.718,00 60.397,73 € 0,10329 €
15 28/02/2012 31/03/2012 32 614.034,00 47.379,84 € 0,07716 €
16 31/03/2012 30/04/2012 30 572.920,00 39.882,50 € 0,06961 €
17 30/04/2012 31/05/2012 31 595.096,00 41.548,18 € 0,06982 €
18 31/05/2012 30/06/2012 30 674.815,00 62.663,19 € 0,09286 €
19 30/06/2012 31/07/2012 31 703.915,00 76.372,43 € 0,10850 € 20 31/07/2012 31/08/2012 31 779.129,00 48.535,84 € 0,06230 €
21 31/08/2012 30/09/2012 30 618.794,00 47.926,55 € 0,07745 €
22 30/09/2012 31/10/2012 31 651.383,00 45.404,35 € 0,06970 €
23 31/10/2012 30/11/2012 30 581.260,00 44.901,00 € 0,07725 €
24 30/11/2012 31/12/2012 31 577.918,00 56.941,23 € 0,09853 €
TOTAL
15.194.595,00 € 1.252.392
Table 37 HML monthly electricity consumption
Figure 13 HML monthly electricity consumption
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
CONSUMPTION (kWh)
CONSUMPTION (kWh)
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YEAR N° Total Year Consumption Minimum Consumption Maximum Consumption Average Consumption
kWh kWh/(m^2) kWh kWh kWh
1 7.590.434,00 167,6702894 512.336,00 792.035,00 632.536,17
2 7.604.161,00 167,9735145 572.920,00 779.129,00 633.680,08
Table 38 HML yearly electricity consumption
YEAR N° COST (€)
COST (€) COST (€/kWh)
1 614.545,41 0,0814
2 637.846,92 0,0840
Table 39 HML yearly cost for electricity
METERING PERIOD day/month/year COST (€) without TAXES
month n° from to
#days
CONSUMPTION (mc)
CONSUMPTION (kWh) FIXED VARIABLE TOTAL
COSTS €/mc €/kWh
1 01/01/2011 31/01/2011 31 56.431,00 684.903,05 71,53 28.002,55 € € 28.074,08 0,49749 0,04099
2 31/01/2011 28/02/2011 28 40.142,00 478.171,50 71,53 19.570,60 € € 19.642,13 0,48932 0,04108
3 28/02/2011 31/03/2011 31 22.157,00 263.845,56 71,53 10.798,67 € € 10.870,20 0,49060 0,04120
4 31/03/2011 30/04/2011 30 6.031,00 72.691,64 71,53 3.137,42 € € 3.208,95 0,53208 0,04414
5 30/04/2011 31/05/2011 31 7.277,00 92.880,89 71,53 4.016,82 € € 4.088,35 0,56182 0,04402
6 31/05/2011 30/06/2011 30 8.705,00 104.494,82 71,53 4.519,09 € € 4.590,62 0,52735 0,04393
7 30/06/2011 31/07/2011 31 5.693,00 68.748,67 71,53 3.080,88 € € 3.152,41 0,55373 0,04585
8 31/07/2011 31/08/2011 31 9.002,00 109.446,32 71,53 4.917,86 € € 4.989,39 0,55425 0,04559
9 31/08/2011 30/09/2011 30 8.380,00 99.738,76 71,53 4.481,66 € € 4.553,19 0,54334 0,04565
10 30/09/2011 31/10/2011 31 8.275,00 98.753,85 71,53 4.577,34 € € 4.648,87 0,56180 0,04708
11 31/10/2011 30/11/2011 30 9.666,00 116.359,31 71,53 5.413,15 € € 5.484,68 0,56742 0,04714
12 30/11/2011 31/12/2011 31 7.299,00 88.055,14 71,53 4.096,41 € € 4.167,94 0,57103 0,04733
13 31/12/2011 31/01/2012 31 17.175,00 207.765,98 74,64 9.923,54 € € 9.998,18 0,58214 0,04812
14 31/01/2012 28/02/2012 28 43.628,90 527.778,85 74,64 25.435,25 € € 25.509,89 0,58470 0,04833
15 28/02/2012 31/03/2012 32 12.183,97 145.086,72 74,64 6.992,16 € € 7.066,80 0,58001 0,04871
16 31/03/2012 30/04/2012 30 8.362,06 100.787,96 74,64 4.857,27 € € 4.931,91 0,58980 0,04893
17 30/04/2012 31/05/2012 31 8.847,31 106.512,78 74,64 5.133,17 € € 5.207,81 0,58863 0,04889
18 31/05/2012 30/06/2012 30 6.637,03 79.670,88 74,64 3.839,58 € € 3.914,22 0,58975 0,04913
19 30/06/2012 31/07/2012 31 6.438,68 77.753,53 74,64 3.747,18 € € 3.821,82 0,59357 0,04915
20 31/07/2012 31/08/2012 31 6.640,61 80.736,58 74,64 3.890,94 € € 3.965,58 0,59717 0,04912
21 31/08/2012 30/09/2012 30 5.979,24 72.695,57 74,64 3.503,42 € € 3.578,06 0,59841 0,04922
22 30/09/2012 31/10/2012 31 10.478,52 117.721,03 74,64 5.673,33 € € 5.747,97 0,54855 0,04883
23 31/10/2012 30/11/2012 30 8.462,88 104.004,00 74,64 5.012,26 € € 5.086,90 0,60108 0,04891
24 30/11/2012 31/12/2012 31 19.438,99 180.859,03 74,64 9.354,39 € € 9.429,03 0,48506 0,05213
TOTAL
343.331,21
4.079.462,40
185.728,99
Table 40 HML monthly natural gas consumption
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Figure 14 HML monthly natural gas consumption
Table 41 HML yearly thermal consumption
Table 42 HML yearly cost for natural gas
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
CONSUMPTION (mc)
YEAR N° Minimum ConsumptionMaximum Consumption Average Consumption
kWh kWh/(m^2) kWh kWh kWh
1 2.278.089,49 50,32227729 68.748,67 684.903,05 189.840,79
2 1.801.372,91 39,79175857 72.695,57 527.778,85 150.114,41
Total Year Consumption
YEAR N°
COST (€) COST (€/kWh)
1 97.470,82 0,04450
2 88.258,17 0,04912
COST (€)
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(4) Energy audit Level III
As stated in deliverable D2.1 “Standard energy audit procedure” for the aim of the whole
project, a Level I energy audit can be enough for the whole building while the analysis should
be deepened for the most suitable solution sets to be tested.
For HML two main solution sets have been selected to be modeled:
- Geothermal System – Heat and Cold Production Control
- Surgery Rooms – Energy Consumption in three different cases.
For each of them a list of additional information were required and the collected data are
presented in the paragraph “Solution set description”.
(5) ICT data collection
The Hospital de Mollet (HML) ICT architecture is characterized by two solution sets: the
first contains all the devices correlated to HVAC system and lighting system, the second one
deals with the geothermic energy production.
Field device
No electric meter is installed in this hospital: electric consumption monitoring is not
possible.
The chillers are managed controlling the cold water set-point temperature; working time
control and working equipment priority can be included. For domestic hot water production,
boilers are controlled in the same way as the chillers: it is possible to control the
temperature and the priority.
Actually, the Geothermal Heat Pumps are controlled only with the Temperature of the
Heat and Cold principal collectors of the Hospital.
Below the different HVAC sub-systems will be described:
Conditioners: the signals are integrated by Cylon system. All the parameters of these
equipments can be controlled;
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Fan-coils: the signals are integrated by Trane system, and data can be exported to
the Workstation by an Ethernet connection;
Radiant Ceiling: the signals are directly controlled by an External Giacomini Controller
exporting the data to the BMS with an Ethernet connection;
Lighting: Schneider PLC;
Hot Water Production: Cylon System.
For the heating generator, the gas boiler is monitored through the Vitoplex 300 device; it
has the possibility to be manually or automatically set; it uses the ModBus protocol to
communicate with other devices. The heat pump is also controlled using the H&J Hall device
manually settable, which communicates through ModBus protocol.
Data from the air cooled chiller are used to monitor the cooling generator through a
device produced by the Climaveneta through ModBus protocol; parameters cannot be
forced manually. The heat pump is also controlled using the H&J Hall device, the same used
for the heat pump of the heating generator system.
In the rooms air temperature and the fan speed are monitored; all the data are sent to
higher level control system using ModBus protocol.
In Figure 15 a schematic representation of the ICT architecture of HML is reported.
Figure 15 Scheme of the HML’s ICT architecture
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The BMS system
The system integrated in HML is very simply. It is a SCADA developed by INDUSOFT WEB
Studio (Controlli), with different controllers that can communicate with Mod-BUS devices
and are integrated in a normal Workstation defining the operating parameters of the system.
The sub-controller systems are the model Trane ZN 523 produced by Cylon. These
controllers carry out the supervision of all the devices in all the parts of the hospital.
The system can communicate with higher levels through Ethernet connection, it can
configure routers or switches present over the IP network using SNMP protocol. It is not
configured to use web services but can read and write over remote storage through FTP
protocol.
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3. Energy saving solution sets
The work done in Task 2.1 and 2.2 provided the information needed to choose the most
interesting subsystems in each hospital. In this context the term subsystem defines the
combination of hardware and software elements responsible for the management of an
energy consuming service in the hospital. As specified in chapter 2 for some promising
subsystems a Level III energy audit has been performed. The objective of this activity is to
get enough information to integrate the subsystems itself in the Web-EMCS, to calculate the
energy saving potentials and to develop the model of the subsystems in the framework of
WP4. Moreover the most important application of this data consists in the definition of the
list of the solution sets to be analyzed and tested in each pilot.
While paragraph 3.2 resumes the most relevant subsystems identified in each hospital
paragraph 3.3 defines the list of the solution sets identified.
3.1. Subsystem
This paragraph contains a list of subsystems for each pilot hospital that have been
analyzed in detail in order to specify the associated solution sets. For each subsystem legal
requirements have been presented.
3.1.1. AOR
Three main subsystems have been selected for a Level III energy audit:
- Data Centre IT load management and cooling system
- Lighting in Oncology and Hematology Departments
- HVAC in Oncology and Hematology Departments
In the following paragraphs the three subsystems are described in detail. No solution set
has been finally associated to the HVAC subsystem and the reasons which led to this choice
are described in the HVAC subsystem dedicated paragraph.
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(1) Data centre
The AOR Data Centre, illustrated in Figure 16, has been completely refurbished in 2011 in
the framework of the cooperation between AEA-Loccioni and AOR. Several energy saving
technologies have been installed such as modern IT devices, server virtualization, server
installation in a compartmented area, Computer Room Air Conditioning units and efficient
water cooling system. It has been chosen as one of the sub systems to be analyzed in the
framework of the Green@Hospital project for the following reasons:
- It is a fully monitored system
- It can be easily integrated within the Web-EMCS
- It is fully automated
- It has good saving potential even if it is an already efficient infrastructure
- It is an infrastructure available in all the hospitals, therefore highly replicable
- It is an infrastructure with increasing importance and fast growth of its energy
consumption
Figure 16 AOR data centre
With respect to the IT infrastructure, the servers installed in the Data Centre comply with
a list of requirements such as: high number of processing core, expandability, compatibility
with any operating system, hot swappable and redundant components to make component
changeover fast and easy.
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The chosen equipment allows dynamic power management for processors and batch-
processing. Hard disks also offer significant energy saving potentials. Energy consumption of
multi speed disks is up to 60% lower compared to standard components. Also highly efficient
power supplies (part load efficiency above 90%) contribute to energy savings.
Two different virtualization platforms have been used and tested in the Data Centre:
VMware and Ganeti. VMware is a proprietary hypervisor software for servers. In the
analyzed case study it manages four physical machines. At the moment 92 virtual machines
run on the VMware platform. Ganeti is a cluster virtual server management software tool
built on top of existing virtualization technologies such as Xen or KVM and other Open
Source software. In the Hospital Data Centre three servers are managed by this system. At
the moment 40 virtual machines run on the Ganeti platform.
With respect to the Data Centre layout, a Hot Aisle Containment System (HACS) has been
chosen. This system encloses a hot aisle to collect IT equipments hot exhaust air and to cool
it in order to make it available for IT equipment air intakes. This creates a self-contained
system capable of supporting high density IT loads.
The proposed solution has a remarkable effect on overall efficiency because the hot aisle
is capable of maintaining higher temperatures. The effect of the elevated return
temperatures to the cooling units enables better heat exchange across the cooling coil and
higher overall efficiency.
Data Centre cooling is performed by four In Row units. The nominal cooling capacity of
each unit is 18.20 kW. The installed units can be classified as chilled water modular air
conditioning units. A Data Centre dedicated water cooling system has been designed to
guarantee high reliability and high efficiency at the same time. Cooling load has been
calculated considering not only the actual needs but also the future development of the
Data Centre. The IT load installed at the moment is about 30 kW and it is expected to double
in the next 5 years.
Two chillers with a cooling capacity of 72.6 kW each have been installed. It means that
one chiller could manage the data centre cooling considering the maximum load expected
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during the next decade. Doubling the installed cooling power means doubling the reliability
of the cooling system.
The chillers are water condensed; the condensing heat is then dissipated by two dry
coolers for each chiller. The dry coolers can be used both as condensing unit and in free
cooling configuration: when the external temperature is below a Set Point value a bypass
valve excludes the chillers in order to cool the water of the main manifold directly with the
dry cooler switching off the chillers and avoiding the energy consumption due to chillers
compressors.
The two cooling systems, one for each chiller, are completely separated both from a
hydraulic and a functional point of view. In case of failure of one of the two water cooling
systems, the supervisor switches automatically from one circuit to the other while the failed
system is repaired.
Five pumps and six valves are controlled by the supervisory system to manage the
cooling system in the most efficient way.
With respect to the pumps, two twin pumps circulate water from each couple of dry
coolers to a heat exchanger. The plate heat exchanger is needed to separate the condensing
circuit where a water-glycol solution flows from the main manifold circuit where water
flows. Variable Speed Drive (VSD) controlled twin pumps have been chosen to ensure the
highest level of efficiency and reliability. Another pump controls the flow from the heat
exchanger to the main manifold. Two more VSD controlled pumps (one working and the
other for backup) guarantees 24 hours a day the requested amount of water from the
chillers to the main manifold and from the main manifold to the Computer Room Air
Conditioning System.
With respect to the valves, two three-way valves are used to switch from active cooling
to free cooling mode. Four two-ways valves are used to enable the four dry coolers.
The monitoring and control system manages all the actuators and machineries installed
in the mechanical room. At the same time it collects the most important parameters
measured by the sensors installed. The data are stored every 15 minutes.
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Data monitored and stored can be classified in several categories: temperature
measures, electrical measures, alerts, device parameters.
With respect to temperature parameters, they can be divided in water temperatures and
air temperatures. The first type of sensor is used to monitor and control the water cooling
system: they measure both the inlet and the outlet pipe temperatures of each in row cooling
unit and of the main manifold. The second type of sensor is used to monitor and control the
Computer Room Air Conditioning: they measure the air temperature in both the cold and
the hot aisle.
With respect to the electrical measures, all power distribution units are monitored. For
each rack both preferential and normal loads are monitored. Other two meters monitor the
preferential and the normal load of the chillers, dry coolers and pumps. For each meter
voltage, current, power factor, power and energy are stored. Furthermore the fan speed of
in row units and dry coolers is measured.
The supervisory system manages the actuators of the cooling system. It controls the
pumps switching to the backup pump, every 10 hours. Moreover the supervisory system
switches from active to free cooling mode. In active mode one chiller is switched on and the
three way valve is in active cooling state. The two dry coolers connected to the active chiller
are switched on and their speed is set at a default value (10%). The two way valves which
enable the water flow from the condenser to the dry coolers are opened and the pump
which guarantees the flow in this circuit is enabled. The rotating speed of the dry coolers is
modulated following this control strategy: if the power supplied of the chiller is less than
50% of its peak power, the dry coolers speed is set at the same percentage. If the power
supplied by the chillers overcomes 50% of its peak power, the dry coolers speed increases
with the water inlet temperature reaching its maximum when the water temperature
reaches 45°C.
The energy saving performance of the Data Centre is evaluated through the Power Usage
Effectiveness (PUE) value. The PUE is defined as the ratio of total Data Centre input power to
IT Load power.
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Requirements
Air temperature and relative humidity are the main parameters influencing energy
efficiency in data centers. The set points for the aforementioned parameters are chosen
during the design phase of the data centre considering both IT equipment requirements and
cooling system potential. Increasing the data centre internal temperature set point means
lowering the consumption due to cooling and enabling the freecooling mode (if available) for
longer periods. But this action results also in a reduced backup time in case of failure of the
cooling system and it causes an increased consumption of the server fans.
Operation condition for data centers have been fixed by ASHRAE (American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning) in 2011 and by ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards Institute) in 1992.
ASHRAE TC 9.9 (Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments – Expanded Data
Center Classes and Usage Guidance) [1] identifies 6 different classes of IT equipment and
defines for each of them recommended and allowable environmental specifications.
Compliance with a particular environmental class requires full operation of the
equipment over the entire allowable environmental range, based on non-failure conditions.
Class A1: Typically a data center with tightly controlled environmental parameters (dew
point, temperature, and relative humidity) and mission critical operations; types of products
typically designed for this environment are enterprise servers and storage products.
Class A2: Typically an information technology space or office or lab environment with
some control of environmental parameters (dew point, temperature, and relative humidity);
types of products typically designed for this environment are volume servers, storage
products, personal computers, and workstations.
Class A3/A4: Typically an information technology space or office or lab environment with
some control of environmental parameters (dew point, temperature, and relative humidity);
types of products typically designed for this environment are volume servers, storage
products, personal computers, and workstations.
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Class B: Typically an office, home, or transportable environment with minimal control of
environmental parameters (temperature only); types of products typically designed for this
environment are personal computers, workstations, laptops, and printers.
Class C: Typically a point-of-sale or light industrial or factory environment with weather
protection, sufficient winter heating and ventilation; types of products typically designed for
this environment are point-of-sale equipment, ruggedized controllers, or computers and
PDAs.
The following table resumes recommended and allowable environmental specifications,
as reported in [1].
Table 43 Equipment environmental specifications [1]
These values can be represented in the Psychrometric chart as shown in Figure 17.
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Figure 17 Equipment environmental specifications on Psychrometric chart [1]
ETSI 300 019-1-3 (Equipment Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and
environmental tests for telecommunications equipment Part 1-3: Classification of
environmental conditions Stationary use at weather protected locations) [2] identifies 5
different location classes and describes the required environmental conditions for each of
them.
- Class 3.1: Temperature-controlled locations
- Class 3.2: Partly temperature-controlled locations
- Class 3.3: Not temperature-controlled locations
- Class 3.4: Sites with heat-trap
- Class 3.5: Sheltered locations
Environmental parameters for each class are listed in the table 44 following the [2].
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Table 44 Environmental parameters [2]
(2) Lighting
Lighting has been identified as one of the key energy consumers to be studied and
improved in the AOR premises.
Lighting as been chosen for the following reasons:
- It is a key infrastructure available in each building
- It has good saving potential
- It allows to test and compare different control strategies
- It is a solution largely replicable
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The solution sets will be tested in rooms belonging to two different departments:
Oncology department and Hematology department. These two departments have been
chosen for the following reasons:
- They belong to the same floor reducing installation costs
- They make available rooms with different final use
The final selection of rooms is included in the following table.
Dept Room type Prevalent use Luminaries
Oncology department
Archives This room hosts all the department paper documentation. Clinicians enter these room to collect and store patients case history folders.
2 2X18W recessed 2 1X36W surface mounted
Doctor ambulatory
This room is occupied both for patient examinations and for office activities.
1 2X18W recessed 1 1X36W surface mounted
Nurse room This room hosts drug compounding and nurse office activity
2 2X18W recessed 2 1X36W surface mounted
Patient internal waiting room
This room is occupied by patients waiting for their check in and by their relatives during treatments.
2 2X18W recessed 2 1X36W surface mounted
Day hospital room
This room hosts patients for their day hospital treatments
Bed head lighting
Visitors external waiting room
This room is occupied by visitors and patients families
4 3X18W recessed
Hematology department
Nurse room This room hosts drug compounding and nurse office activity
4 4X18W recessed
Local warehouse
Medical consumables are stored in this room. Clinicians enter this room to collect the need consumables needed for patients treatment
2 4X18W recessed
Doctor office 4 4X18W recessed Table 45 AOR lighting equipments
Concerning the Oncology department, its lighting system can be classified as a type 1,
according to the classification made in the energy audit chapter: manual switches installed in
the switch board: no auxiliary contacts are available or can be installed. Lights have to be
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switched manually by hospitals operators from switchboard or from wall mounted room
switches. Lamps are equipped with electromagnetic ballasts.
Concerning the Hematology department, its lighting system can be classified as a type 2
according to the classification made in the energy audit chapter: a PLC enables lighting
switching on. Operators can force manually the position of each switch. Lamps are equipped
with electromagnetic ballasts.
Requirements
Luminance and other lighting parameters are regulated by the EN 12464-1 norm: “Light
and lighting – Lighting of work places Part 1: Indoor work places” [3]. This European
Standard specifies lighting requirements for indoor work places, which meet the needs for
visual comfort and performance. The degree of visibility and comfort required in a wide
range of work places is governed by the type and duration of activity. Below an extract of
the norm concerning health care premises requirements is included.
Ref. no. Type of interior, task or activity
Em (lx) UGRL Ra Remarks
7.1 Rooms for general use All luminance at floor level.
7.1.1 Waiting rooms 200 22 80
7.1.2 Corridors: during the day 200 22 80
7.1.3 Corridors: during the night 50 22 80
7.1.4 Day rooms 200 22 80
7.2 Staff rooms
7.2.1 Staff office 500 19 80
7.2.2 Staff rooms 300 19 80
7.3 Wards, maternity wards
Prevent too high luminance in the patients' field of view. Luminance at floor level
7.3.1 General lighting 100 19 80
7.3.2 Reading lighting 300 19 80
7.3.3 Simple examinations 300 19 80
7.3.4 Examination and treatment 1000 19 80
7.3.5 Night lighting, observation lighting 5 - 80
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Ref. no. Type of interior, task or activity
Em (lx) UGRL Ra Remarks
7.3.6 Bathrooms and toilets for patients 200 19 80
7.4 Examination rooms (general)
7.4.1 General lighting 500 19 90
7.4.2 Examination and treatment 1000 19 90
7.5 Eye examination rooms
7.5.1 General lighting 300 19 80
7.5.2 Examination of the outer eye 1000 - 90
7.5.3 Reading and color vision tests with vision charts 500 16 90
7.6 Ear examination rooms
7.6.1 General lighting 300 19 80
7.6.2 Ear examination 1000 - 90
7.7 Scanner rooms
7.7.1 General lighting 300 19 80
7.7.2
Scanners with image enhancers and television systems 50 19 80
7.8 Delivery rooms
7.8.1 General lighting 300 19 80
7.8.2 Examination and treatment 1000 1000 1000
7.9 Treatment rooms (general) Lighting should be controllable
7.9.1 Dialysis 500 19 80
7.9.2 Dermatology 500 19 90
7.9.3 Endoscopy rooms 300 19 80
7.9.4 Plaster rooms 500 19 80
7.9.5 Medical baths 300 19 80
7.9.6 Massage and radiotherapy 300 19 80
7.10 Operating areas
7.10.1 Pre-op and recovery rooms 500 19 90
7.10.2 Operating theatre 1000 19 90
7.10.3 Operating cavity Em: 10000 to 100000 lx
7.11 Intensive care unit
7.11.1 General lighting 100 19 90 At floor level
7.11.2 Simple examinations 300 19 90 At bed level
7.11.3 Examination and treatment 1000 19 90 At bed level
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Ref. no. Type of interior, task or activity
Em (lx) UGRL Ra Remarks
7.11.4 Night watch 20 19 90
7.12 Dentists
7.12.1 General lighting 500 19 90 Lighting should be glare-free for the patient
7.12.2 At the patient 1000 - 90
7.12.3 Operating cavity 5000 - 90 Values higher than 5000 lx may be required
7.12.4 White teeth matching 5000 - 90 TCP> 6000 K
7.13 Laboratories and pharmacies
7.13.1 General lighting 500 19 80
7.13.2 Color inspection 1000 19 90 TCP> 6000 K
7.14 Decontamination rooms
7.14.1 Sterilization rooms 300 22 80
7.14.2 Disinfection rooms 300 22 80
7.15 Autopsy rooms and mortuaries
7.15.1 General lighting 500 19 90
7.15.2 Autopsy table and dissecting table 5000 - 90
Values higher than 5000 lx may be required
Table 46 Lighting requirements [3]
(3) HVAC
The Hematology department has a dedicated HVAC system: air ventilation is carried on
by a dedicated air handling unit. Post heating/cooling heat exchangers are responsible for
room temperature control. In some specific areas, like toilettes, radiators provide the
required thermal load. Variable air volume devices and three way valves are managed by a
control unit to control the following parameters:
- Air temperature
- Air pressure (in some specific rooms)
- Air flow rate
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A thermostat provides the feedback which enables temperature control dedicated to a
group of three rooms. The variable air volume device has been calibrated during the system
installation.
Unfortunately two problems affect this system preventing it from an easy and effective
integration in the project:
- Thermostat and three valves are controlled in a closed loop and variables can’t be
monitored from the BMS
- The duct system has been designed to feed adjacent rooms without taking care of
the room use: rooms with different pattern of use are fed by the same duct making
impossible a customized system management.
The HVAC system installed in the Oncology department is quite different: a single air
handling unit serves the entire block made of 6 floors. Ceiling recessed fan coil units take
care of heating and cooling different areas. In some rooms radiators contribute to provide
heating load during heating season. Also in this case some obstacles to the integration of this
subsystem in the Green@Hospital platform can be underlined:
- Fan coils have a dedicated and closed control system with dedicated thermostats that
can’t be integrated in a more complex control system
- The large number of departments and rooms served by the same AHU makes the
installation of variable air volumes system ineffective both on a department and on a room
level. Furthermore the required investment to update the system would be enormous.
The above mentioned considerations make the HVAC system not suitable to be inserted
in the Green@Hospital solution sets list.
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3.1.2. HVN
Three subsystems have been selected to be included in the project:
- Emergency AHUs
- Operating room AHU
- Data center cold water production
The first two systems have been selected because of their high replicability not only in
HVN (similar AHUs are installed in other hospital areas) but also in other hospital since AHUs
are applied in every hospital building for ventilation purposes and very often also for heating
and cooling purposes.
The third subsystem has been chosen to be compared with the equivalent system
installed in AOR. Comparison between the two hospital data centre cooling system
architectures will led to further optimization of the two systems.
(1) Emergency AHUs
The system consists of two air handling units. Each of them has two heat exchangers
providing heat and cool respectively. No energy saving strategies are implemented at the
moment since just the system switch on and off can be remotely controlled. Some drawings
of the two AHUs are presented in Figure 18.
Figure 18 Emergency AHUs
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(2) Operating room AHU
The system consists of an AHU with no flow control; the system is provided of three heat
exchangers. At the moment no remote control of the system is available and no data about
temperature, humidity or pressure in monitored from the operating room. A drawing of the
system is reported in Figure 19.
Figure 19 Operating room air handling unit
(3) Data centre cold water production
The system consists of three chillers that provide cold water to the air handling units. At
the moment these machines are regulated manually since they have not an automatic
regulation system. A drawing showing the layout of the system is presented in Figure 20.
Figure 20 Water cooling equipment
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3.1.3. SGH
Two subsystems have been selected for SGH:
- Fan coils in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic
- Artificial lighting in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic
(1) Fan coils in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic
Fan coils have been identified as one of the key energy consumers to be studied and
improved in the SGH premises. The first solution set refers to the modeling of three fan coils
in three selected rooms of the pediatric clinic. Specifically the fan coils are all in the pediatric
clinic and specially one is placed in a patients’ room, one in a doctors’ office and one in a
doctors’ rest room of the clinic. The rooms that were selected are marked in the following
3D plan which shows the whole department of the pediatric clinic. The number names of the
rooms correspond to the rooms below:
- 03.13 is doctors’ office
- 03.05 is patients’ room
- 03.18 is the doctors’ rest room
Figure 21 Selected rooms in the pediatric clinic
Fan coils are supplied by the main system with fluid in specific temperature. A fan is used
to transfer the heat from the fluid to the air. The same methodology is used for heating and
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cooling. Currently the control of the system is manual. The user adjusts the temperature set
point depending on his will and requirements. The opening factor of the windows is not
taken into consideration when the system is working, so energy is spent operating the fan
coils when the windows are open if fan coil is in heating mode.
The fan coil that there is in patient room has maximum nominal air flow 1030 m3/h and
absorbed motor power 98 W. The fan coil that there is in doctors’ office has maximum
nominal air flow 520 m3/h and absorbed motor power 55 W. Finally the fan coil that there is
in doctors’ rest room has maximum nominal air flow 680 m3/h and absorbed motor power
65 W. The table below summarizes the type and the main characteristics of the fan coil that
is located in each selected room.
Department Room type Fan coil characteristics
Pediatric clinic
Patients’ room
Maximum nominal air flow: 1030 m3/h
Absorbed motor power: 98 W
Doctors’ office
Maximum nominal air flow: 680 m3/h
Absorbed motor power: 65 W
Doctors’ rest room
Maximum nominal air flow: 520 m3/h
Absorbed motor power: 55 W
Table 47 Types and main characteristics of the fan coils in selected rooms
Fan coils have been selected as one of the sub systems to be analyzed in the framework
of the Green@Hospital project for the following reasons:
- Fan coils operation has large energy demand in total energy consumption of the hospital
- The saving potential is high if their operation is regulated taking into account the climate
conditions, room’s condition and heating/cooling load requirements
- The integration with the Web-EMCS is possible
- It is a system that is available in almost all hospitals
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(2) Artificial lighting in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic
The second solution set refers to modeling of artificial lighting in three selected rooms of
the pediatric clinic. The selected rooms are the same that have been selected for the fan
coils solution set. Specifically is going to be modeled the artificial lighting in a patients’ room,
in a doctors’ office of and in a doctors’ rest room of the pediatric clinic. Lighting has been
identified as one of the key energy consumers to be studied and improved in the SGH
premises.
The rooms in pediatric clinic have three types of lights available in the rooms of the
pediatric clinic. The first type of artificial lights is located behind the beds of the patients
which are operated by switches available in the entrance of the room. The second type is
personal lights which are located above the bed of each patient. The third type is safety
night lights above the beds of the patients, operated by the doctors. All the lamps are
fluorescent. Currently the control of the artificial lighting system in the rooms is done
manually (switch on/off with user’s preferences) and it not connected to the central BMS.
The total number and power of lamps that are located in each selected room is summarized
in the table below.
Department Room type Luminaries
Pediatric clinic
Patients’ room
4 X 54 W fluorescent 4 X 18 W fluorescent 1 X 18 W fluorescent 1 X 18 fluorescent 4 X 15 W Incandescent bulb 2 X 3 Incandescent bulb
Doctors’ office
4 X 36 W fluorescent
Doctors’ rest room
4 X 36 W fluorescent
Table 48 Types of lamps in selected rooms
Artificial lighting has been selected as one of the sub systems to be analyzed in the
framework of the Green@Hospital project for the following reasons:
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- The saving potential is high if its operation is regulated taking into account the
external luminance, human presence and be connected to the BMS
- The artificial lighting operation has large energy demand through the total energy
consumption of the hospital
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3.1.4. HML
Two subsystems have been analyzed in detail to be included in the project:
- Heating and cooling generation system
- Operating room HVAC control
(1) Heating and cooling generation system
The system is composed of two geothermal heat pumps connected to the cold and hot
main manifolds of the hospital. A third circuit, called geothermal, is responsible to dissipate
or absorb the energy excess and to enable heat and cool production with high levels of COP
throughout the year. The hospital has also three air condensing chillers (Climaveneta) and
two natural gas boilers (Ignis). The following figures show the architecture of the different
systems.
Figure 22 Geothermal heat pumps configuration
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Figure 23 Chillers configuration
Figure 24 Boilers configuration
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This subsystem has been selected for different reasons:
- It affects the energy consumption of the overall hospital building and it accounts for a
wide percentage of the hospital energy consumption: a small increase in efficiency for this
subsystem can lead to high economic savings for the all hospital building
- It is a very efficient system but some meters are missing in order to run it in an
optimized way.
(2) Operating room HVAC control
The system consists of an air handling unit with two fans equipped with variable speed
drive control. The system has three heat exchangers plus an electric heater responsible for
humidification.
Current regulation allows three working modes: USE, NO USE and CLEAN MODE with
different parameters configuration. The system is shown in the following figure.
Figure 25 Operating room AHU
This subsystem has been selected for different reasons:
- Huge flow rate are requested in surgery rooms: ventilation of this areas is very
energy consuming
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- A great interest is paid by hospital engineering associations and standardization
bodies on surgery rooms ventilation optimization.
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3.2. Solution sets
This paragraph contains the main specifications related to the energy saving solution sets
that will be tested in each pilot hospital. The main monitoring equipment needed to manage
each solution set and to measure its energy saving performance is briefly described.
3.2.1. AOR
Solution sets chosen for AOR deal with two main subsystems:
- Data Centre IT load management and cooling system
- Lighting in Oncology and Hematology Departments
(1) Data centre cooling optimization
The solution will consist in improving the control strategies of the data centre cooling
system. The objective is to reduce the energy consumption due to non IT load increasing the
PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) value. The AOR data centre is fully monitored and it does
not require the installation of further monitoring equipment. Data centre parameters have
been monitored since 21st September 2011.
The IT Load of the Hospital Data Centre is calculated summing the energy supplied to
each of the ten racks. This load does not change very much on an hourly base.
If we chose a typical week, for example from 9th to 16th January 2012, the average
hourly IT load was always between 16.6 and 18 kW. This small variability is partly expected
because of Hospital 24/7 operability and partly due to the low utilization rate of
computational resources. Even if in the meantime the average IT load has moved from 17 to
21 kW the deviation from the mean value remains very low.
The PUE value varies from 2.05 to 1.5. It means that while the IT Load remains almost
constant in time, the non-IT Load in warm months is the double of the non-IT Load in cold
months. This is not only due to the higher COP reached by the chillers during winter months
but also to the effect of free cooling on the efficiency of the overall cooling system.
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The free cooling system is activated when the external air temperature is below a fixed
set point which used to be set at 8°C. The increased IT load made instable the operation of
the freecooling mode: the power exchanged by the drycoolers was no more enough to
maintain the data centre at the required temperature. For this reason the set point for
switching to freecooling mode was moved from 8°C to 0°C in order to increase the reliability
of the system.
PUE is not affected just by the efficiency of the water cooling system but also by the
contribution of ancillary loads. Nowadays pumps for example are equipped with variable
speed drives but are run at fixed speed.
The model based management system powered by the Web-EMCS will reduce the PUE
value. This objective will be pursued:
- Predicting external temperature in order to maximize the working time of the
freecooling system;
- Predicting the IT load in order to optimize the management of the system;
- Regulating the fan speed of the drycoolers in order to maximize their efficiency and
increasing the temperature of the external air which enables to switch to freecooling mode;
- Regulating the fan speed of the Inrow equipment to optimize its consumption;
- Regulating pumps speed in order to maximize their efficiency and increasing the
temperature of the external air which allows to switch to freecooling mode;
- Exploiting the thermal storage in order to follow the load reducing peak
consumptions.
(2) Smart lighting system
The efficiency of lighting system can be improved intervening on hardware elements or
on control capabilities.
With respect to hardware intervention the elements affecting energy efficiency are listed
below:
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- Lamp
- Ballast
- Luminaries
With respect to control capabilities, the strategies that can be adopted to reduce energy
consumption are:
- Time schedule
- Timer
- Presence detection
- Daylight sensor
- Manual control dimming
The focus of this project on ICT solutions has led to a greater interest on this second set
of solutions.
The objective is to study which set of control strategies is most suitable to be used in the
selected areas considering:
- Lighting requirements fulfillment
- Impact on the hospital operators activity
- Energy efficiency
- Payback time
Models will support the choice of the best solution suitable for each hospital area.
Hardware and software installed will enable different control strategies because the project
does not aim just at simulating different control strategies but it wants to demonstrate the
performance of the tested system in real operational condition.
These requirements led to the choice of the hardware to be installed in the selected
areas. Below a list of devices and the reasons that led to their choice is presented.
- LED luminaries
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Efficient lighting source
Easily dimmable lighting source
Lifetime not affected by frequent switching cycles and dimming
- DALI dimmable led drivers (compared to 1-10 V dimmable drivers)
BUS enabled lights switching
Single light control
Bidirectional data flow (lamp state, dimming level, led driver state)
Simplified system configuration
- Presence sensors
Enables occupancy based control strategies
- Luminance sensors
Guarantees the required level of luminance in the room
Enables natural-artificial mix control strategies
Data acquisition during the baseline period is necessary to calculate the savings achieved.
The baseline period is defined as “the time before an Intervention when Energy
Consumption and Predictor Variables are monitored” [4].
Concerning lighting monitoring the following variables need to be acquired and stored in
order to define a typical schedule for each room. These data are needed to calibrate and
validate the model which will be used to test control strategies and algorithms.
A list of variables needs to be stored to describe the typical use of each room and the
related lighting management. The list of these variables and the reason for their storage is
described below.
- Presence
To monitor room occupancy patterns and to calculate the energy saving potential
reachable trough an occupancy based lighting management strategy
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- Brightness
To monitor the actual lux level in each room in order to compare it with the lux
level required considering the activity performed in the room
To compare energy consumptions before and after the installation
To calibrate and validate the model
To measure the contribution of natural light to the total brightness reached in the
room
- Light status
To monitor the artificial light use pattern
To check the human behavior in each room
- Energy
To measure the baseline period energy consumption
- Power
To compare energy consumptions before and after the installation
3.2.2. HVN
All the solution sets chosen for HVN pilot address the HVAC system. They refer to:
- Emergency zone Air Handling Unit Control
- Surgery theaters Air Unit Control
- Data centre cold water production management
(1) Emergency zone Air Handling Unit Control
The solution consists in the efficient management of the air handling units installed in the
emergency zone. The control system that will be developed has the final objective of
optimizing the regulation of the air conditioning system acting on the following parameters:
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- External temperature based regulation of the inlet air temperature
- Freecooling
To enable the AHU control and to calculate the energy savings different devices will be
installed, as illustrated in Figure 26:
- Controller: to implement energy saving strategies
- Energy meter: to monitor thermal needs and energy savings
- Electric meter: to monitor electric needs and energy savings
Figure 26 Meters installation on emergency zone AHUs
(2) Surgery theaters Air Unit Control
A new control system will be developed considering three different load levels and
regulating valves and fans according to this loads.
The following devices will be installed:
- Controller: to implement energy saving strategies;
- 3 energy meters: one for each heat exchanger, to monitor thermal needs and energy
savings;
- Electric meter: to monitor electric needs and energy savings.
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Figure 27 Meters installation on surgery theatre AHUs
(3) Data centre cold water production management
The solution consists in the optimization of the management of the cooling units feeding
the hospital data centre. They will be switched on and off considering the instant load and
the cooling power of each unit avoiding too short working cycles and reducing energy
consumption. The actual manual control based just on temperature set points will be
replaced by an automatic control.
An energy meter for each machine will be installed to determine the thermal energy
consumed in each state and time and to calculate the energy savings obtained.
An electric meter for each machine will measure its electrical consumption, as illustrated
in Figure 28.
Figure 28 Meters installation on data centre cold water production management
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3.2.3. SGH
As was mentioned two subsystems have been selected for SGH:
- Fan coils in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic
- Artificial lighting in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic
(1) Fan coils management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic
The solution set that models the fan coils operation has an objective to reduce the
energy consumption. Currently the control of the system is manual by adjusting the
temperature set point. The users are adjusting the temperature set point with their own
preferences. The efforts for reducing the energy consumption in fan coils include control
strategies involving parameters that have not been taken into consideration in the present
energy strategy of the hospital. The model based management system powered by the Web-
EMCS and the desired control of the fan coils operation in the pediatric clinic will take into
consideration:
- The prediction of outdoor temperature and the relation to the necessary loads
(heating and/ or) in the rooms in order to maximize the working time of the free cooling
system and to optimize the management of the system
- The prediction of the fan coils heating or cooling load in order to optimize the
management of the system
- An optimum start-stop control which will reduce peak loads and energy losses by
stopping the use of fan coils when windows are left open taking into consideration the
factor of an open window
- Ensure indoor air quality using readings from CO2 sensors
- The required from the user temperature and humidity providing the necessary
thermal comfort in the rooms, supplying the demanded heating and cooling load
- Payback time
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The already available equipments that will be useful for the integration of the proposed
control strategies includes:
Sensors:
- Outdoor air temperature
- Outdoor air relative humidity
Actuators
- Valve for controlling the amount of air passing through the coil
The control strategies that will be implemented require input from sensors located in the
selected rooms. These sensors are connected to the BMS enabling monitoring and fault
detection of system’s operations by the hospital employee. Energy meter helps comparing
the consumptions before and after installations and identifies the energy savings of the
proposed solution set. The desired control strategies are based on the help of the following
additional equipment connected to BMS. The prediction of outdoor temperature and the
simulation of fan coil operation which are done using soft computing techniques or
simulation based techniques as it is described in the deliverables D4.1: “Simulation model of
areas and buildings” and D4.2: “Report of identification algorithms”, will be used for the
optimization of fan coil usage. The new equipment that integrates control strategies includes:
Sensors:
- Nose sensor (Measuring Temperature, Humidity, and CO2)
- Presence sensor
- Window contact
Meters:
- Energy consumption of the fan
- Flow of fluid in the coil
- Temperature of fluid in the coil
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Actuator:
- An actuator for initiating the fan motor
All the additional equipment is available to connect the existing BMS with N2
communication system and protocol. The following tables summarize the technical data of
the new equipment.
Nose sensor
Type EE80
CO2
Measurement principle Non-Dispersive Infrared Technology (NDIR)
Sensor E+E Dual Source Infrared System
Working range 0 - 2000ppm
Accuracy at 20°C (68°F) and 1013mbar
0...2000ppm: < ± (50ppm +2% of measuring value)
Response time t63 < 90 sec
Temperature dependence typ. 2ppm CO2/°C
Long term stability typ. 20ppm / year
Sample rate ca. 0.5 min
Relative Humidity
Measurement principle Capacitive
Sensor element HC103
Working range1) 10...90% RH
Accuracy at 20°C (68°F) ± 3% RH (30...70% RH) ±5% (10...90% RH)
Temperature
Accuracy at 20°C (68°F) ±0.3°C (±0.54°F)
Outputs
0...2000 ppm / 0...100% RH / 0 - 5V -1mA < IL < 1mA
0...50°C (32...122°F) 0 - 10V -1mA < IL < 1mA
4 - 20mA RL < 500 Ohm
General
Supply voltage SELV 24V AC ±20% 15 - 35V DC SELV = Safety Extra Low Voltage
Table 49 Technical data and measurement values for nose sensor
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Presence sensor
The ceiling multi-sensor model MDS is designed for occupancy detection in room or
office spaces. In addition, the sensor detects the ambient brightness in rooms. The
measured quantity can be used for a fixed light control by means of down streamed
dimming resistances.
Type MDS
Power supply 15-24VDC / 24VAC ±10%
Clamps Pluggable terminal screw, max. 1,5mm²
Movement sensor with Status-LED for movement detection
4 Element PIR “passive infrared“
Light sensor 0...1kLux, Photodiode with green filter
Accuracy typ. ±0,5 Lux
Temperature detection Range: 0…50°C
Accuracy typ. ±0,5 K
Basic enclose material ABS, Color orange
Faceplate material ABS. Color pure white
Housing protection IP20 according to EN60529
Ambient temperature 0...50°C
Transport -10...50°C / max. 85%rH, non-condensed
Weight 80g Table 50 Technical Data of presence/ luminance sensor
Energy consumption of the fan speed
Kamstrup 382L is type approved according to the Measuring Instrument Device (MID) for
active positive energy and according to national requirements for other energy types, where
required.
Type Kamstrup 382L
Measuring principle One-phase current measurements by shunt
One-phase voltage measurements by voltage division
Nominal voltage Un 3x230 VAC ± 10 % (for Aron meters)
1x230 VAC ± 10 %
2x230/400 VAC ± 10 %
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3x230/400 VAC ± 10
Current Ib (Imax) Without breaker With breaker 35 mm²
5(105)A 35 mm²
10(60)A 10(65)A
10(85)A 10(85)A
5(85)A 5(85)A
Accuracy class MID: class A, class B
IEC: class 2 , class 1
Nominal frequency fn 50 Hz ±2 %
Phase displacement Unlimited (does not apply to Aron meters)
Operating temperature -40°C to +70°C
Storage and transport temperature -40°C to +85°C
IP protection class IP52
Protection class II
Relative humidity < 75 % year’s average at 21°C
< 95 % less than 30 days/year, at 25°C
Weight 680 g without breaker/1200 g with breaker
Application area Indoors/outdoors in suitable meter cabinet
Table 51 Technical data for energy meter
Flow and-Temperature meter
MULTICAL® 602 is used as heat meter together with flow sensor and two temperature
sensors.
Type MULTICAL® 602
Heat meter
–Temperature range Θ: 2°C...180°C
– Differential range ΔΘ: 3 K...170 K
Cooling meter
– Temperature range Θ: 2°C...50°C
– Differential range ΔΘ: 3 K...40 K
Accuracy EC ±(0.5 + ΔΘmin/ΔΘ)%
Temperature sensors
– Type 602-A Pt100 EN 60 751, 2-wire connection
– Type 602-B+602-D Pt500 EN 60 751, 4-wire connection
– Type 602-C Pt500 EN 60 751, 2-wire connection
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Flow sensor types – ULTRAFLOW®
– Electronic meters with active 24 V pulse output
– Mechanical meters with electronic pick-up
– Mechanical meters with reed switch
Flow sensor sizes
– [kWh] qp 0.6 m3/h...qp 15 m3/h
– [MWh] qp 0.6 m3/h...qp 1500 m3/h
– [GJ] qp 0.6 m3/h...qp 3000 m3/h
EN 1434 designation Environmental class A and C
Power supply
< 1W
MID designation Mechanical environment Class M1
Electromagnetic environment Class E1 and E2
Table 52 Technical data for flow and temperature meter
(2) Artificial lighting management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic
As it has already been mentioned, no type of control strategy is applied in the rooms
concerning lighting (Daylight and artificial) and the artificial lighting system in the selected
rooms is not connected to the BMS. Current conditions provide opportunities for significant
energy savings and application of control strategies in order to improve the energy efficiency
of the lighting system using the capabilities of the BMS. The prediction of luminance in the
rooms done using soft computing techniques or simulation based techniques as it is
described in the deliverables D4.1: “Simulation model of areas and buildings” and D4.2:
“Report of identification algorithms”, will be used for the optimization of artificial lighting
usage.
The control strategies have to follow the following principles:
- Lighting requirements/ levels
- Impact on the hospital operator’s activity
- Energy efficiency
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- Prediction of artificial lighting operation
- Payback time
The control strategies that will be implemented require input from sensors located in the
selected rooms. These sensors are connected to the BMS enabling monitoring and fault
detection of the system’s operations by the hospital employee. The desired control
strategies are based on the help of the following additional equipment connected to BMS
which helps improving the energy efficiency and reducing artificial lighting energy demand:
Sensors:
- Presence sensor
- Luminance sensor
Meters:
- Energy meter
Actuator:
- Relays used to open and close artificial lights
The presence sensor helps monitoring room occupancy patterns in order lighting be
more efficient. Luminance sensor guarantees the required level of luminance in the room
and also takes into account the natural lights in order to set control strategies which
minimize the energy consumption of the lights. The energy meter helps comparing the
consumptions before and after installation and identifies the saving potential of the
proposed solution set. In order to achieve validation of the proposed solution set software
simulation of the different strategies will indicate the estimated saving potential and
hardware installation will demonstrate them in real operational condition.
All the additional equipment is available to connect the existing BMS with N2
communication system and protocol. The following information and table summarize the
technical data of the new equipment to be used in this solution set.
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Presence sensor/Luminance sensor
This is one compact sensor and will be used together for the fan coils solution set and has
already been described with its technical data
Meters
The energy meter that will be used in order to measure energy consumption for artificial
lighting in the selected rooms has the same technical features as the one that will be used
for energy consumption of the fan in fan coils (Kamstrup 382L).
The control strategy will be integrated with the installation of three controllers. The
chosen controller FX07 is a terminal unit controller in the Facility Explorer range of products
and supports the N2 communication protocol of the hospital’s BMS. The controller is
designed specifically for commercial Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration
(HVACR) applications.
It is possible to connect up to 17 physical inputs and outputs to the FX07, including:
- four Analog Inputs (AIs) (software configurable)
- five Digital (Binary) Inputs (DIs)
- six Digital (Binary) Outputs (DOs)
- two Analog Outputs (AOs)
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Nose sensor
Presence/ luminance sensor
Energy meter
Flow and temperature meter
Controller
Table 53 new equipment to implement the selected solution sets
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3.2.4. HML
Two solution sets have been selected to be tested in HML.
- Heating and cooling generation system optimized management
- Optimized control strategies for Surgery Rooms ventilation
(1) Heating and cooling generation system optimized management
This solution aims at making more efficient and cost effective the heating and cooling
generation system considering the following parameters:
- Chillers and heat pumps COP
- Operating temperatures
- Ground saturation
- Energy source costs
- Load prediction
The output will be a daily schedule which optimizes the plant performance. To monitor
the plant performances different meters will be installed:
- One energy meter will measure the thermal output for each boiler
- One gas meter will measure the fuel consumption of each boiler
- One energy meter will measure the thermal output of each chiller
- One electrical meter will measure the consumption of each chiller and of each heat
pump
- Three energy meters will measure respectively the heating load, the cooling load and
the load delivered to the ground for each heat geothermal pump
(2) Optimized control strategies for Surgery Rooms ventilation
The solution aims at reducing the energy consumption for surgery rooms ventilation. The
high ventilation flow rates required by the norms for this category of rooms are responsible
for huge energy consumption.
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An innovative regulation system will be developed. Measuring specific particles inside
the operating room the ventilation flow rate will be regulated with the objective of
maintaining the number of particles under a well defined threshold.
The table below resumes the requirements established by the most important
international regulations dealing with operating theatres ventilation systems.
Table 54 Operating theatres ventilation systems requirements
The performance of the innovative control algorithms and the need to measure the
energy saving requires the installation of the following monitoring equipment:
- Probe for air sampling
- Air particles analyzer
- 3 energy meters, one for each heat exchanger to measure the thermal energy
consumption
- An electric meter to measure the fans consumption
Design Parameter Vic NSW Qld WA AHFG NHS AIA ASHRAE
UK USA USA
Room Size
General 42 36 36 36 & 42 37 & 42 55 37 -
Orthopaedic 50 42 42 52 52 55 56 -
Cardiac 50 50 50 52 52 55 56 -
Anterooms Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No -
Setup Opt Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NS -
Supply Air Flowrate (ACH) 20 NS 20 20 NS >15 20-25 >20
Supply air velocity (m/s) NS NS NS NS NS 1 NS 1.3-1.8
Min supply air velocity at table (m/s) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.17 0.2 0.1-0.3 0.13-0.18 -
Supply Air Filtration HEPA HEPA HEPA HEPA HEPA
HEPA not
req'd NS HEPA
Supply Air Turndown NS NS NS NS NS Yes - NS Yes - NS max 25%
Minimum Outdoor Air (ACH) AS1668.2 AS1668.3 8 5 AS1668.3 20% Min 3 Min 4
Return Air % 50 50 NS NS 50 0% NS 16
Exhaust Location Mid & Low Mid & Low High & Low
High Return & Low
Relief Mid & Low NS NS Hign & Low
Number of Ducts NS NS 4 NS NS NS 2 NS
Pressure Gradient +150-200 l/s +150-200 l/s +100-150 l/s NS +150-200 l/s
complex
table NS +150-200 l/s
Delta P between rooms 10 Pa 10 Pa 15 Pa NS 10 Pa 25 Pa min 2.5 Pa min 2.5 Pa
Airflow direction
+ve Clean-
>dirty
+ve Clean -
>dirty
+ve Clean-
>dirty +ve Clean->dirty
+ve Clean -
>dirty
+ve Clean-
>dirty out
+ve Clean-
>dirty
Room Temperature 16-27 16-24 18-24 18-26 16-24 20-23 17-25
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4. Preliminary solution-set energy savings
Interventions aiming at enhancing energy efficiency and at reducing environmental
impact of buildings and plants, largely pay for themselves thanks to energy and other
resources savings. The energy and economic evaluations of the interventions therefore
assume a considerable importance since the cost-effectiveness can be a discriminating
element to switch from the proposal to the realization.
After the description of the solution sets made in the previous chapters it is, therefore,
interesting to give a first estimation of the savings related to their implementation. This
chapter aims at giving some first saving estimation while more detailed evaluations on this
topic will be available in deliverable D2.4 - Report on data collection analysis and saving
potentials.
At this point of the project the analysis that can be done about saving potentials are still
preliminary, and based on data available in the literature and on the partners experience on
the areas interested by the chosen solutions.
More accurate and customized estimates will be made on the basis of the specific
features of the proposed solution and through algorithms that will be developed as part of
Work Package 4.
The simulation of the solution will allow both savings potential estimation and set point
characteristic optimization of the proposed solution in order to maximize the savings
achievable.
In the following paragraphs the areas of application of the solution set are presented
according to the methodology described below.
For each category of solution sets are shown:
- Description of the solution: it illustrates the solution in a synthetic way from a
technical point of view, but mainly focuses on the reasons that may make it particularly
convenient its implementation.
- Potential savings, expressed as annual percentage reduction of primary energy
consumption refers to the extent implemented
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- Economic return: expressed as a simple payback on investment from the
implementation of the measure
- Improvement of sustainability – the positive effects on the improvement of
sustainability are assessed and summarizes:
o E: containment of energy consumption
o R: reduce consumption of non-energy resources
o I: reduction of environmental impact (direct effects)
o C: improved comfort
- With reference to the Standard EN 15232:2012 [1], the functions of Building
Automation and Control Systems (BACS) that can be reached implementing the solution
presented are indicated.
Some notes need to be done before presenting the solution set analysis.
Energy tariffs
In assessing the economic viability of projects for energy efficiency, energy prices
fluctuations should be taken into account, despite they are difficult to predict. The rate of
change in energy prices varies a lot and the factors that determine their changes are:
demand, supply, stocks and spare capacity in OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries).
With reference to this project, another problem has to be faced: pilot cases belong to
different countries and energy costs are in some cases quite different. It depends both on
the type of energy supply (grid purchase, self-production), and on the energy bill structure of
each hospital belonging to different countries, that can vary a lot. For this reason, the energy
savings will be evaluated according to the energy costs emerged from the different audits.
As there are currently no available data regarding the costs of all energy sources used in the
pilot hospitals, in this phase it will be a percentage based evaluation.
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Financial analysis
The evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of a given intervention cannot abstract from two
fundamental information, that is the costs necessary to carry out a specific investment and
the savings that this can generate. Once this information are published, it is possible to
calculate the indicators of cost-benefit analysis by which to quantify the economic goodness
of a project. Furthermore if there are alternative solutions, the available information are
useful to identify the solution that provides the best convenience margins.
There are different methods of economic analysis used in the evaluation of energy
efficiency measures.
This phase of the analysis has been simplified considering the Pay-Back time as index for
the solution set evaluation because other financial parameters can vary among the different
countries.
During the solutions final design a deeper and customized analysis will be possible.
Pay Back Time
Pay Back Time (PBT) is certainly the most popular economic indicator and the easier to
understand also for non-experts.
PBT is the time in which the savings can recoup its investment, in other words the
number of years in which the benefits equal the costs of its implementation.
The payback time is a simple indicator, which considers only the various cash flows
without considering discount rates; it is useful to obtain an estimate of the goodness of a
project.
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4.1. HVAC Systems solutions
4.1.1. Ground source heat pump management
The solution consists in the improvement of the ground source heat pump system
already installed in a Hospital. The system installed already shows good performances, if
compared to traditional systems; in any case, it is possible to analyze and improve its
management on the basis of the experience gained in the last period.
The improvement can be the following:
- To control the sequencing of the modules
- To schedule heat pump operation on the capacity of the system
- To optimize the use of the different systems (GSHP, chillers boilers) on the basis of
outdoor conditions and thermal loads.
- Potential savings: 3 – 10 %
- Payback: 2 – 10 years
- Improvement of sustainability: E
- EN 15232 reachable functions:
3.7 Different generator control for cooling Class
The goal consists generally in minimizing the generator operation temperature
0 Constant temperature control
1 Variable temperature control depending on outdoor temperature
2 Variable temperature control depending on the load A Table 55 Ground source heat pump management EN 15232 reachable functions
3.8 Sequencing of different generators Class
0 Priorities only based on running times
1 Priorities only based on loads
2 Priorities based on loads and demand
3 Priorities based on generator efficiency A
4 Advanced Predictive Control based on modeling and multi-sensor storage management (added during first assessments)
A
Table 56 Ground source heat pump management EN 15232 reachable functions
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4.1.2. VFD installation on AHU
The measure consists of installation of Variable Frequency Drive on AHU’s motors in
order to reduce energy consumption due to useless ventilation. The VFD can be used to
reduce the maximum speed of the motor and to regulate the fraction of outdoor air to be
supplied in the rooms. Supplying the minimum of outdoor air, increasing the recirculation
fraction, brings energy saving because less energy is needed to bring return air to supply
conditions if compared to outdoor air that can be very cold or hot in the different seasons
[5].
- Potential savings: 5 (for a properly sized motor) – 50 % (for oversized systems)
- Payback: 1 – 7 years
- Improvement of sustainability: E
- EN 15232 reachable functions:
4.1 Air flow control at the room level Class
0 No automatic control
1 Time control
2 Presence control (if related to presence sensors) B
3 Demand control (if related to CO2 sensors) A Table 57 VFD installation on AHU EN 15232 reachable functions
4.2 Air flow or pressure control at the air handler level Class
0 No automatic control
1 On off time control
2 Multi-stage control
3 Automatic flow or pressure control A Table 58 VFD installation on AHU EN 15232 reachable functions
4.1.3. AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions
The operation of Air Handling Units, Fan Coils and more in general of HVAC systems
terminals can be improved in order to increase energy efficiency and, at the same time, to
maintain high levels of comfort conditions in occupied spaces.
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Many methods can be implemented to achieve these aims; they depend on the
characteristics of the system already installed and on the required sequence of operations
[6].
The most interesting possibilities of energy and comfort improvement are listed below
and they have been analyzed and proposed for the pilot Hospitals of this project.
- Maximization of use of free-cooling conditions
- Optimization of set point on the basis of outdoor air conditions (air temperature and
humidity – read and predicted) and indoor requirements (temperature, humidity, pressure,
flow rate)
- Remote control of the operations
- Supply air mix depending on presence of people
- Efficient use of cooling and heating coils
Note on energy and environmental benefits
The perception of comfort tends to minimize abnormal situations consistent with the
season, so few users will complain in the winter if it is too hot or too cold in the summer.
However, the excess deviation from nominal conditions of comfort leads to an increase of
the energy consumption for air conditioning which may be evaluated in a first approximation
proportionally to the difference between the actual temperatures and those of the project.
The energy benefits in some cases may be considerable, since, in particular in tertiary,
often air conditioning systems are not properly calibrated and do not maintain
environmental conditions consistent with those of the project.
- Potential savings: 10 – 40 %
- Payback: 1 – 3 years
- Improvement of sustainability: EC
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- EN 15232 reachable functions:
4.1 Air flow control at the room level Class
0 No automatic control
1 Time control
2 Presence control (if related to presence sensors) B
3 Demand control (if related to CO2 sensors) A Table 59 AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions EN 15232 reachable functions
4.2 Air flow or pressure control at the air handler level Class
0 No automatic control
1 On off time control
2 Multi-stage control
3 Automatic flow or pressure control A Table 60 AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions EN 15232 reachable functions
4.5 Free mechanical cooling Class
0 No automatic control
1 Night cooling
2 Free cooling
3 H,x- directed control A Table 61 AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions EN 15232 reachable functions
4.6 Supply air temperature control Class
0 No automatic control
1 Constant set point
2 Variable set point with outdoor temperature compensation
B
3 Variable set point with load dependent compensation A Table 62 AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions EN 15232 reachable functions
4.7 Humidity control Class
0 No automatic control
1 Dew point control
2 Direct humidity control A Table 63 AHU/Fan Coil Management Solutions EN 15232 reachable functions
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4.1.4. Data center Cooling System management
The solution consists in the data center cooling system management optimization. The
system is composed of chillers (water or air condensed) and an air distribution system. The
operation of this system can be improved in order to increase energy efficiency.
The most interesting possibilities of energy improvement for data center cooling system
are listed below and they are also referred in [7]. They have been analyzed and proposed for
the pilot Hospitals of this project.
- Maximization of use of free-cooling conditions
- Sequencing of the chillers depending on outdoor air temperature and performance
curve, with the possibility of forecasting IT load and outdoor air temperature.
- Remote control of the operations
- Use of storage to reduce peak load. (The concept behind cool storage systems is to
operate the system during off-peak electricity hours and use the stored coolness to satisfy a
building’s air-conditioning needs. Avoiding peak electricity hours will reduce electric bills.)
This system optimization is particularly useful to postpone the investments needed to
adapt the cooling system to a quickly growing infrastructure like an hospital data centre is.
- Potential savings: 10 – 20 %
- Payback: 4 – 11 years
- Improvement of sustainability: E
- EN 15232 reachable functions:
3.7 Different generator control for cooling Class
The goal consists generally in minimizing the generator operation temperature
0 Constant temperature control
1 Variable temperature control depending on outdoor temperature
2 Variable temperature control depending on the load A Table 64 Data center Cooling System management EN 15232 reachable functions
3.8 Sequencing of different generators Class
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0 Priorities only based on running times
1 Priorities only based on loads
2 Priorities based on loads and demand
3 Priorities based on generator efficiency A
4 Advanced Predictive Control based on modeling and multi-sensor storage management (added during first assessments)
A
Table 65 Data center Cooling System management EN 15232 reachable functions
4.5 Free mechanical cooling Class
0 No automatic control
1 Night cooling
2 Free cooling
3 H,x- directed control A Table 66 Data center Cooling System management EN 15232 reachable functions
The following functions have been added during the first solutions assessment in order
to directly evaluate the effects of a better management on Data Center cooling systems. In
the following tables the reachable classes are not indicated because the functions are not
directly addressed in EN 15232:2012 Standard.
Data center cooling, switch from active to free cooling (added during first assessments)
0 Manual
1 Based on a fixed set point external air temperature
2 Based on dynamic set point external air temperature (IT load measurement, self-learning system)
3 Predictive control algorithm (prediction of load and external air temperature)
Table 67 Data center Cooling System management reachable functions
In row unit management (added during first assessments)
0 No automatic control
1 Temperature based control
2 Temperature and load based control Table 68 Data center Cooling System management reachable functions
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Deliverable D2.2 Energy saving solution set description
4.2. Lighting system solutions
For lighting solutions, savings estimations and payback time are given for all the possible
solutions considered at the same time because they are usually implemented together to
give bigger benefits exploiting their synergic effect.
4.2.1. Installation of presence detectors
The measure involves the installation of occupancy sensors which can turn off
automatically the artificial lighting of the rooms when there is no presence of people.
The objective of this measure is to manage automatically the switching on and off of
artificial lighting within the rooms as a function of the presence or absence of persons
occupying them. The technologies used are three: passive infrared sensors, ultrasonic
sensors and dual-technology sensors.
Avoiding lighting when not useful generates electricity saving proportional to the time
when the room is not occupied by people.
The rationalized switching on as a function of the presence of persons and the
adjustment of adequate levels of illumination not only provide better energy efficiency, but
also a high level of visual comfort to users.
In the following table an estimated savings percentage of whole building electricity use
from various weather locations based on a percentage reduction in total building light power
density (LPD) from 10 to 70%. The table values also include the expected reduction in
electricity use of HVAC equipment associated with the reduced cooling required because of
reduced lighting energy (heat) to the building; the reduction can vary in the indicated range
on the different weather locations because of the impact of cooling reduction.
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Percent reduction in electricity use per year from reduction in lighting power*
Percent reduction in total lighting power
10% 2 - 4
20% 5 - 8
30% 8 - 12
40% 11 - 15
50% 13 - 19
60% 16 - 23
70% 18 - 27
* Includes savings from reduced lighting use and reduced HVAC electricity for cooling
Table 69 Lighting potential savings
An economic benefit to consider is that, with this strategy, the operating time of the
lamps lengthens.
4.2.2. Installation of daylight sensors
The solution involves the installation of sensors of daylight able to regulate the artificial
illumination as a function of the natural light.
The objective of this measure is to manage the artificial lighting system as a function of
natural light, avoiding illuminating the rooms in periods of the day in which the natural light
would be sufficient.
Using the sensors of daylight the adjustment of artificial light can occur in two ways: with
an on-off or in a gradual manner. The gradual adjustment allows for better integration of
natural light with artificial light also improving visual comfort.
Keeping a system of artificial lighting on when the natural light would be sufficient to
ensure the proper illumination is one of the major causes of energy waste of lighting systems.
This measure therefore proves to be effective, and energy benefits are considerable, in
particular for those zones in which the contribution of natural lighting is potentially large. An
economic benefit to consider is that with this strategy it lengthens the operating time of the
lamps [8] [9].
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In indoor rooms the best implementation of this solution is in combination with presence
detector; in this way the presence detection and the control of lighting level works together
minimizing the lighting switching on.
4.2.3. Installation of dimmer
This solution consists in the installation of devices that allow the user to adjust the
lighting according to the visual task.
The dimmers are regulators used for controlling the power consumed by a load (limiting
it); it acts by varying the time of supply of the load (duty cycle) thus transferring to it only
part of the sine wave voltage of the electricity grid (phase control modulation).
In the field of lighting, dimmers are used to regulate light intensity of incandescent or
halogen lamps. It cannot be used for the adjustment of discharge lamps unless they are
equipped with ballast that accepts the adjustment of the supply voltage. The best solution is
to use appropriate dimmable ballast with input for adjusting the luminous flux because more
efficient. The technology can also be applied to the illumination of outdoor areas, to operate
at reduced lighting systems during the middle of the night, when the places are rarely visited.
Using the electronic dimmers with low losses, the lower power consumption turns into
lower energy consumption.
4.2.4. Overall lighting solutions evaluation
- Potential savings: 3 – 24 %
- Payback: 2 – 10 years
- Improvement of sustainability: EC
- EN 15232 reachable functions:
5.1 Occupancy control Class
0 Manual on/off switch
1 Manual on/off switch + additional sweeping extinction signal
2 Automatic detection A
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Table 70 Lighting solutions EN 15232 reachable functions
5.2 Daylight control Class
0 Manual
1 Automatic A Table 71 Lighting solutions EN 15232 reachable functions
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5. Conclusions
A complete energy audit has been performed in the four pilot hospitals following the
energy audit procedure set in the first months of the project and reported in the deliverable
D2.1.
General information concerning the overall hospital buildings have been collected, while
specific data have been acquired concerning particular areas and specific subsystems. In this
case the contribution of occupants and subsystems managers has been fundamental to
collect data concerning the quantitative and the qualitative performance of each system.
The final result in the framework of the WP2 is a final list of solution sets that will be
tested in each pilot hospital. The final list of solution sets is summirized below:
AOR
- Data centre cooling optimization
- Smart lighting system
HVN
- Emergency zone Air Handling Unit Control
- Surgery theaters Air Unit Control
- Data centre cold water production management
SGH
- Fan coils management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic
- Artificial lighting management in selected rooms of the pediatric clinic
HML
- Heating and cooling generation system optimized management
- Optimized control strategies for Surgery Rooms ventilation
Finally, some preliminary considerations about the energy saving potential of each
solution set have been reported in order to better justified the subsystem selection.
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6. References
[1] ASHRAE TC 9.9: Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments – Expanded Data Center Classes and Usage Guidance, 2011
[2] Michel A. Bernier, Bernard Bourret: Pumping Energy And Variable Frequency Drives, ASHRAE Journal, December 1999
[3] EN 12464-1 norm: “Light and lighting – Lighting of work places Part 1: Indoor work places”, 2011
[4] eeMeasure project Deliverable D1.2 - Non residential methodology
[5] CEN UNI EN 15232: “Energy performance of buildings – Impact of Building Automation, Controls and Building Management”, 2012
[6] Andrew Kusiak, Mingyang Li: Cooling output optimization of an air handling unit, Elsevier 2009
[7] Wu, X, Mochizuki, M, Mashiko, K, Nguyen, T, Nguyen, T, Wuttijumnong, V, Cabusao, G, Singh, R and Akbarzadeh, A 2011, 'Cold energy storage systems using heat pipe technology for cooling data centers', Frontiers in Heat Pipes, vol. 2, pp. 1-7, 2011.
[8] VonNeida, Bill, Dorene Maniccia, and Allan Tweed. An Analysis of the Energy and Cost Savings Potential of Occupancy Sensors for Commercial Lighting Systems. Prepared by Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. August 2000.
[9] Richman, E. E., A. L. Dittmer, and J. M. Keller. Field Analysis of Occupancy Sensor Operation: Parameters Affecting Lighting Energy Savings. PNL 10135/UC 1600. Prepared by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy, September 1994.