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Energy & Power Meters History & Measurement Principle
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Transcript of Energy & Power Meters History & Measurement Principle
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Energy & Power Meters History &Measurement Principle
Ben Kemink
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2FORESIGHT
INNOVATIONQUALITY
History and Types of Energy & Power Meters
1960’s 70’s 80’s 90’s
Current Transformer Input
Torque Balanced Type
APR2
Time Division Multiplier
Type 2885 (50 - 400 Hz)
Digital Display Power Meters
2533 (DC, 10Hz - 20kHz)
Electro-dynamic Wattmeter
(50 - 60 Hz)Traditional
Stable Loads
Current Shunt Input 2532(DC,20Hz-400kHz))
WT1600 (DC,0.5Hz-1MHz))
WT230 (DC,0.5Hz-100kHz))
Digital Sampling Power Meters
WT3000 (DC, 0.1Hz-1MHz)
Traditional
Stable Loads
Single Shot Power MeterNew Generation
Un-Stable Loads
PZ4000 DC – 2MHz
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3FORESIGHT
INNOVATIONQUALITY
The heating-wire is very thin and easily burned out by an over-current.
This instrument can be used to measure both DC and AC.Frequency bandwidth Current: up to approx. 10 MHz Voltage: up to approx. 100 kHz
A moving coil instrument is used to indicate the result.
The thermocouple generates a DC-voltage proportionally to the temperature difference of the junction and the reference point.
Thermocouple WATT-meter
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4FORESIGHT
INNOVATIONQUALITY
This instrument can measure DC and AC.
Frequency bandwidth Current: up to approx. 1000 Hz Voltage: up to approx. 150 Hz
If fixed coils are representing the load-current and the moving coil the voltage-representative current, we are directly measuring electric power.
Electro-Dynamic WATT-meter
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5FORESIGHT
INNOVATIONQUALITY
Electro-Dynamic WATT-meter
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6FORESIGHT
INNOVATIONQUALITY
Thermal Watt Meter versus Electro-dynamic Meter
i
i
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7FORESIGHT
INNOVATIONQUALITY
T
0
).().(T
1 dttituAverage power
To A/D converter
Voltage input circuit
Current input circuit
RMS circuit
MEAN circuit
RMS circuit
u(t)
i(t)p(t)=u(t).i(t)
Low pass filter
Analogue multiplier
X
T
0T
1averageP p(t).dt
Analogue Measurement, Digital Readout
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8FORESIGHT
INNOVATIONQUALITY
Analogue calculation, Digital Readout
Yokogawa 2533E
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9FORESIGHT
INNOVATIONQUALITY
Time-division multiplication principle
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10
FORESIGHTINNOVATION
QUALITY
i(t)
u(t)
SampledInstantaneous current I(n)
SampledInstantaneous voltage value U(n)
DSP
Voltage input circuit
A/D
To next stage
Current input circuit
Digital Signal ProcessingI.U )n(
N
1n)n(N
1 Power Active
A/D
Today: WT-Family en PZ
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11
FORESIGHTINNOVATION
QUALITY
Digital Calculations and Display: WT-Family and PZ
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12
FORESIGHTINNOVATION
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Example of true digital type
Yokogawa 2531A
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FORESIGHTINNOVATION
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Measurement via DSP operation 32-bit floating point operation 80ns for WT2000
(250ms display update) 50ns for WT1000
(100ms display update)
Urms Irms W VA Var PF
Measurement via CPUcomputation
Range conversion Scaling
DSP versus CPU
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14
FORESIGHTINNOVATION
QUALITY
Energy & Power Measurement Trend
Requirement
1950s 1980s Present time Near future
Stability / Repeatability Accuracy / Bandwidth Real time / Analysis Efficiency / Control
Background Boom of house appliances Boom of Inverter Harmonics / Flicker Ecology / Energy
Object / Target Commercial frequency Static power Static power / Analysis Transient power
Sensing Coil CT, DC/CT Non inductive shunt High freq . probe/sensor
Method Moving coil Analog circuit or IC Digital circuit or IC Digital IC
Principle or
Acquisition
method
Electrodynamometer Feedback time divisionmultiplier system
Feedback pulse widthmodulation
Counting A/D C
DSP
Digital multiplier
Sampling A/D C
Real time FFT analysis
MEMORY
DSP
Sampling A/D C
Theme Accuracy Isolation / Software Probing/ CalibrationResponse
Fixedcoils
Movingcoil
Fixedcoil
Movingcoil Fixed
coil
Pointerof meter
V
A
A-D
LPF
CPU
V
A
A-D
A-D
CPUDSP
MEMORY
V
A
A-D
A-D
A-D
A-D
DSP
DSP
CPU CRT