Energy in the Ocean- Atmosphere Climate System SOEE3410 : Lecture 2 Dr Ian Brooks...
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Transcript of Energy in the Ocean- Atmosphere Climate System SOEE3410 : Lecture 2 Dr Ian Brooks...
Energy in the Ocean-Atmosphere Climate System
SOEE3410 : Lecture 2Dr Ian Brooks
[email protected] 1.64a Environment Building
http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~ibrooks
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 2
• The atmosphere-ocean system acts as a heat engine
• Energy OUT = Energy IN
• Work done moving atmosphere and ocean around
Energy IN(solar radiation)
Work doneEnergy OUT
(heat lost to space as infra-red radiation)
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 3
Contributions to global ocean-atmosphere energy budget
Energy Flux (W m-2)
Solar radiation 340
Latent heat 70
Rate of kinetic energy dissipation ~2
Photosynthesis ~0.1
Geothermal heat flux 0.06
World energy production (fossil fuels) 0.02
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 4
Incoming solar radiation342 W m2
Reflected by clouds, aerosol & atmosphere
77
168
30
Reflected by surface
Absorbed by surface
Absorbed by atmosphere
67
thermals
24
24Evapo-transpiration
78
78 390 324
324350
40
4030
Surface radiation Absorbed by surface
reflected solar radiation107 W m2
back radiation
emitted by atmosphere
165
Outgoing longwave radiation235 W m2
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 6
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.3
0.1
0.005
0.002
Heat absorbed by the continents (Beltrami et al. 2002)
Heat required to melt continental glaciers at estimated maximum melting rate (Houghton et al. 2001)
Heat absorbed by the atmosphere during 1955-96 (Levitus et al. 2001)
Heat absorbed by the oceans
Heat required to reduce Antarctic sea-ice extent (de la Mare, 1997)
Heat required to melt mountain glaciers at estimated maximum melting rate (Houghton et al. 2001)
Heat require to melt northern hemisphere sea-ice (Parkinson et al. 1999)
Heat require to melt Arctic perennial sea-ice volume (Rotherock et al. 1999)
14.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Estimate of Earth’s heat balance components (1022 J) for the period 1955-1988(after Levitus et al, 2005, GRL, VOL. 32, L02604, doi:10.1029/2004GL021592)
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 7
Ts
SWi
SWr LWe
SWi = Solar (shortwave) radiation
SWr = shortwave reflected
LWe = Infra red (longwave) emitted radiation
= Ts4
Ts = surface temperature
= Stefan-Boltzman constant (5.67 x 10-8 Watts m-2 K-4 )
At equilibrium… SWi = SWr + LWe
No Atmosphere
In the absence of an atmosphere the surface temperature of earth would be approximately 255K (-18ºC). It’s actual mean temperature is 288K (+15ºC)
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 8
Radiation absorbed from ONE direction, heating gas, is re-emitted in ALL directions
CO2
Some radiation passes through atmosphere
Some radiation absorbed by gas molecules
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 9
Ferrel CellPolar Cell
Idealized model of atmospheric circulation.N.B. actual circulations are not continuous in space or time.
60
30
0
30
6090
90N
et R
adia
tion
Hea
t Tra
nspo
rt
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 10
0°
30°
60°
Polar Front
Mid-latitudeJet Stream
Tropicaljet
Deep convection
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 13
From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html
Animation of monthly net Short-Wave (solar) radiation (W/m2)
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 14
From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html
Animation of monthly net Long-Wave (infra-red) radiation (W/m2)
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 15
From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html
Animation of monthly net radiation (W/m2)
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 16
From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html
Animation of monthly sensible heat flux (W/m2)
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 17
From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html
Animation of monthly latent heat flux (W/m2)
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 18
From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html
Animation of monthly change in heat storage (W/m2)
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 19
From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 20
From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html
Animation of monthly surface temperature (ºC)
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 21
From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html
Animation of monthly sea-level pressure (mb) and surface winds
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 22
Concentrations of 3 well-mixed greenhouse gases
Suphate aerosols deposited in Greenland ice
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 23
• Increases in greenhouse gas concentrations change the radiative balance of the earth by reducing the outgoing longwave radiation.
• The climate system must adjust to a new equilibrium.
• The nature of the change in climate state is complicated by the large number of interacting processes.
SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 24
Online Resources
• The animations shown in this lecture have been made available at
http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~ibrooks/envi3410• The were produced by the Department of Geography at the
University of Oregon. These and some additional animations can be found at : http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html