Energy, Heat, Temperature• State of atmosphere governed by

thermodynamics• 1st Law: Internal energy = heat + work• 2nd Law: systems tend toward more disorder• Heat is energy transfer• Temperature is related to internal energy

Heat (Energy Transfer)• Radiation– Penetrates further into water than soil

• Conduction & Convection– Depend on material– Governed by temperature gradients– Called sensible heating

• Conduction is transfer through static material• Convection is bulk motion of matter

Phase Changes• Fusion: solid ↔ liquid• Vaporization: liquid ↔ gas• Sublimation: solid ↔ gas• H2O changes give rise to latent heating– Take in heat at surface– Release heat at altitude (visibly manifested as

clouds)– Can move great distances (1000 km) in process

Heat Capacity & Latent Heat• Heat capacity is ability to store energy• Latent heat is energy required to change

phase

Tm

Qc

m

QL

Weather is Response to Heat Imbalances

Bowen Ratio

heatinglatent

heating sensible RatioBowen

R = radiation absorbedH = sensible heatingLE = latent heatingG = energy stored in ground

Explain the differences