Energy Flow

SC.912.L.17.9

Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels Source: http://www.bigelow.org/bacteria/land.jpg

What do I need to know?

how to use a food web to identify producers, consumers, and decomposers

the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels

how matter and energy move through the water and carbon cycles

Food Chains vs. Food Webs

Food chains are linked together into food webs Who eats whom? What type of

organism do they both begin with?

How does energy flow from the sun to producer to the consumers?

Source:http://www.majordifferences.com/2013/02/difference-between-food-chain-and-food.html#.U7tjc7fjiP8

Food Webs

Video Guiding Questions:

1. Can you identify a food chain in the food web?

2. What is the difference between a primary and a secondary consumer?

3. What happens if an organism is removed from a food web?

The Food Chain Game

Energy Transfer

energy does not cycle through ecosystems but instead enters ecosystems and is used up within ecosystems

energy is not “lost” from ecosystems but primarily converted to waste heat

Source:http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/ecosystem/ten-percent-law.php

Energy Transfer: Energy Pyramids

The 10% RuleVideo Guiding Questions:

1. What is the 10% rule?

2. If 90% of energy is lost within each level, where does it go?

Trophic Levels greek (trophē) referring

to food or feeding

position that an organism occupies in a food chain

can be represented by numbers, starting at level 1 with producers1

3

2

4

Trophic Level 1Trophic Level 3

Trophic Level 2 Trophic Level 4

Guess the Trophic Level?

Vegetarians or Meat-eaters?How many people can the Earth support? If we are meat-eaters? If we are vegetarians?

more people canlive on Earth

fewer people canlive on Earth

Cycling of Energy & Matter

solid blue lines trace matter cyclesand the broken red lines trace energy flow

energy flows through ecosystems, while matter cycles within them

Source: http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/Bio2108/Lecture/LecEcology/54-01-EcosystemDynamics-AL.gif

biosphere

Ecosystem Inputs

constant inputof energyenergy flowsthrough

nutrients cycle

nutrients can only cycle

inputs energy nutrients

inputs energy nutrients

Don’t forgetthe laws of Physics!

Matter cannotbe created ordestroyed

Biogeochemical Cycles

matter moves through these cycles, it is never created or destroyed – just changed

involves biological, geological, and chemical processes Source:http://

pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386a/gallery1-fig01.html

The Water Cycle

water moves continuously between the oceans, atmosphere and the land – sometimes outside living organisms and sometimes inside them

Source:http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html

Water Cycle: Main Processes

precipitation: moisture that falls to the ground (rain, snow, sleet, hail)

evaporation: changing from liquid to gas (water to water vapor)

transpiration: plants give off water vapor from their leaves to the air

condensation: changing from gas to a liquid Source: http

://www.biofuelswatch.com/steps-of-the-water-cycle/

Water Cycle: The Basics

Reservoir oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind and precipitation (rain) move water from oceans to land

Assimilation plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other organisms which are composed mostly of water

Release plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes

Water Cycle Animation

The Carbon Cycle every organic

molecule contains the element carbon

carbon is required for building organic compounds

carbon and oxygen form carbon dioxide gas (CO2)

Source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACarbon-cycle-full.jpg

Where’s the Carbon?

Carbon Cycle: The Basics

Reservoir atmosphere (as CO2), fossil fuels (oil, coal), durable organic materials (for example: cellulose)

Assimilation plants use CO2 in photosynthesis; animals consume plants

Release plants and animals release CO2 through respiration and decomposition; CO2 is released as wood and fossil fuels are burned

Carbon Cycle Game

Show What You KnowA team of ecologists observed feeding patterns of several populations in the desert. The energy pyramid shown below depicts the feeding patterns the ecologists observed.

 

Show What You KnowWhich of the following best explains the difference in the amount of available energy in the trophic levels of the desert ecosystem?

A. There is less energy available in the producers because their tissues are less dense than those at higher trophic levels.

B. There is more energy available in the second trophic level because less energy is needed for hunting compared to the higher trophic levels.

C. There is more available energy in the birds of prey because they have greater muscle mass for storing energy than organisms in lower trophic levels have.

D. There is less available energy in the fourth trophic level because of the loss of energy through metabolism in each of the lower trophic levels.

Show What You Know

The table below contains information about animal diets.

Which energy pyramid best represents the data in the table??

Animals Diet

Snakes Squirrels, chipmunks, gophers and mice

Hawks and owls Rodents and reptiles

Rodents Seeds, nuts, root, grass leaves and flowers

Show What You Know

Show What You Know

Which model correctly shows energy flow in a food chain?

A. plants insects salmon bears

B. insects plants bears salmon

C. bears salmon insects plants

D. salmon bears plants insects

Show What You KnowWhich diagram correctly shows the direction of energy flow through a food web?

Show What You KnowPart of an everglades food web is diagrammed below.

Which of the following will most likely result if all of the primary consumers are removed from this ecosystem?

A. Raccoons will become herbivores.

B. American alligator populations will decrease.

C. Grass carp will consume soil bacteria.

D. Bladderwort and Butterfly orchid populations will decrease

Show What You KnowA student set up a terrarium, watered the soil, and covered the terrarium tightly with a lid. The next day, the student observed water droplets on the inside of the lid.

The droplets provide evidence that which of the following steps of the water cycle had occurred in the terrarium?

A. runoff and evaporation

B. precipitation and runoff

C. evaporation and condensation

D. condensation and precipitation

Show What You Know

Use the diagram of the water cycle to answer the following question.

Show What You Know

Which terms match the number order of the processes shown in the water cycle?

1 2 3

A vaporation precipitation condensation

B condensation evaporation precipitation

C precipitation condensation evaporation

D evaporation condensation precipitation

Show What You Know

Which process is not essential for the water cycle to occur?

A. water vapor condensing

B. energy being transferred from the Sun

C. liquid water evaporating

D. oxygen being dissolved in water

Show What You KnowThe natural cycling of oxygen between organisms and their environment is most directly accomplished through which of the following pairs of processes?

A. fermentation and oxidation

B. transpiration and evaporation

C. precipitation and condensation

D. photosynthesis and respiration

Show What You Know

The diagram below shows part of the carbon cycle.

 

Show What You Know

If many trees are removed from a forest by logging, what is the most immediate effect on the carbon cycle in that forest?

A. increased rates of decomposition

B. decreased use of atmospheric CO2

C. decreased combustion of fossil fuels

D. increased production of organic compounds

Show What You KnowThe diagram shows the flow of carbon in a terrestrial ecosystem.

Which will most likely happen if the decomposers are removed from the carbon cycle?

A. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will increase.

B. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will decrease.

C. The amount of carbon dioxide used by producers will increase.

D. The amount of carbon dioxide needed by consumers will decrease.