Energy in the Earth Energy in the Earth ProcessesProcesses

EnergyEnergy

Energy = The ability to do workEnergy = The ability to do work All matter radiates energy above absolute All matter radiates energy above absolute

zerozero

P.E = stored energyP.E = stored energy K.E= real energy in motionK.E= real energy in motion

Some objects radiate more Some objects radiate more energy than others. Which energy than others. Which ones?ones?

Higher Temps = more energy radiated. Higher Temps = more energy radiated. Pg 13 in the ESRTPg 13 in the ESRT

Most energy can be Most energy can be traced back to the sun.traced back to the sun.

UsUsmeatmeatvegetationvegetationSunSunFossil Fossil FuelsFuels

WavesWaves

However the concept of energy is hard to However the concept of energy is hard to understand for some because of the understand for some because of the invisible properties of waves.invisible properties of waves.

It is the size of the wave that determines It is the size of the wave that determines the type of energy.the type of energy.

Wavelength = the distance between two Wavelength = the distance between two wave crestswave crests

Electromagnetic Electromagnetic SpectrumSpectrum

Entire range of all Entire range of all main energy types, main energy types, which travel at light which travel at light speed. Pg 14 in speed. Pg 14 in ESRTESRT

The Power of EnergyThe Power of Energy

The power of energy is figured out by wavelength The power of energy is figured out by wavelength and….and….

Frequency - number of wavelengths that pass a certain Frequency - number of wavelengths that pass a certain point.point.

Shorter wavelengths = Higher FrequencyShorter wavelengths = Higher Frequency

Which type of energy gets Which type of energy gets most attention on the EM most attention on the EM Spectrum?Spectrum?

Visible light is most intense part of EM Visible light is most intense part of EM Spectrum. It’s what we get the most of Spectrum. It’s what we get the most of from the sunfrom the sun Our eyes are accustomed to visible lightOur eyes are accustomed to visible light Color results from frequency and energyColor results from frequency and energy

After Energy leaves the After Energy leaves the sunsun

When it comes into contact with matter, EM When it comes into contact with matter, EM energy can beenergy can be Absorbed (which will then be reradiated as infrared Absorbed (which will then be reradiated as infrared

or heat): 50% is absorbed by the surface and 20% or heat): 50% is absorbed by the surface and 20% is absorbed by the atmosphereis absorbed by the atmosphere

Reflected – bounced off the surface. 30% is Reflected – bounced off the surface. 30% is reflectedreflected

Scattered – redirected in many directionsScattered – redirected in many directions Refracted – bendedRefracted – bended

Good absorber = Good radiator (Longer Good absorber = Good radiator (Longer wave length not as powerfulwave length not as powerful

Smooth, white = Bad radiatorSmooth, white = Bad radiator Rough, black = Good radiatorRough, black = Good radiator

InfaredInfared

All energy given off is in terms (form) of All energy given off is in terms (form) of infraredinfrared..

EX. Infrared scopes/Snakes VisionEX. Infrared scopes/Snakes Vision

Electromagnetic EnergyElectromagnetic Energy

All EM energy come from either All EM energy come from either 1) The Sun1) The Sun 2)Radioactive decay2)Radioactive decay

Energy TransferEnergy Transfer

ConvectionConvection – movements of liquid/gases – movements of liquid/gases caused by differences in densitiescaused by differences in densities

EX. Mantle convection cellsEX. Mantle convection cells

Energy TransferEnergy Transfer

ConductionConduction – – collision of atoms collision of atoms with adjacent atoms.with adjacent atoms.

EX. Iron pan over a EX. Iron pan over a flame, handle will flame, handle will eventually get hot.eventually get hot. Most effective in Most effective in

solids (can work in solids (can work in liquids/gasses)liquids/gasses)

Energy TransferEnergy Transfer

RadiationRadiation – transfer of EM energy – transfer of EM energy through air + space in the form of through air + space in the form of invisible waves.invisible waves.

Smooth and white = less absorptionSmooth and white = less absorption Rough and dark = more absorptionRough and dark = more absorption

Closed Energy SystemClosed Energy System

No energy can enter or escapeNo energy can enter or escape EX. Well insulated thermos bottleEX. Well insulated thermos bottle

Heat FlowHeat Flow

Heat will flow from Hi to Low.Heat will flow from Hi to Low. Source = energy givenSource = energy given Sink = energy AbsorbedSink = energy Absorbed EX. Ice in a cup of soda.EX. Ice in a cup of soda. Heat goes from the sodaHeat goes from the sodaIceIce

How do we express How do we express energy? What Units?energy? What Units?

Energy expressed in Calorie, Joules.Energy expressed in Calorie, Joules. Some objects heat/cool faster or slower Some objects heat/cool faster or slower

then others. We call this then others. We call this specific heatspecific heat

Specific HeatSpecific Heat

Def: energy needed to heat up or cool Def: energy needed to heat up or cool down an object (found on cover of ESRT)down an object (found on cover of ESRT)

High Specific Heat = More energy High Specific Heat = More energy absorbedabsorbed

Specific HeatSpecific Heat

High specific heat = more energy neededHigh specific heat = more energy needed Ex: water (liquid) = 1.0 Ex: water (liquid) = 1.0 Heats slow and cools slow. That is what Heats slow and cools slow. That is what

keeps us warmer in the winter and cooler in keeps us warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.the summer.

Low specific heat = less energy neededLow specific heat = less energy needed Ex: copper = 0.09Ex: copper = 0.09 Heats fast and cools fastHeats fast and cools fast

What if you keep adding What if you keep adding or removing heat?or removing heat?

Eventually you reach Eventually you reach a ……..a ……..

Phase ChangePhase Change Definition:Definition:

-Changing from -Changing from

solidsolidliquidliquidgasgas

Phase ChangesPhase Changes

A phase change requires A phase change requires latent heat:latent heat: Latent heat is energy that changes Latent heat is energy that changes

something's phase but not it’s temperature.something's phase but not it’s temperature.

Adding EnergyAdding Energy

MeltingMelting Goes from solid to liquidGoes from solid to liquid Gains a little latent heatGains a little latent heat

VaporizationVaporization Goes from liquid to gasGoes from liquid to gas Gains a lot of latent heatGains a lot of latent heat

Removing EnergyRemoving Energy

FreezingFreezing Going from liquid to solidGoing from liquid to solid Releases less latent heatReleases less latent heat

CondensationCondensation Going from gad to liquidGoing from gad to liquid Releases more latent heatReleases more latent heat

All of these numbers can be found on the All of these numbers can be found on the front of your earth science table in front of your earth science table in “Properties of water.“Properties of water.

One exception in sublimationOne exception in sublimation Going directly from solid to gasGoing directly from solid to gas