Energy Management: 2013/2014 Industrial Energy Use SGCIE and Primary Energy Evaluation Methods Class...
Transcript of Energy Management: 2013/2014 Industrial Energy Use SGCIE and Primary Energy Evaluation Methods Class...
Energy Management: 2013/2014
Industrial Energy UseSGCIE
and Primary Energy Evaluation Methods
Class # 6
Prof. Tânia [email protected]
Cement, ceramics, glass, lime
Aluminium, copper, nickel
Plastics and fertilizers
GEA, 2012
Final Energy Use in Industry in 2005
Final Energy Use in Industry in 2005
• World Industrial final energy use in 2005 is 115EJ
• The bulk of industrial energy use is due to the production of a small number of energy intensive commodities:
– Chemicals and petrochemicals and the iron and steel sector account for approximately half of all industrial energy used worldwide.
• Other sectors that account for a significant share of industrial energy use:
– non-ferrous metals, non-metallic minerals and the pulp and paper sector.
Cement, ceramics, glass, lime
Aluminium, copper, nickel
Plastics and fertilizers
GEA, 2012
Final Energy Use in Industry in 2005
The bulk of industrial energy use isin developing economies (80% pop.)
World production of key materials
• Higher growth rates from the 90’ and then from the 2000’ onwards
World production of key materials
• Higher growth rates from the 90’ and then from the 2000’ onwards
• Heterogeneous growth
World Production of key materials
• Growth rates between 2000-2007– Per-capita demand for materials increases with
income and economic development and then stabilizes
World Production of key materials
• Growth rates between 2000-2007– Per-capita demand for materials increases with
income and economic development and then stabilizes (exceptions: paper and aluminium)
China is atypical
World Production of key materials
• Growth rates between 2000-2007– Per-capita demand for materials increases with
income and economic development and then stabilizes (exceptions: paper and aluminium)
Industrial Energy Intensity
• Industrial energy intensity - energy use per unit of production or VA (UNIDO, 2010):– It differs between different products and sectors
– And for the same products/sector?
Industrial Energy Intensity
• Industrial energy intensity - energy use per unit of production or VA (UNIDO, 2010):– It differs between different products and sectors
– It changes in time due to technological inovations
Industrial Energy Intensity
• Industrial energy intensity - energy use per unit of production or VA (UNIDO, 2010):– It differs between different products and sectors
– It changes in time due to technological inovations
• Industrial energy intensity - energy use per unit of production or VA (UNIDO, 2010):– It differs between countries for similar products
Industrial Energy Intensity
• Industrial energy intensity - energy use per unit of production or VA (UNIDO, 2010):– It differs between countries for similar products WHY?
Industrial Energy Intensity
Industrial Energy Intensity
• Industrial energy intensity - energy use per unit of production or VA (UNIDO, 2010):– It differs between countries for similar products
• Access to resources (steel from steel recycling is 8 GJ/ton while from iron ore is 20.6 GJ/ton)
• Energy Prices
• Plant size and age of capital stock
• Capital cost (more efficient capital is also more expensive - interest rates)
• Awareness of energy efficiency measures and opportunity cost
• Government policies
Energy Benchmark Curve
• Management tool to compare similar plants in energy use and energy efficiency (improvment potential)
SECEEI
BPT
more efficient
Energy efficiency index
Specific energy consumption
Benchmarking Industrial Energy Use
Benchmarking Industrial Energy Use
Benchmarking Industrial Energy Use
• Average 10-20% or 30-35% improvment potential– Lower than for other energy uses (e.g. in buildings is close to
50%)
World Sankey Diagram in 2005
IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012
Industrial Energy Intensity
• Industrial energy intensity (energy use per unit of VA):
– Depends on what?
Industrial Energy Use
VA
Industrial Energy Intensity
• Industrial energy intensity (energy use per unit of VA):– Efficiency
– Sectoral Structure
• Industrial energy intensity (energy use per unit of VA):
– Efficiency
– Sectoral Structure
Industrial Energy Intensity
Industrial Energy Use
VA
Energy Use in Industry
• SGCIE (DL 71/2008) – Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia (Energy Management System for Intensive Energy Consumers)
SGCIE
• SGCIE (DL 71/2008) – Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia (Energy Management System for Intensive Energy Consumers)
– It promotes energy efficiency for big primary energy consumers
– It promotes clean primary energy fuels mix
SGCIE
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• Domain of Application– All entities with an annual primary energy consumption
higher than 500 toe (1 toe = 41868 MJ)– Exceptions: Cogeneration facilities, transport entities
and buildings
• Supervision– DGEG
• Management – ADENE
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• Obligations (for IEC entities)– Promote the registration of facilities– Perform Energy Audits
• Every 6 years for entities 1000 toe
• Every 8 years for entities from 500 to 1000 toe
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• Obligations (for IEC entities)– Develop Energy Racionalization Plans
• Every measure with payback lower than 5 years must be implemented in the first 3 years for entities 1000 toe
• Every measure with payback lower than 3 years must be implemented in the first 3 years for entities from 500-1000 toe
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• Obligations (for IEC entities)– Develop Energy Racionalization Plans
• Energy Intensity must decrease 6% in 6 years for entities 1000 toe
• Energy Intensity must decrease 4% in 8 years for entities from 500 to 1000 toe
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• What is the relationship between the Energy Intensity obtained using the definition in SGCIE and the energy specific consumption obtained with the block diagrams methodology?
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1 3 A 1 23
3 3
E E +E +ECE = =
m m
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• The Energy Intensity obtained using the definition in SGCIE is the same obtained with the block diagrams methodology if:– There is only one product– The energy specific consumptions of the inputs is zero
8 (produção 1)
A
C
D
E
B
2
1
F
G
1413
1211
Electricity
Fueloil
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• Obligations (for IEC entities)– Develop Energy Rationalization Plans
• The carbon intensity must not increase
– Why a goal on carbon intensity?
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• Obligations (for IEC entities)– Develop Energy Rationalization Plans
• The carbon intensity must not increase
– Why a goal on carbon intensity?• Promote less polutant energy mixes (do not increase
energy efficiency by replacing less polutant energy forms with more polutant ones)
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for CO2 emissions and primary energy– Despacho nº 17313/2008
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for CO2 e emissions and primary energy– For primary fuels:
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for primary energy– For electricity (in kWh per toe)?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de Petróleo
Gás Natural(*)
Termo-electricida
de
Lenhas e Resíduos Vegetais
Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos
Biogás
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 35 40 41 44
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 61 957 182 765 19 729
Thermoelectricity produced with coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, urban waste and biogas
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for primary energy– For electricity:
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de Petróleo
Gás Natural(*)
Termo-electricida
de
Lenhas e Resíduos Vegetais
Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos
Biogás
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 35 40 41 44
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 61 957 182 765 19 729
Thermoelectricity produced with coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, urban waste and biogas
06
2 325 57045%
2 444 703 475 571+1 970 751 61 957+1 82 765+1 9 7290.45 41868
kWh0.45toe 0.45 41868MJ 3.6 5234kWh toe1toe toe toe
1kWh needs 191 10 toe
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for primary energy– For electricity:
– What would happen to this coefficient if we consider cogeneration?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de Petróleo
Gás Natural(*)
Termo-electricida
de
Lenhas e Resíduos Vegetais
Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos
Biogás
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 35 40 41 44
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 61 957 182 765 19 729
Thermoelectricity produced with coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, urban waste and biogas
06
2 325 57045%
2 444 703 475 571+1 970 751 61 957+1 82 765+1 9 7290.45 41868
kWh0.45toe 0.45 41868MJ 3.6 5234kWh toe1toe toe toe
1kWh needs 191 10 toe
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for primary energy– For electricity:
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de Petróleo
Gás Natural(*)
Termo-electricida
de
Lenhas e Resíduos Vegetais
Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos
Biogás
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 35 40 41 44
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 61 957 182 765 19 729
Thermoelectricity produced with coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, urban waste and biogas
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Petróleo
Gás Natural
(*)
Gases o Outros
Derivados
Termo-electricidade
CalorResíduos
IndustriaisRenováveisSem Hídrica
2008 22= 15 +
2123
30 = 24 a 29
35 37 38 46 = 39 a 45
Cogeração 6.7
834 520 626 392 24 379 - 485 426 -1 472 450 2 523 974 514
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for CO2 emissions
– For electricity (in kg CO2 e per kWh)?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de Petróleo
Gás Natural(*)
Termo-electricidade
Lenhas e Resíduos Vegetais
Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos
Biogás
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 35 40 41 44
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 61 957 182 765 19 729
4111.4 kg CO2 e/toe3236.4 kg CO2 e/toe
2348.8 kg CO2 e/toe
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for CO2 emissions
– For electricity (in kg CO2 e per kWh)
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de Petróleo
Gás Natural(*)
Termo-electricidade
Lenhas e Resíduos Vegetais
Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos
Biogás
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 35 40 41 44
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 61 957 182 765 19 729
4111.4 kg CO2 e/toe3236.4 kg CO2 e/toe
2348.8 kg CO2 e/toe
2
2
4111.4 2 444 703 3236.4 475 571 2348.8 1 970 751 kg CO e2 325 570 41868
kWh3.6
0.6kg CO e kWh
IC
IC
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for CO2 emissions and primary energy– For electricity:
– Conversão directa de kWh em tep?
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for CO2 emissions and primary energy– For electricity:
– Conversão directa de kWh em tep?• 1kWh=3.6MJ=3.610-3/41.87 tep = 86 10-6
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
SGCIE
• Conversion coefficients for CO2 emissions and primary energy– For vapor:
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
Exercise
• A factory produces 2 end products: P1 and P2. These products follow the production process shown in the diagram below, with P1 = 50000 ton/year and P2 = 30000 ton/year. The operation G treats the effluents from E and F. These two (E and F) are the only productive operations that generate waste, and SE = 1.2, SF = 1.3. In operation G, only 20% of the input effluent, exits the process as waste. The values of composition are as follows: f4 = 0.4, f6 = 0.5. The table presents the specific consumption of each operation. Consider that for electricity: 0.215 kgep/kWh & 0.47 kg CO2e/KWh and for fueloil 0.984 kgep/kg & 3236.4 kg CO2e/toe
a) What is the carbon intensity of this factory?A B C D E F G H
Electricidade (kWh/ton produto) 100 20 30 20 20 20
Thick Fuel Óleo (kg/ton produto) 50 60 50
8 (produção 1)
A
C
D
E
B
2
1
F
G
1413
1211
10 (produção 2)
3
4
5
6
7
9
Energy Management
Class # 6 :: Block Diagrams (cont.) & LCA & SGCIE
Exercise
8 (produção 1)
A
C
D
E
B
2
1
F
G
1413
1211
10 (produção 2)
3
4
5
6
7
9
3 4 5 6
7 9 10 11 12 2
3 4 8
8 8 10 10
100 20 300.215 0.47
20 20 20 kg CO
50 60 0.984 3.2364
CE CE kgoe
m m m m
m m m m m
m m mCI
m m
Primary Energy Valuation Methods
• Primary Energy flows that are not heat are not easily compared with the heat that fuels can deliver (e.g. ….)
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with the electricity production in 2008?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de PetróleoGás Natural
(*)Gases o Outros
DerivadosTotal de
EectricidadeCalor
Resíduos Industriais
RenováveisSem Hídrica
TOTAL GERAL
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 4547=4+22+23+30+36+3
7+38+46
IMPORTAÇÕES 1. 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 24 022 754
PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 800 3 190 679 4 372 817
VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193
SAÍDAS 4. 24 949 3 680 661 112 918 17 634 3 836 162
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 39 800 3 173 882 24 462 216
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 264 451 2 829 906
Cogeração 6.7 834 520 626 392 24 379 - 485 426 -1 472 450 2 523 974 514 504 452
CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 1 275 842
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 18 572 807
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de PetróleoGás Natural
(*)Gases o Outros
DerivadosTotal de
EectricidadeCalor
Resíduos Industriais
RenováveisSem Hídrica
TOTAL GERAL
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 4547=4+22+23+30+36+3
7+38+46
IMPORTAÇÕES 1. 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 24 022 754
PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 800 3 190 679 4 372 817
VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193
SAÍDAS 4. 24 949 3 680 661 112 918 17 634 3 836 162
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 39 800 3 173 882 24 462 216
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 264 451 2 829 906
Cogeração 6.7 834 520 626 392 24 379 - 485 426 -1 472 450 2 523 974 514 504 452
CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 1 275 842
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 18 572 807
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with the electricity production in 2008?
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• Is there other primary energy associated with the electricity production in 2008?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de PetróleoGás Natural
(*)Gases o Outros
DerivadosTotal de
EectricidadeCalor
Resíduos Industriais
RenováveisSem Hídrica
TOTAL GERAL
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 4547=4+22+23+30+36+3
7+38+46
IMPORTAÇÕES 1. 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 24 022 754
PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 800 3 190 679 4 372 817
VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193
SAÍDAS 4. 24 949 3 680 661 112 918 17 634 3 836 162
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 39 800 3 173 882 24 462 216
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 264 451 2 829 906
Cogeração 6.7 834 520 626 392 24 379 - 485 426 -1 472 450 2 523 974 514 504 452
CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 1 275 842
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 18 572 807
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de PetróleoGás Natural
(*)Gases o Outros
DerivadosTotal de
EectricidadeCalor
Resíduos Industriais
RenováveisSem Hídrica
TOTAL GERAL
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 4547=4+22+23+30+36+3
7+38+46
IMPORTAÇÕES 1. 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 24 022 754
PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 800 3 190 679 4 372 817
VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193
SAÍDAS 4. 24 949 3 680 661 112 918 17 634 3 836 162
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 39 800 3 173 882 24 462 216
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 264 451 2 829 906
Cogeração 6.7 834 520 626 392 24 379 - 485 426 -1 472 450 2 523 974 514 504 452
CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 1 275 842
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 18 572 807
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• Is there other primary energy associated with the electricity production in 2008?
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with the electricity production in 2008?– Primary energy associated with fuels that produce
(only) thermoelectricity is not problematic
– Primary energy associated with fuels that produce thermoelectricity & heat is more problematic
• Why?
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with the electricity production in 2008?– Primary energy associated with fuels that produce
(only) thermoelectricity is not problematic
– Primary energy associated with fuels that produce thermoelectricity & heat is more problematic
• Why?
• How to split primary energy into primary energy associated with 1) heat production and 2) electricity production?
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with the electricity production in 2008?– Primary energy associated with fuels that produce
(only) thermoelectricity is not problematic
– Primary energy associated with fuels that produce thermoelectricity & heat is more problematic
• The % of primary energy associated with electricity is equal to the % of electricity in the output (roughly 25%)
• All primary energy is attributed to electricity production
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with the electricity production in 2008?– Primary energy associated with fuels that produce
(only) thermoelectricity is not problematic
– Primary energy associated with fuels that produce thermoelectricity & heat is more problematic
• The % of primary energy associated with electricity is equal to the % of electricity in the output (roughly 25%)
• All primary energy is attributed to electricity production
– What about primary energy associated with primary renewable electricity?
• In the PEB: it is just equal to electricity produced
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with 1 kWh of (different types) of primary renewable electricity?
Methods Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic Hydro Electricity
GeothermalElectricity
“electricity produced” Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh)
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with 1 kWh of (different types) of primary renewable electricity?
• What would be the method if we were using the concept of Primary Energy?
Methods Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic Hydro Electricity
GeothermalElectricity
“electricity produced” Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh)
“measure of fossil energy” 0 0 0 0
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with 1 kWh of (different types) of primary renewable electricity?
Methods Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic Hydro Electricity
GeothermalElectricity
“as it is found in nature” Kinetic energy Radiation Potential Energy Heat
“electricity produced” Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh)
“measure of fossil energy” 0 0 0 0
Physical Content Method (IEA)
• “The primary energy is the 1st energy form downstream for which multiple energy uses are pratical”
• Heat (nuclear, geothermal and solar thermal)– Conversion from heat to electricity in
geothermal is 10% and in nuclear is 30%• Electricity for wind, tide/wave/ocean and solar
photovoltaic (100%)
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with 1 kWh of (different types) of primary renewable electricity?
– Physical Content Method: primary energy is the first form of comercial energy available (IEA)
Methods Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic Hydro Electricity
GeothermalElectricity
“as it is found in nature” Kinetic energy Radiation Potential Energy Heat
“electricity produced” Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh)
“measure of fossil energy” 0 0 0 0
Physical Content Method Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Heat (1/0.1 kWh)
Partial Substitution Method (EIA)
• The amount of energy that would be necessary to generate and identical amount of electricity in conventional thermal power plants– Uses an average generating efficiency (40%) to
convert electricity to primary energy
Primary Energy used for Electricity
• What is the primary energy associated with 1 kWh of (different types) of primary renewable electricity?
– Physical Content Method: primary energy is the first form of comercial energy available (IEA)
– Partial Substitution Method: primary energy is the amount of conventional energy that would have to be used (EIA)
Methods Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic Hydro Electricity
GeothermalElectricity
“as it is found in nature” Kinetic energy Radiation Potential Energy Heat
“electricity produced” Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh)
“measure of fossil energy” 0 0 0 0
Physical Content Method Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Electricity (1 kWh) Heat (1/0.1 kWh)
Partial Substitution Method Fuel (1/0.4 kWh) Fuel (1/0.4 kWh) Fuel (1/0.4 kWh) Fuel (1/0.4 kWh)
Renewable Primary Energy
• What is the primary energy associated with the renewable electricity production in 2008 (toe)?
Methods Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic Hydro Electricity
GeothermalElectricity
Portuguese Energetic Balance
495 102 3 268 627 456 16 512
Physical Content Method
Partial Substitution Method
Renewable Primary Energy
• What is the primary energy associated with the renewable electricity production in 2008 (toe)?
• What are the 1) total primary energy consumption & 2) fractions of renewable primary energy
Methods Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic Hydro Electricity
GeothermalElectricity
Portuguese Energetic Balance
495 102 3 268 627 456 16 512
Physical Content Method 495 102 3 268 627 456 165 120
Partial Substitution Method 495 102/0.4 3 268/0.4 627 456/0.4 16 512/0.4
Methods Ren. Electricity + Other Ren.
Total Fraction of renewables
Portuguese Energetic Balance
Physical Content Method
Partial Substitution Method
Total primary energy consumption & renewable primary energy consumption?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de Petróleo
Gás Natural(*)
Total de Eectricidade
CalorResíduos
IndustriaisRenováveisSem Hídrica
TOTAL GERAL
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 2336 = 31 a
3537 38
46 = 39 a 45
47=4+22+23+30+36+37+38
+46
IMPORTAÇÕES 1. 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 24 022 754
PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 800 3 190 679 4 372 817
VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193
SAÍDAS 4. 24 949 3 680 661 112 918 17 634 3 836 162
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 39 800 3 173 882 24 462 216
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 264 451 2 829 906
Cogeração 6.7 834 520 626 392 - 485 426 -1 472 450 2 523 974 514 504 452
CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 1 275 842
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 18 572 807
Total primary energy consumption & renewable primary energy consumption?
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep
Total de Carvão
Total de Petróleo
Gás Natural(*)
Total de Eectricidade
CalorResíduos
IndustriaisRenováveisSem Hídrica
TOTAL GERAL
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 2336 = 31 a
3537 38
46 = 39 a 45
47=4+22+23+30+36+37+38
+46
IMPORTAÇÕES 1. 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 24 022 754
PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 800 3 190 679 4 372 817
VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193
SAÍDAS 4. 24 949 3 680 661 112 918 17 634 3 836 162
CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 39 800 3 173 882 24 462 216
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048
Electricidade 6.6 2 444 703 475 571 1 970 751 -2 325 570 264 451 2 829 906
Cogeração 6.7 834 520 626 392 - 485 426 -1 472 450 2 523 974 514 504 452
CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 1 275 842
DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 18 572 807
Renewable Primary Energy
• What is the primary energy associated with the renewable electricity production in 2008 (toe)?
• What are the 1) total primary energy consumption & 2) fractions of renewable primary energy
Methods Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic Hydro Electricity
GeothermalElectricity
Portuguese Energetic Balance
495 102 3 268 627 456 16 512
Physical Content Method 495 102 3 268 627 456 165 120
Partial Substitution Method 495 102/0.4 3 268/0.4 627 456/0.4 16 512/0.4
Methods Ren. Electricity + Other Ren.
Total Fraction of renewables
Portuguese Energetic Balance 4316220 24462216 17.6%Physical Content Method
4464828 24610824 18.1%Partial Substitution Method
6029727 26175723 23%
Comparison of Methods
• Neither the Physical Content Method nor the Partial Substitution Methods are a measure of primary fossil energy
• Growth of wind, hydro or solar to produce electricity leads to energy savings with the Physical Content Method
Comparison of Methods
• Energy intensity (energy use per unit of GDP):– What is the meaning of the indicator?
Primary Energy
GDP
Comparison of Methods
• Energy intensity (energy use per unit of GDP):– A measure of the efficiency of a country in using
energy
– Low values correspond to environmental and economic advantages
• What happens to this indicator if a country that only uses electricity as final energy changes from only using coal as primary energy to only using hydro?– With the partial substitution method?
– With the physical content method?
Primary Energy
GDP
Primary Energy Valuation Methods
Physical Content Method
Cegonho, 2011
Primary Energy Valuation Methods
Partial Substitution MethodNominal efficiency is the yearly efficiency of fossil fuel power plants
Cegonho, 2011
Primary Energy Valuation Methods
BP Substitution MethodNominal efficiency is 38 % (typical of a fossil fuel power plant)
Cegonho, 2011
Primary Energy Valuation Methods
NL Substitution MethodNominal efficiency is the yearly efficiency of fossil fuel and nuclear power plants
Cegonho, 2011