ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN BHOPAL CITY

BY

Prof ( Dr.) Pavan Mishra Prof. Shashikant Nagpure Prof. R. K. Shukla

Director HOD HOD

Rajeev Gandhi Management Deptt Of Mechanical Girdhar College Of Engineering

Institute, Bhopal Girdhar College Of Management Mandideep,Bhopal

Mandideep,Bhopal

Abstract

In this paper, an attempt is made to prepare an energy management model for Bhopal city

along with policy recommendations for optimal energy utilization and management. At

the outset, the authors have reviewed the related literature on energy management in the

urban system. The entire work is divided into the following sections, such as, energy

resource assessment, energy and economy, energy and transportation, forecasting the

energy demand and supply, alternate energy sources and technologies, energy conservation

and demand-side management and energy management measures in India, and are

reviewed thoroughly and presented. Subsequently, an attempt is made to establish the

importance of energy in urban development by using Systems concept. Bhopal city has

been chosen for investigation in this study. A detailed methodology is developed for

organizing the survey at the grassroots level to evolve feasible strategies for optimal energy

management in the study area. An attempt is further made to assess the available energy

resource in the city, and the energy consumption by source wise in the city and estimating

the energy gap in the year 2011. The paper concludes with preparation of a detailed

energy management.

Key words: Energy, Resource Assessment, Economy, Organizations, Management

Article Outline

1. Introduction

2. Literature review

2.1. Energy consumption

2.2. Energy and environment

2.3. Energy and transportation.

2.4.Energy demand analysis and forecasting

2.5. Alternate energy sources and technologies

3. Energy management in Bhopal city

3.1. Study area profile

3.2. Methodology

3.3. Assessment of available energy resources

3.4. Assessment of energy consumption pattern

3.4.1. Domestic sector

3.4.2. Traffic and transportation profile of Bhopal city

3.5. Forecasting the demand and supply of energy

3.6. Optimal energy management in Bhopal city

3.7. Energy management model at city level

4. Conclusions

1. Introduction

Man's history is a living testimony to his growth from a mere medium-sized mammal to his

present position as the earth's dominant species by harnessing and manipulating energy at

each and every stage of his evolution. His increasing dependence on energy is an

unrealized truth. It is one of basic necessities of life; required both as a means of

production and to enhance the quality of life. In fact, a country's Gross Domestic Product is

a direct reflection of the central role of energy as an input.

There is an increasing realization of the deep impact of energy on the economy and

environment. It has been observed that even international relations among various

economies (developed and developing) are being governed by energy factor. The formation

of various groups having similar energy consumption and economic development

highlights this further. Energy statistics across the globe reveal a startling variation across

different regions. A wide disparity is observed with regard to energy consumption and

economic development. In fact, the richest 20 per cent of the world's population use 55 per

cent of the total final energy, the remaining (80 per cent) of the global population using

only the rest 45 per cent of final energy. Even across a nation, there are varied energy

consumption pattern in various zones. The economically prosperous states of Gujarat,

Punjab, Maharashtra, etc., show a high-energy consumption pattern

An attempt has been made in this paper to study the energy-consumption pattern and

available energy resources in a Bhopal city. Data has been collected from secondary and

primary sources. Primary survey has been done to estimate the consumption pattern of

various forms of energy in the domestic sector.

2. Literature review

Literature review—one of the important aspects of a research study gives the necessary

latest information pertaining to the various related issues, concerns and the latest

developments at global level taken to solve the given problem(s) in different contexts. A

number of publications, books, journals, technical papers, seminar proceedings, newsletter,

unpublished project reports, Ph.D thesis, M.E. dissertation, etc., have been studied to

understand the energy sector in urban context. The study has been dealt with under two

sections as follows.

2.1. Energy consumption

Man's dependence on commercial/non-commercial energy is increasing day by day with

increasing urbanization and population growth. World primary energy consumption

increased by 2.7 per cent in 2005, against a strong growth of 4.4 per cent in 2004. Growth

slowed from 2004 in every region and for every fuel. The strongest increase in energy

consumption was again observed in the Asia Pacific region, which rose by 5.8 per cent,

while North America once more recorded the weakest growth, at 0.3 per cent whereas

China accounted for more than half of global energy consumption growth .

In India, industrial sector consumes about half of the total final commercial energy,

followed by transport sector. The energy intensity in all the sectors is very high as

compared to the developed economies. Energy consumption pattern in the residential

sector varies widely not only among the rural and urban areas, but also across various

income classes. The heterogeneity of the social fabric and disparity in lifestyles result in a

wide range in the standards of living and ways of satisfying energy requirements.

2.2. Energy and environment

Energy has strong socio-economic and environmental linkages. Most of the environmental

problems that confront mankind today are connected to the use of energy in one-way or

another. There is a discernible human influence on global climate .The human benefits of

energy production, supply and consumption frequently have an environmental downside

that may in turn affect human health and quality of life. These ill effects related to

increased energy use have risen considerably with increasing energy demand in recent

decades. Some of the problems accompanying energy supply include soil, water, air, noise

pollution, ozone depletion, greenhouse gas effects, risks of nuclear energy use, genetic

disorders, large-scale destruction of landscapes due to the extraction of fossil-fuels,

maritime pollution, ecological consequences of hydropower projects leading to massive

interference with ecosystems, catastrophic accidents like Chernobyl, etc. Energy

development and environment therefore, need to be integrated and not seen as adversaries

to find a way towards sustainable energy development.

2.3. Energy and transportation

Two salient features highlighting the modern civilization are the ever-growing magnets of

urbanization and industrialization. Urban centers are attractive magnets for the surrounding

areas due to ample employment opportunities, better infrastructure, educational facilities,

etc. An efficient transport network becomes an inevitable necessity and it becomes one of

the biggest challenges to the Authorities of the urban systems. Bigger the level of

urbanization and economy, greater is the challenge. Transport does play a significant role

in the over all development of a nation's economy. However, this sector also accounts for

substantial and growing proportion of air pollution in cities. This sector is a major

consumer of petroleum fuels. Almost half of the total consumption of petroleum products

in India is attributed to the transport sector mostly in the form of gasoline and high-speed

diesel.

Transport demand can be classified under three broad categories depending on the lead

distances, namely urban and suburban transport, regional and national transport, and

international transport. The first two categories are more important with regard to energy

consumption and environmental impacts. Factors like absence of good transport system,

failure of railways to meet the increasing freight and passenger travel demand and

increased mobility has led to increasing pressure on personalized transport (which is many

times more energy intensive besides the extra environmental costs). Supply security,

congestion and substantial air pollution in urban areas calls for an urgent need to make the

transport policy sustainable and energy efficient. Various case studies done in the

metropolitan cities in India suggest this dire requirement.

2.4. Energy demand analysis and forecasting

A reasonable knowledge of present and past energy consumption and future demand are

primary requirements for energy planning. An accurate energy demand forecasts is

primarily required to enable timely, reasonable and reliable availability of energy supplies

to ensure proper functioning of the economy. Errors in demand projections lead to

shortages of energy, which may have serious repercussions on economic growth, and

development of a nation.

Demand forecasts can be made either on the basis of statistical evaluation and projections

of past consumption or on the basis of specific micro studies. Energy demand models are

used to aid planners and policy makers in evaluating past experiences, studying the impact

of future policies and forecasting demand for planning purposes.

2.5. Alternate energy sources and technologies

A renewed interest is being paid to alternate energy sources and technologies across the

globe with increasing pressure on the conventional sources of energy. Non-

conventional/renewable energy technologies have a role to play in socio-economic

development and It is necessary to use Renewable energy technologies for two reasons:

• Inability of conventional systems to meet the growing energy demands in an equitable

and sustainable manner; and

• Large-scale adverse impacts of conventional energy production and consumption on the

physical and human environment.

India is the only country in the world with an independent ministry, Ministry of Non-

conventional Energy Sources (MNES) established in 1992, for the promotion of renewable

energy technologies.

The key issues facing renewable energy technologies depend on their level of technological

maturity and the kind of market they face. Key issues in the sector are found to be related

to high initial cost of Renewable energy technologies, pricing of conventional energy, lack

of indigenous R&D demonstration, lack of public awareness, lack of requisite

infrastructure, etc.

3. Energy management in Bhopal city

With this knowledge, we have attempted to study the energy consumption, demand pattern

for Bhopal city as a case study, using primary and secondary sources of data, estimating the

shortages in the year 2011 A.D. and giving recommendations and policy guidelines to be

adopted for the energy management in the study area.

3.1. Study area profile

Bhopal city, the capital of Madhya Pradesh State is the urban system taken for this

investigation Bhopal , Capital of Madhya Pradesh which the area under the Municipal

Corporation limits is 285 km2 . The total population of the city grew from 10.62 lakh in

1991 to 14.33 lakh in 2001. The Population Density of Bhopal 15 person per hours (PPH).

The city, being a capital city, is an administrative center commanding and influencing a

vast region. It is an important educational and commercial center with negligible industries.

3.2. Methodology

Random sampling technique has been adopted to carry out the required primary

survey in the study area. The area coming under the jurisdiction of Municipal

Corporation has been considered for investigation. For the purpose of having good

development administration, the municipal area is divided into six administrative

zones and 56 wards. The Investigators have studied carefully the zonal

administrative boundaries and the ward boundaries to have equal representation in

the survey among different socio-economic groups. Further, four zones are selected

purposely since the other two zones are almost identical to selected zones and is

presented . These all selected zones have good number of wards, of which 20

wards are chosen by employing random sampling technique, which represent all

selected four zones. Further, 100 households were chosen from all the selected

wards by employing random sampling techniques to conduct the survey and the

method employed for selecting the households is presented .The surveyed houses

have been classified into various income groups with annual income less than Rs.

60,000, Rs. 60,000–1,20,000, Rs. 1,20,000–2,00,000 and greater than Rs 2,00,000

per annum. An attempt has been made to achieve an exact representation of various

groups as they actually exist.

3.3. Assessment of available energy resources

The primary requirement for preparation of an optimal energy management plan of a city is

to rightly assess the availability of energy resources in the existing system. This includes

the conventional supply of energy in the existing system as well as the potential sources

(explored and unexplored) which can be used to augment the energy supply. Based on the

existing supply, estimates can be made about the gap between energy demand and supply

in the future.

Energy use at the local level is classified into fuel wood, charcoal, coal, petroleum

products, and electricity. These types of energy are transported and distributed by various

agencies (Central government agencies, State government agencies, private contractors,

etc.) for using the same in domestic, commercial, industrial and transport sectors. Owing to

the great difficulties in getting data for bio-fuels (firewood, chips, charcoal, etc., for which

market is highly unorganized) and kerosene consumption, they have not been considered

for assessment in the given investigation. The following section deals with assessment of

current and potential energy sources for Bhopal city:

(1) Electricity: The authority responsible for supplying electricity to the city is Madhya

Pradesh State Electricity Board (MPSEB). The requirement of electricity in the city is not

very high as the city lacks industrial base. The year wise electricity consumption in the city

is presented.

Table

Electricity consumption (MU) pattern in Bhopal city

Sl.

no. Sector

2000-

2001

2002–

2003

2004–

2005

2006–

2007

1 Commercial 230 298 384 484

2 Domestic 862 998 899

3 Small/medium industries 45 46 66 49

4 Large and heavy industries 98 117 128 113

5 Public tubewells 97 106 66 101

6 Street light 38 40 29 41

7 Jal Sansthan 61 60 60 63

8 State tubewells and pump canals 14 15 15 15

9 World Bank tubewell 4 4 4 4

Total 1449 1252 1368 1520

Percentage increase in electricity

consumption — 101.0 9.3 11.1

Source: Bhopal Electricity Supply Authority (LESA), Bhopal.

The table clearly illustrates that domestic sector is the biggest consumer of electricity in the

city, followed by the commercial sector. The low electricity consumption in industrial

sector is a clear representative of the non-industrial nature of the city.

(2) Petrol and diesel: The city is supplied with petrol 144000 kiloliter/year

and diesel 126000 kiloliter from the various petrol pumps of the city. The

demand for petrol and diesel has been found to be increasing at the rate of 6

and 10 per cent per annum, respectively.

3.4. Assessment of energy consumption pattern

A typical Indian urban system is a heterogeneous mix of varying energy consumption

pattern amongst various sections of society and in different sectors. Greater is the size of

urban center; greater is its energy requirement. Even among the urban centers of same size

and population, great variations are found with regard to energy consumption. A number of

factors are responsible for this, such as, urban form, type of transport system and

management, modern technology penetration and adoption, price of fuels, economic base,

economic status of people, lifestyle, awareness regarding energy–environment linkages,

etc. Domestic and transport sectors are considered to be two great energy consumers and

have been considered to study the energy consumption pattern in this investigation.

3.4.1. Domestic sector

The energy consumption pattern and the sources of energy are varying and it is directly

related to income, living standard and various other factors, which helped in arriving at

plausible recommendations in the later part of the study.

• Number of households and population distribution: In the present study, 100 households

have been surveyed from different parts of the city. The surveyed schedules are classified

into four groups on the basis of their income, and the results are presented. Table: Number

of households in the sample survey in Bhopal (income in Rs/year)

Sl.

no. Income

Total no. of

households Percentage Population %age

Household

size

1 < 60,000 21 21.0 127 27.5 6.05

2 60,000–1.2 lacs 27 27.0 102 22.0 3.78

3 1.2–2 lacs 27 27.0 115 24.4 4.25

4 > 2 lacs 25 25.0 118 25.6 4.72

Total 100 100.0 462 100.0

Source: Field survey conducted by the Investigators in Bhopal.

• Vehicular distribution: Bhopal, though a capital state lacks a good public transportation

system. The people, therefore, prefer to use personal vehicles. The distribution of vehicles in

different income groups of the sample household is presented. It shows a high percentage of

two-wheelers. The ownership of vehicles shows an increasing trend along with increase in

income. The higher income groups prefer four-wheelers for going to work place and nearby

towns, whereas for market they prefer using two-wheelers. The lower income group people

are more dependent on two-wheelers and public transportation.

• Consumption pattern of electricity: Electricity is one of the most widely used commercial

energy in the urban system. It is available in refined form, and hence it is very easy to use,

as compared to other energy resources. More electrical energy-based appliances are being

used with technology improvement. Consumption pattern of electricity at household level

has been studied carefully and presented . The table illustrates that the per capita electricity

consumption is increasing along with the increase in income, highlighting the strong link

between electricity consumption and income.

Table.

Consumption pattern of electricity in the sample survey in Bhopal in

the year 2001 (income in Rs/year)

Sl.

no.

Income Qty. of electricity used

(units/month)

Percentage Per capita

consumption

(units/month)

1 < 60,000 1155 4.9 9.09

2 60,000–1.2 lacs 5960 25.8 58.43

3 1.2–2 lacs 7175 30.9 62.39

4 >2 lacs 8900 38.4 75.42

Total 23,190 100.0

Source: Field survey conducted by the Investigators in Bhopal in 2001.

• Consumption pattern of petrol and diesel: Bhopal city has radial pattern. The work nodes

are centered so people have to come from far off places to these central nodes. Petrol

consumption is high in this sector while diesel use is less as presented . The table indicates

the lack of a strong public transport system and high ownership and usage of personalized

vehicles by the high-income group people in the system.

Table .

Consumption pattern of petrol and diesel in the sample survey in

Bhopal in the year 2001 (income in Rs/year)

Sl. no. Income Consu

mption

of

petrol/

month

(litres)

Percent

age

Per

capita

consum

ption

(liters/

month)

Consu

mption

of

diesel/

month

(litres)

Percent

age

Per

capita

consum

ption

(liters/

month)

1 < 60,000 80 3.3 0.63 0 0 0

2 60,000–1.2

lacs

560 23.3 5.49 0 0 0

3 1.2–2 lacs 852 35.5 7.41 64 64 0.56

4 >2 lacs 908 37.9 7.69 0 0 0

Total 2400 100 64 100

Source: Field survey conducted by the Investigators in Bhopal in 2001.

3.4.2. Traffic and transportation profile of Bhopal city

Energy and transportation have strong linkages. A detailed study has therefore, been

considered in this study. The salient features of the study pertaining to transportation can

be enlisted as follows:

(i) Roads

• Transport modes and growth of vehicles

� Main public modes: city bus, tempo, cycle rickshaw, carts.

� Predominance of slow moving vehicles nearly 70 percent.

� Share of public slow mode is higher than the public fast mode.

� Most of the existing road bridges are overloaded.

� Main junctions/intersections within the city overloaded.

� Lack of parking facilities.

� Lack of proper control and traffic management measures.

� Being a capital city and center stage of politics, a lot of rallies and processions carried

out by various political parties take place in the central core area creating acute traffic

chaos.

3.5. Forecasting the demand and supply of energy

Having knowledge of the potential demand for various fuels and energy types and the then

prevalent supply of energy, if the conditions remain unchanged, is quintessential for any

policy preparation. Owing to the rapid rate of change due to various factors, the forecasting

has been done only for a short period, year 2001–2011.

• Population: The forecasted population in the year 2011 will be 18.20lakh and the total

increase in population will be 3.87lakh.

• Electricity, petrol, diesel and LPG: The estimated requirements and shortfall of

electricity, petrol, diesel and LPG are presented.

Table .

Estimated requirement and shortfall of electricity, petrol and diesel in 2011

Sl.

no.

Energy

type

Unit Req in

2001

Req in

2011

Estimated

shortfall

in 2011

Assumed average growth

rate per capita per annum

for projections (%)

1 Electricity MWh 1,403,307 4,258,980 3,359,889 10

2 Petrol KL 84,886 257,730 185,975 6

3 Diesel KL 136,831 354,904 218,073 10

Source: Calculated by the Investigators based on discussion in the text.

3.6. Optimal energy management in Bhopal city

In the light of the studies taken in detail for domestic and transport sectors, the two major

consumers of energy, a plausible set of policy guidelines has been proposed for feasible

and workable management of energy in Bhopal city. The recommendations can be put

under three broad categories viz.,

(i) Methods of supply augmentation.

(ii) Energy efficiency and conservation measures/ DSM.

(iii) Policy measures to be taken by the Government Authorities.

4.6.1. Methods of supply augmentation

This section primarily deals with augmentation of electricity supply through non-

conventional technologies and innovative methods.

• Promotion of market development and infrastructure development for propagation of

renewable energy technologies

The city has a nodal agency for renewable energy called, Non-conventional Energy

Development Agency (NEDA). Inspite of this, the household survey reveals that the

market penetration of these renewable energy technologies is very poor. The barriers to the

commercialization of Renewable Energy Technologies like lack of user confidence,

information dissemination, unreliable after-sales service, lack of credit infrastructure,

poorly developed markets, etc. need to be removed.

Solar photovoltaic and solar thermal have a good potential in the area and the technologies

should be made more popular. To improve market penetration, subsidy should be directed

for promoting market development and infrastructure development at the local level.

• Transport sector

Transportation sector accounts for major part of the city's fossil fuel consumption. The

energy consumption in this sector is found to be increasing at the rate of 10 per cent per

annum and this demand is bound to increase in future. Given the increasing energy crunch,

there is an urgent need for introducing energy-efficiency and energy-conservation

measures in this sector. There are five principal ways to influence transport systems

efficiency and reduce energy consumption, as discussed under:

(i) Urban land-use planning

Urban land-use planning can optimize transportation activity by allowing public

transportation to lay a substantial role. This is a long-term measure.

Bhopal is following a concentric model of growth There are few major nodes occupying

the central part of the city. Everybody has to commute from far-off places to these central

nodes. The problem being further compounded by the absence of an efficient mass

transportation system. If the present system prevails, very soon citizens will be wasting 50

per cent of their working time on streets negotiating to reach their destinations. Thus, the

restructuring of urban pattern is a necessity to make the city compatible for the operation of

an efficient mass transport system.

(i) Modal mix

The differences in specific energy consumption per passenger-km for the different modes

of motorized travel clearly indicate that the car and two-wheeler consume about two to

three times more quantity of energy on a direct and indirect basis than the collective land

transport modes. The efficiency potential thus makes it very clear that public transport need

to be given patronage. Efficient use of intermediate public transport combined with mass

transportation system will reduce the use of private vehicles.

(ii) Behavioral and operational aspects

These are mainly non-technical and non-vehicle-related influences on the actual

consumption of a vehicle, such as, driving behavior, road conditions and traffic flow.

Making the driver visually aware of the excessive fuel consumption, in particular, can

correlate driving behavior. Increasing congestion, however, diminishes possible gains in

vehicle fuel efficiency (whatever little is there).

(iii) Traffic management

To achieve a sustainable and energy-efficient urban transport, the traffic management has

to be made effective. Some of the recommendations in this regard for Bhopal city can be as

follows:

• To distribute the traffic volume on main corridors, it is suggested the timings of offices,

schools, financial institutions, and commercial establishments should be segregated.

• Terminal facilities for public transport to be planned at outer cordon areas.

• The existing parking facility on all major roads and commercial areas is highly

inefficient. An in-depth study need to be done in this regard and accordingly, a holistic plan

need to be made and implemented to increase the parking facility in major areas.

• The existing public transport system and intermediate transport system is very inefficient

and time consuming. There are no well-designed terminals and the buses stop anywhere.

People, especially those using two-wheelers are willing to use public transport if the latter

is made efficient.

• The outer ring road provides a bypass to through traffic between major and National and

State highways and, if completed can greatly reduce the congestion in the core area. This

will also reduce the energy consumption to a considerable extent. The project therefore,

need to be completed on a priority basis.

3.6.3. Policy measures to be taken by the government authorities

Some of the broad measures to be taken by the Authorities are as follows:

• The electricity pricing structure should be re-shapened. The subsidies from residential

and agriculture sectors need to be removed, as it often results in apathy on the part of end-

users with regard to energy conservation. Incentives can be given to big establishments and

large consumers to invest in energy efficient measures.

• Metering system underwent a change with the introduction of electronic meters in the

city. However, meter tampering has often been reported. Theft rates are quite high in the

city. Metering should be done at all the feeder lines.

• Various building codes with focus on energy-efficient and cost-effective buildings need

to be introduced by the Development Authority.

3.7. Energy management model at city level

An energy management model has been proposed at city level. This can be applied for

other cities as well. The formation of a managing body has been proposed. The body will

have all the necessary information—the overall energy scenario—with regard to

production, supply, present requirements and future requirements of the city. A database

has also been proposed for this, as it will act as a useful tool for the managing body. The

structure of the body is presented .

• At the highest level of the body, there will be a Chief Managing Director. He will monitor

the functions of the body and will keep a track on various activities of the body.

• The body will be divided into three sections, each headed by a Deputy Chief Managing

Director:

(A) Electricity;

(B) Petroleum products;

(C) Renewable energy technologies (RETs)/Non-conventional methods.

In the proposed model, the administration will have the knowledge about the demand and

supply of energy by product wise, in different sectors and from different sources. In case

the quantity of energy requirement is very high in a particular season, it will be

communicated to the respective DSM departments by the field officers. The respective

departments Managing Directors will report the matter to the respective Deputy Chief

Managing Directors, who in turn will report to the Chief Managing Director. In the model,

the Managing Directors are empowered to take necessary timely action to solve the

problem and to keep transparency in the system the field officers can directly meet the

Chief Managing Director, if required. In case of higher demand and lesser supply, the

Chief Managing Director will in turn request the production system at State and National

levels for augmenting/diverting the supply. He will also look at the possibility of supplying

the increased demand through the RET section at local level. All the Managing Directors

will have meeting with the respective Deputy Chief Managing Director, and the Deputy

Chief Managing Directors will have meeting with the Chief Managing Director for making

policies and their implementation. A detailed database shall be maintained by each section,

which will be regularly monitored for policy appraisal and necessary action. The proposed

model, if implemented, will pave the way for efficient energy management at city level.

4. Conclusions

The modern world of globalization and urbanization is ruled by energy equations. It is

undoubtedly, one of the basic necessities of life. The condensed literature study review of

the various linkages highlights this paramount role of energy. A study of various energy

management measures taken in the country, show a lacuna at micro-level. An attempt has,

thereafter, been made to assess available energy sources and prevailing energy

consumption pattern in the domestic sector and transport sector of Bhopal city. Having

taken a detailed investigation of the prevalent energy consumption trends, the paper

concludes with the policy guidelines and recommendations to be adopted to meet the

energy challenge presented by year 2011. Methods have been suggested for taking supply

augmentation measures as well as demand-side management measures. The model

presented, if implemented by the proposed administration promises to encourage energy

savings and make optimum utilization of the available energy resources in the city.

(Prof.( Dr.) Pavan Mishra) (Shashikant Nagpure) (Prof. R.K.Shukla)