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energy input from sun
nutrientcycling
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS(plants, other producers)
HETEROTROPHS(consumers, decomposers)
energy output (mainly heat)
Chapter 54: Ecosystems
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Producers
• Autotroph: Obtain energy from inorganic sources.
• Phototrophs (collect energy from sunlight)
• Chemotrophs (collect energy from chemicals in their environment)
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Consumers
• Heterotroph: Obtain energy from organic sources.
• Herbivores (feed off plants), • Carnivores (feed off of other consumers), • Omnivores (feed off both consumers and
producers),• Decomposers (digest food outside of body), • Detrivores (internally ingest dead and decaying
matter)
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Trophic (energy) levels
Primary Consumer: Feed of producers
Secondary Consumer: Feed of 1st level consumer.
Tertiary Consumer: Feed off 2nd level and below.
Quaternary Consumer: Feed off 3rd level and below.
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Fig. 49.6, p. 878
MARSH HAWK
CROW
UPLAND SANDPIPER
GARTER SNAKE
FROG
SPIDER WEASEL BADGER COYOTE
GROUND SQUIRRELPOCKET GOPHER
PRAIRIE VOLE
CLAY-COLORED SPARROW
EARTHWORMS, INSECTS (E.G., GRASSHOPPPERS, CUTWORMS)
FIRST TROPHIC LEVEL Primary
producers
SECOND TROPHIC
LEVEL Primary consumers
(e.g., herbivores)
HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS
Complex array of carnivores,
omnivores and other
consumers. Many feed at
more than one trophic level continually,
seasonally, or when an
oppportunity presents itself
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Fig. 49.4, p. 877
5th
4th
3d
2nd
1st
Fourth-level consumers (heterotrophs):
Top carnivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers
Third-level consumers (heterotrophs):Carnivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers
Second-level consumers (heterotrophs):
Carnivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers
First-level consumers (heterotrophs):
Herbivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers
Primary producers (autotrophs):
Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs
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Fig. 49.27, p. 894
leopard seal
Adelie penguin
fishes, squid
skua
petrel
emperor penguin
Weddell seal
killer whale
blue whale
krill
phytoplankton
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Trophic level and 1st, 2nd consumer
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Fig. 49.7, p. 879
Producers (photosynthesizers)
Producers (photosynthesizers)
ENERGY TRANSFERS:
ENERGY TRANSFERS:
energy lost at each conversion step from one trophic level to the next
energy lost at each conversion step from one trophic level to the next
ENERGY INPUT:
ENERGY INPUT:
herbivores
carnivores
decomposers
decomposers
detritivores
energy in organic wastes, remains
energy in organic wastes, remains
ENERGY OUTPUT
ENERGY OUTPUT
energy losses as metabolic heat and as net export from ecosystem
energy losses as metabolic heat and as net export from ecosystem
energy inputs, outputs also occur between the two food webs
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10% Rule
On average, only 10% of the energy obtained at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level.
Where does this energy go?
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Fig. 49.11, p. 882
5,060
decomposers/detritivores21
383
3,368
20,810
top carnivores
carnivores
herbivores
producers
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Fig. 49.12, p. 882
ENERGY INPUT:
17,000,000 kilocalories
ENERGY TRANSFERS:
incoming solar energy not harnessed:
producers
herbivores
carnivores
top carnivores
decomposers, detritivores
1,679,190 (98.8%)
20,810 (98.8%)
transferred to the next trophic level:
Energy still in organic wastes and remains
Energy losses as metabolic heat and as net export from the ecosystem:
ENERGY OUPUT:
TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY FLOW:
4,245 3,368 13,197
383
21
720
272
165
5,060
2,265
90
20,810 + 1,679,190
1,700,000(100%)
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Biological Magnification
Situation in which fat-soluble or indigestible chemicals accumulate in organisms. A concern for animals feeding at higher tropic levels.
• Urine is water-based, so doesn’t carry fat-soluble materials out of body.
• Case of DDT
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Fig. 49.9, p. 880
DDT Residues (ppm wet weight of whole live organism)
Ring-billed gull fledgling (Larus delawarensisHerring gull (Larus argentatus)Osprey (pandion haliaetus)Green heron (Butorides virescens)Atlantic needlefish (Strongylira marina)Summer flounder (Paralychthys dentatus)Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus )Hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria)Marsh grass shoots (Spartina patens)Flying insects (mostly flies)Mud snail (Nassarius obsoletus)Shrimps (compsite of several samples)Green alga (Cladophora grcilis)Plankton (mostlky zooplankton)Water
75.5 18.5 13.8 3.57 2.07 1.28 0.94 0.42 0.33 0.30 0.26 0.16 0.083 0.040 0.00005
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Respiration
How living organisms get energy from ‘burning’ food (usually involves oxygen)
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Useable Energy
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Photosynthesis
Process by which autotrophs convert solar energy into useful chemical energy (sugar).
Carbon Dioxide + Water = Glucose + Oxygen
Process of carbon fixation. (Fix as it making it useful for life)
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Productivity
Measure of how much glucose/food is made.
How broad is the base of the energy pyramid?
Factors?
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Ecosystem
Communities and abiotic factors interacting through energy flow and nutrient cycling.
Ecosystem, Habitat, Population, Community
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Productivity
Gross Primary Productivity, which is the total amount of energy fixed in the process of photosynthesis for an ecosystem
Net Primary Productivity is the total amount of energy fixed by photosynthesis minus the amount of energy used by autotrophs in respiration
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End World Hunger, and Keep Salix Clean:
Understand the Nitrogen Cycle
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Define Ironic
• 78% of our atmosphere is Nitrogen
• Most life on Earth is short of nitrogen
• Know nitrification, legume, nitrogen fixation
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Fig. 49.22, p. 890
NO3-
IN SOIL
NITROGEN FIXATION
by industry for agriculture
FERTILIZERS
FOOD WEBS ON LAND
NH3-, NH4
+
IN SOIL
1. NITRIFICATION
bacteria convert NH4+ to
nitrate (NO2-)
loss by leaching
uptake by autotrophs
excretion, death, decomposition
uptake by autotrophs
NITROGEN FIXATIONbacteria convert to ammonia
(NH3+) ; this dissolves to
form ammonium (NH4+)
loss by leaching
AMMONIFICATIONbacteria, fungi convert the
residues to NH3 ; this
dissolves to form NH4+
2. NITRIFICATION
bacteria convert NO2- to
nitrate (NO3-)
DENTRIFICATIONby bacteria
NITROGENOUS WASTES, REMAINS IN SOIL
GASEOUS NITROGEN (N2)
IN ATMOSPHERE
NO2-
IN SOIL
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Phosphorus Cycle
Only sedimentary cycle
Usually the limiting factor in aquatic systems.
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Fig. 49.24, p. 892
GUANO
FERTILIZER
ROCKS
LAND FOOD WEBS
DISSOLVED IN OCEAN
WATER
MARINE FOOD WEBS
MARINE SEDIMENTS
excretion
weathering
mining
agriculture
uptake by autotrophs
death, decomposition
sedimentation setting out leaching, runoff
weathering
uplifting over geolgic time
DISSOLVED IN SOILWATER,
LAKES, RIVERS
uptake by autotrophs
death, decomposition
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Fig. 49.25, p. 893
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Productivity
Gross Primary Productivity, which is the total amount of energy fixed in the process of photosynthesis for an ecosystem
Net Primary Productivity is the total amount of energy fixed by photosynthesis minus the amount of energy used by autotrophs in respiration
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What influences DO levels?
Altitude:
Temperature:
Movement:
Salinity:
Plants:
Animals/Decay:
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