Energy Exchange (Final)

7/29/2019 Energy Exchange (Final)

1/19

Food for thought:

How we driveenergysystem demand

Workforce:

Next-generationenergy jobs

Energy use:

Plug intothe greatestshow on Earth

p l l u p b p u b l c u 1 l l 2 0 1 3

plus

Meet soMe o the people

who bring electricityto british coluMbians

preMierissue!

where were coMing roMwhere were going


2/19

Ths s a shassPUG

for our work on CTRC VhCs

Do EVs really save you money and reduce emissions?

Can our electricity grids handle their additional demand for power?And if not, where will the problems be?

What role can EVs play in sustainable transportation planning?

ution Probe is researching, analyzing and exploring how EVs can maximize the public health and environmentalets associated with their use. Our collaborative, groundbreaking work on EVs has resulted in:

e rst EV deployment pilot project in Canadatool that predicts urban EV market adoption and its impacts on the local electricity distribution system, which isrrently being implemented by ve municipalities in Ontario and one in Alberta

n electric mobility master plan for the City of Torontoe business case for EV use in service vehicle eets

lution Probe Meli ssa DeYoung, Project Manager (416) 926-1907 x 239 [email protected]

ntact us to explore how our unique, collaborative approach and recognized

ertise in EV and transportation issues can help you harness the power of EVs.

We can help you nd your electric avenue

10Canadas energyBruce Anderson and Ralph Torrie offer historiand ftre views on energy in canada

16Next-generation energy jobsxerts agree ony a highy skied aor forewi enae s to reah or otentia as an energyserower

18The power providersWhat does it take to ring eetriity tobritish comians? peoe who work in b.c.s

eetriity setor te s aot their jos

26Wind energyWind ower has eome a voatiesjet in some ntario ommnities

28Energy pathwaysWi natra gas eome a rimarydriver of the goa eonomy?

30The European caseGood and ad, roean energyoiies offer essons worth earning

4PoweringconversationWhat is energy iteray andhow this magazine an he

5 Food for thoughtHow or hoies drive energysystem demand

6 Showtimehe ower ehind ig showsand festivas

31 Energy projectn ewfondand andlarador, Mskrat asis set to yied transformativeower

32 Facts and guresnteresting fats andstatistis on energy

33 Quizest yor knowedge

34 Last wordn ode to energy iteray

up ronteatures

views

out back

Photos:bottomleft,sait;toPright,bChydro;allothers,istoCkPhoto.Com(6);illustration:Jillianhermansen

ll 2013

26 186

28

34

5

ll 2013 Energy Exchange 3

8 Energy efciencyb inania chief onomistTodd Hirsch exains the inketween GDp and energyonsmtion

14 Northern exposureMarjo Johne dissses newower otions for canadasremote ommnities

24 Climate vs. energy chief onomist Dr. FatihBirol otines ways canadaan sort goa imatehange sotions

On the cover: Wind trineassemy. ntegrating greenower into transmissionsystems is no sma feat 27

Foodforthought:

Howwe driveenergysystemdemand

Workforce:

Next-generationenergyjobs

Energyuse:

Plug intothe greatestshowon Earth

A P O LLU T I O N P R O B E P U B LI C A T I O N ISSUE 1 FA LL 2 013

PLUS

MEETSOMEOFTHEPEOPLE

WHOBRINGELECTRICITY

TOBRITISHCOLUMBIANS

PREMIER

ISSUE!

WHEREWERECOMING FROM

WHEREWEREGOING

16

12


3/19


4/19

Canada

BestWorkplaces 2013FORTUNE 100 Best

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Learn more about our values at devonenergy.com

Commitment Runs Deep

This company takes pride indoing things the right way

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ll 2013 Energy Exchange

are an outdoor musicals power needs?ray this is ased onmer of stages; thent of sond, video and

ng eqiment for eah;a needs for erform-h as dressing rooms;s reqirements; anderformane staging areas.ionay, food and ever-ervies, heath and safetys, arking, amgrondseia site amenities shsement rides and in-

tive disays are fatoredhe overa reqirements.

do you determinemuch electricity you

eed?vey is done to assess ther needs y either the oaomany or generatorers, deending on theon of the event and rox-to ower transmissione. arge-sae festiva

mtie stages, aming,s and rafts viage andon-site amenities wienogh ower to servien with a oation ofthan 100,000.

Are there any special powerconsiderations for particularaspects of a show?t is imortant to isoate theower sying the adioeements of the show from therest of the site to avoid that oweve zz. his is ommonyreferred to as a grond oo inthe ower system (whih anreate interferene in adio orvideo systems).

Who installs the power?Deending on the size of thefestiva site, it may reqire adediated rew of six to eight to

reare for the event. Generay,two of the rew are iensedand ertied eetriians whoare resonsie for overseeingthe instaation, arranging thetemorary onnetions ando-ordinating the eetriainsetion y the oa tiity androvinia eetria insetors.

How do festival producerswork with local utilities andpower suppliers? ower grid is rearedased on the varios eementsreqired, and a an is deve-oed to servie the event either

throgh the se of the oa ti-ity and/or ortae generators. fthere are otions for deiveringsome ower via oa soar orwind generation efforts, this wie determined in advane withthe arties invoved in the exe-tion of the event.

How long does it typicallytake to set up/tear downpower infrastructure for amajor outdoor festival?et and tear down od takeas ong as three to for weeks ifthe oa tiity wi sy ower,t the ower mst e deivered

to the site either overhead orndergrond. ne the ower ison the site, it od take seven to10 days to rn a the temoraryaing and reated distritioneqiment. ear down generaytakes ess than haf the amontof time it takes to set .

How do you ensure anuninterrupted ow of power?portae generators are generaythe ony sotion to ninter-rted ower. Yo ant awaysrey on the oa tiity, eseiayif the weather onditions ase aoa ower otage.n

VE NATON

ehind the scenes o a

hether its a rock show or a jazz festival, producing crowd-

easing events requires a lot of energy and not just peoplewer. Without an energy supply, and the building of small energy

stems, events like a Blue Rodeo concert or the Edmonton folk

stival couldnt take place. Pul Corcorn, senior vice president

venues and facilities at concert promoter Live Nation Canada,

ks about the power required to put on big shows. - Rd M

ront

powerulperorMance

potion proe iation,Energy Exchange is roded

in o-oeration withandanthony commniations

n. and Goe dge, a divisionof he Goe and Mais cstom

content Gro.

POLLTON PROBE

Bob Oliver, c

Husam Mansour, c

Linda Klaamas, ditoria dvisor

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EDTORAL TEAM

Randall Mang,ditor

Brenda Bouw, Lynn Sully,ssistant ditors

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ADVERTSN SALES

Richard Deacon,ationa bsiness

Deveoment [email protected]

LOBE EDE

Teena PoirerDiretor, cient ngagement

Charlene RookeGro ditor

Liz Massicotteprogram Manager

sabelle Cabralprodtion co-ordinator,

he Goe and Mai

Sally PirriDiretor, prodtion,he Goe and Mai

Energy Exchange, a division of thepotion proe ondation, is a

not-for-rot organization dediatedto advaning energy iteray in

canada. he nergy xhange ogois a registered trademark. rightsreserved. o art of this magazinemay e reroded withot writtenonsent of the pisher. Views of

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printed in canada y DM Digita+1

SPPORTERSnding sort from the foowing

organizations heed make thisedition of Energy Exchange magazine

ossie.

Special eventsandfestivalsoften rey onestaishing omat

energy systems to deiversafety, serity and

entertainment. What are theompleities in setting up

suh temporar sstems?

AMENTY SERVCE COMMODTY SORCE

THE ENERY SYSTEMCONVERSON DSTRBTON STORAE


5/19

This is our

bottom lineWe strive to develop resources in ways that deliver economicprosperity, social well-being and a healthy environment.

Its a continuous journey of learning, engaging, improving.

And a journey were proud to be making.

Discover more in the 2013 Report on Sustainability at

suncor.com/sustainability

er nit of energy se is the rhasing rie arity (ppp) GDp er kiogram of oi eqivaent of energy se. ppp GDp is

domesti rodt onverted to 2005 onstant internationa doars sing ppp rates. n internationa doar has the same

asing ower over GDp as a u.. doar has in the united tates.

e: htt://data.wordank.org/indiator/G.GDp.pu.K.pp.KD.

t

heres no denying the fat: rih ontriesgoe far more energy than do oorones. nd ease of the environmenta

onerns srronding aron emissions,the words weathiest nations are eingd for their voraios onsmtion. bt areay omaring aes to aes?sote energy onsmtion is one metrimarison, t energy efieny is another.mh energy is sed to generate one doaronomi ott and artiary how thats hanging over time is a etter way toare and jdge.e Word bank oets information mea-

the gross domesti rodt (GDp) thats from one kiogram of oi eqivaent ofy. or exame, canadas ratio is 4.8, mean-generates 4.8 doars of GDp for every oneam of oi eqivaent onsmed. contriesto-energy ratios vary onsideray y theirahi size, imate and indstria mix.risingy, theres itte orreation etween

ontrys weath and its asote GDp-to-y ratio. ome emerging ontries shr have very high ratios, whie others ikea have ow ratios. imiary, some weathyries sh as ingaore have high ratios,others ike the united tates do not.where the indstriaized nations stand

from their deveoing nation onterartsw their energy efieny is imroving over

Weathy ontries are generay gettingat sing ess energy to rode moreh. comaring the erentage hange inatios over the ast 30 years reveas inter-trends.

980, canadas GDp-to-energy rate was 2.9;11 it had inreased to 4.8, an imrovementrgy efieny of 62 er ent. ther weathyriaized nations show simiar atterns.

er nit of energy onsmed has inreased

even more in lxemorg, the united Kingdom,Germany and the united tates.

ome emerging nations have aso shown

imrovements, t mh of their gains haveome qite reenty. or exame, etween 1980and 2002, ndias GDp-to-energy ratio inreaseda it, t it imroved y an even arger amontover the most reent deade. china is an extremeotier it hods the tite of having the greatestimrovement in its GDp-to-energy ratio on aerentage asis. However, it started from anextremey ow ratio in 1980; more than triingenergy efieny is reativey easy when yo startfrom sh a ow eve, and chinas ratio in 2010 issti among the owest in the word.

However, most of the words oorest on-tries regardess of their origina GDp-to-energyratio have faied to show signiant imrove-ment over time. ine 1980, ow- to midde-inome nations have inreased their energy ef-ieny y 31 er ent, omared to an inrease of56 er ent among high-inome cD ontries.

his is where the rih nations are taking theead. Whie its tre that they tend to se moreenergy, weathy ontries are earning how tose it more efienty. mroving transortationodes, deveoing energy-saving tehnoogies,edating onsmers aot energy efieny,and egisating emission standards are ways thatirst Word ontries are art of the sotion.

one of this ets any ontry rih or oor

off the hook. s energy resores eome moreosty and their environmenta imats eomeetter nderstood, a ontries mst onstantystrive for imrovements. bt the iggest stridesare often eing made y those ased of singtoo mh energy: the indstriaized ontries.nTodd Hirsch is the Calgary-based Chief Economistfor ATB Financial and co-author ofhe boiing rogDiemma: aving canada from onomi Deine.

ws

DD HRSCH, SPECAL TO EERy ExcEMAANE

n energy use,iciency Matters

here is an intriate reation-shi etween energy use

and the economy. he stateof tehnoogy and infrastr-

tre determines how ef-ienty energy is onverted

to sort servies thatreate vae.



The following data comparing dollar of

DP per kilogram of oilequivalent of energyconsumed between

1980 nd 2010 illustrates that wealthycountries are generallygetting better at usingless energy to produce

more wealth.

0.9 3.8China (+339%)

4.6 8.4Germany (+83%)

3.2 5.9United States (+83%)

5.6 9.3Denmark (+68%)

2.9 4.8Canada (+62%)

LOW & MDDLENCOME OECD

7.4 7.9Mexico (+7%)

6.0 6.0New Zealand (0%)

by the nuMbers



6/19

ll 2013 Energy Exchange ll 2013 Energy Exchange 11

where were goingwhere were coMing roM

r nations reationshi with ower systems ast,

esent and ftre is a omiated one.

e asked oster Bruce Anderson and energy exert

lph Torrie to he s etter nderstand the

orkings of a dynami that an range from indifferene

ove-hate to one of great asiration.

DM, Y lllY pGMc, cD

ppl WH GY

UCE ANDERSON, PRINCIPA, ANDERSON INSIGHT

pDcG cD GY YM uu cKY, bu W c

b uDD M H KY c WK

B RAPH TORRIE, PRESIDENT, TORRIE SMITH ASSOCIATES

wi the rie of gas get to the oint where it egins toram or ifestyes? Wi the natra gas we deendon e there for or grandhidren or their hidren?How ong od we oe if the ower went ot anddidnt ome ak on? re we aroahing a tiing

oint in the aane etween or fe and eetriity onsmtionand the environmenta damage it ases?

hese qestions rk in the ak of or minds, t most ofthe time we are ontent not to have to think aot where orenergy omes from, or where it wi ome from in the ftre.We make a hot drink or gra a od one from the fridge, heat a snak in the mirowave, ik a ight swith, ik the remoteontro and sette in to an evening of entertainment in the om-fort of or entray heated and air-onditioned homes.

bt a that omfort and onveniene doesnt jst haen y

hane. r daiy se of fes and eetriity is the ti of a veryarge ieerg, an enormos system of tehnoogia, siness,nania, instittiona and oitia infrastrtre that has eenit over 150 years, so that we an sqeeze the hande, er and drive on. hat energy system is hanging, and it ishanging s. We an i afford to take it for granted.

f orse, it is imossie to redit the ftre of sh aomex system, t we an identify and nderstand some ofthe key fators at work:

THS TAL HAS A DOhe fe and eetriity indstry reresents aot seven erent of or nationa eonomy ig, t not that ig.

he demand for energy is argey determined y deisionsand ehaviors that are made in the other

hardy a day goes y withot energy eing entra in ornationa deate. Whie its easy to i magine this is some-thing new, energy has een at the heart of what makescanada tik for mh of or ontrys history.

o nderstand the energy deate is to reognize twoe most endring and somewhat oniting vaes of cana-s. We are highy asirationa, and yet reentessy ragmati.dream ig, and we at with rdene.hen it omes to energy and the environment, canadians fee

en resonsiiity to do or art to rotet the anet. bt weometimes atios aot how far to streth, est or grashort of or reah. We ike to e among the words eaders,

not aways at the head of the ak.anadians have enty of enthsiasm for reating energy otnd, sn and waves. We aso ike geotherma tehnoogies,

hydrogen and iofes. bt we know that ow-ost energy hasgiven s an eonomy that nhes aove its weight, and an envi-ae qaity of ife. r energy hoies have een aot ndingways to stay warm, to trave and move rodts great distanes,to fe indstries ike stee making, ato manfatring, mining,shing and farming. We soght energy we od afford, and a-roahes we od make work at the sae we needed.

coa and hydroeetriity eame a fondation that aowedor eonomy to take root, attrat investment and reate jos.Disoveries of onventiona oi and gas added owerf newways to meet domesti needs and egin iding exort marketswith massive revene otentia.

he romise of near energy was aso emraed y canada,aeit at a sower ae than that in other arts of the word, whereoa, oi, gas and hydro were ess entif. Continued on page 12 Continued on page 13

canadasenergy

oil1978: Mildred lake, ab.the oicial opening o

the syncrude project in

albertas oil sands

hydropower1893: niagara alls, on.

a railway coMpany installs

two 1,000 horsepower

generators at niagara alls

to operate an electric

traMway and to supply local

power

nuclear1971: pickering, on.

the irst candu reactor

begins coMMercial

operation in ontario

renewables1994: pincher creek, ab.

the cowley ridge wind plant

is coMpleted, becoMing the

irst coMMercial wind arM

in canada

coal1882: lethbridge, ab.

coal Mining begins

to supply the canadian

paciic railway


7/19

93 er ent of the eonomy. rom rananning to hosing referenes, fromrodt deveoment strategies to s-y hain management, deisions andhoies are made in whih energy ostsare reativey sma or even non-existentinenes, t whih nevertheess haveong-asting imiations for how mhfe and eetriity we wi need in theftre. We an go a ong way to ser-ing or energy ftre y imroving or

nderstanding of the energy imiationsof design hoies, settement atterns,sy hain aternatives, investmentstrategies and even nania oiies.

LOBALATONnnovations trave raidy arond theword, and canadians od nd them-seves yers rather than seers in thergeoning ean tehnoogy market.r ow energy ries donot he in this regard, asthe ressre to innovateis higher where feand eetriity are moreexensive, ike in roe,or in ontries ike chinawhere the eonomideveoment imerativereqires maximizing thetiity from every dro ofoi rned.

KN KLOWATTetriity is the hamagne of energy.We aready ay mh more er nitof energy for eetriity than we do forother energy forms ease we vaeits versatiity, its eaniness (at eastat the oint where it is sed), and itsniqe omatiiity with the informa-tion roessing tehnoogies that aredening the age we ive in.

We wod e ost withot eetri-ity, even thogh ess than 15 er ent ofa the end se aiations of energy

neessariy reqire eetriity (e.g. ight-ing, sma motors, teeommniations,information roessing). bt the grid isantiqated, rooted in 100-year-od teh-noogies and rediated on the one wayow of ower from entraized owerants to na onsmers.

his is hanging fast now, and thesmart eetriity grid of the ftre wi

sort a high degree ofinteronnetivity andmtidiretiona owsof energy and infor-mation to manage awide range of new andonventiona sysores, new aia-tions ike the eetriar, exie demands,miro grids, and energystorage tehnoogies andtehniqes.

CLMATE CHANEhis is the mother of a wid ards whenonsidering the ftre of or energysystem. he rodtion and onsm-tion of fossi fes is a rimary driver ofthe aeeration of the goa warmingthat threatens iviization as we know it. onerted effort to rede greenhosegas emissions wod have a transforma-tive effet on the energy system. ehno-ogies for sing energy from idings totrks, hotooiers to fatories wodeome mh more efient. enewae

eetriity wod grow even faster than ithas een, and there wod e renewed in-terest in the sstainae se of canadasiomass resores for energy, artiaryfor iqid transort fes.

t is dift to make reditions,eseiay aot the ftre, and this isartiary tre of or energy ftre.he ftre is not for rediting, t forthe making of it. here are andant o-ortnities for iding a heathy, eanand safe energy system for a roseroscanada in a tehnoogiay advanedand eoogiay sstainae word.nergy iteray oens or eyes to theseoortnities. nRalph Torrie is one of Canadas leading ener-gy system experts and has a special interestin the threats and opportunities presentedby the coming global energy transition andthe climate change imperative.

onsmers demand, says MeissaDeYong, rojet manager atpotion proe.

ddressing the extended engthof time reqired to harge theattery is a key ste, she adds.his od reqire oa tiitiesto evove to a roative sinessmode that romotes and faii-tates eetri ar adotion amongonsmers.

Desite these haenges,eetri ars remain on a ro.

inskey notes that withcanada having aot 58er ent of its eetriitygenerated from hydro,eetri vehies wi havea ositive imat on theenvironment omared togasoine vehies.

etri ars are goingto haen, he says. Weregoing to see some doe-digit adotion in the next 10years. - Marjo Johne

canadians may not know it,hey are in a rae to t hafion eetri vehies on thetrys roads y 2018. hats thet set y the federa govern-throgh canmetGY,nergy siene and tehnoogyrh organization at atra

res canada (can).hie eetri and g-inds sti reresent ony a smaon of ars on the road, theyreasingy eing emraed y

drivers arond the word. n canada,hyrid saes ast year inreased yamost 200 er ent, to more than14,000 from aot 5,000 in 2011,with the oyota pris and pris vaonting for more than haf oftota saes.

ording to a reent canreort, most major atomakers wiikey offer re eetri or g-inhyrid modes y 2014. bt withmore drivers gging in their arsto harge, qestions arise aot

how tiities wi effetivey managethe resting imats on eetriityreqirements.

Mihae inskey, Diretor ofGoa Vehie etriation andnfrastrtre at ord Motor com-any, says an average driver oversjst over 19,000 kiometres a year,onsming aot 3.65 megawatthors of eetriity. n the ream ofcanadas tota eetria generationof 570 terawatt hors annay,eetri vehies wod reresent a

mere fration of overa energy se.evertheess, there are onerns

aot how the ontrys grids widistrite enogh eetriity to a-ommodate mtitdes of vehiesharging simtaneosy.

Weve fond that the onern isnot generating aaity, t ratherthe aaity of the oa distritionsystem artiary in some oderran entres to deiver the owerreqired to harge eetri vehieswithin the short san of time that


rsit of near has reeted ad of otimism and ation: withotsive answers to safety onerns,

i has een wary to see exan-of near ower, and governmentsmirrored that hesitation.me of the deisions canada hase aot energy deveoment inast 150 years invoved testy ites. bt the hoies aot or ftre

m to e even more vigorosy deated.

is is ease of the onene ofra owerf trends.st, desite advanes in energyervation, most onsmers are sing

e energy, not ess. marthones, ta-hyrids and many other devies that

art of modern ife are tting risingsres on or energy grid.s demand rises, governments andes are exeted to ensre we have we need. hat means adding newity, whih an e ontroversia ory, or oth.ond, onsmers and sinesses dis-

aying more for energy, and an n-overnments that mistake affetionenewaes with a desire to ay mhe for something that is an essentia.nesses are inreasingy footoose, anddae energy has aways een one ofhings that canada od ont on tot and hod investment.

Governments an hoose to sendi money or id i det tossidize new forms of energy, t oneagain, the i desire for eaner energyis aso tethered to a owerf instint tomanage or ftre tax and det rdenwith are.

he third ritia trend affeting orenergy andsae has een modernenvironmentaism. like eoe rettymh everywhere ese in the word,canadians have exressed rising onernaot the ressres eing t on the

anet. his indes a road onernaot imate hange and aron emis-sions. bt for many eoe, onernsaot air, water and andsae imatsare every it as toia.

When it omes to energy from cana-das oi sands, most canadians eieve itis feasie to extrat this energy with anaetae environmenta imat, and asa rest, that this is the right ath for theontry. hat is y no means a ienewithot onditions. bt when the ieieves that roders are working torede greenhose gas emissions, rotetwater qaity and reaim and, and thatgovernments are roviding neessarysrtiny and santions, the i onsen-ss in favor of ontined deveomentis road.

Whether the energy omes from oi,gas, oa, hydro or near faiities, wedemand i safety and exet efforts

to rede the imat of or energy se onthe arth. r sort for newer energysores aso omes with onditions.canadians do not sort a ank heqearoah to ssidizing greener energy,and we are sketia of ideas that seemtoo erfet: hesitation aot agritraiofes has een evident for many years,as an exame.

hroghot or nations history, cana-dians have shown a ersistent oennessto try new aroahes, an instint tothink we an and shod nd etter ways

of doing things, inding deveoing andsing energy. nd, in many ways, orsess at iding one of the strongesteonomies in the word has een a fn-tion of marrying that restess desire todo etter, with a reentess fos on so-tions that work. hi s aane is nikeyto hange anytime soon.nBruce Anderson is one of Canadas mostexperienced research professionals. Hebegan working as a research consultantwith Decima Research in 1983 and becamePresident in 1989, at the age of 32.

Anderson now heads Anderson Insight,a consulting boutique that provides publicopinion/market research and advice. Heis one of Canadas leading commentatorson trends in public opinion and politics.He is a regular member of CBC Nationalst sse panel, and writes a blog forheGoe and Mai.

We soght energy we od afford, and aroahes we od make work at the sae we needed.

BRUCE ANDERSON

nergy iteray oens or eyes to ... oortnities.

RAPH TORRIE

RE WERE COMING FROM ...from page 10 WHERE WERE GOING...from page 11

canada really ready to plug into evs?structure

ll 2013 Energy Exchange 13




he evotion of Canadasenergy systemhas reetedand inened the evotionof its tra mosai. What

opportunities o uture

evelopments in energ

tehnolog bring to canaa?


8/19

Find out how were broadening the worlds

energy mix atwww.shell.com/letsgo

LETS PASS ENERGY ON

TO THE NEXT GENERATION.

LETS GO.

w

hen the idea of a hydroeetri antwas t to a vote three years ago inthe nit viage of nkjak in orth-

ern Qee, ose to 85 er ent ofthe ommnitys 1,200 residents

d their hands in arova.e canadas estimated 250 origina andern ommnities, nkjak is disonnetedthe orth merian eetriity grid. ndot 90 er ent of the ontrys off-ommnities, nkjak reies on diese forand ower an exensive otion that areort y origina ffairs and orthernoment canada ited as detrimenta to theonment and soio-eonomi deveomentmote ommnities.hie diese was a ogia hoie when manynadas origina and northern ommni-

were reativey sma making it hard toy the signiant front osts of iding amission ine chris Henderson, presidenttawa-ased lmos nergy n., aenergy advisor to origina

mnities, says today thatsnger the ase.ff-grid ommnities inhern ntario, Qee.c. are growing verynd needing morer, says Henderson,

or of the reenty -

d origina power, aaot origina ean

gy rojets in canada.e ower has major short-ngs. bakots are freqent,

many diese systems fai to gener-nogh ower to meet ommnity needs.rt of the isse is that diese is ased onor two-hase transfer systems adeqateosehod oads, t not for sinesses,h need the staiity and ost efienyee hase ower. by iding advaned

gy systems from renewae sores shdro, canadas remote ommnities are notemraing more environmentay friendyehnoogiay advaned otions, theyre

aso tting in ae a fondation for eonomiroserity, says Henderson.

his is reisey why nkjak wants to swith

from diese eetriity. ommy paiser, an n-kjak resident and siness deveoment advi-sor with the Kativik egiona Government, whihoversees most of the navik region in orthernQee, says the ommnity is now waiting forHydro Qee to arove what od e a osi-tive, ife-hanging deveoment for its residents.

peter Kiry, president of the ak iver ingitirst ation cororations in tin, b.c., nearYkon, has exeriened sh a ife-ateringdeveoment rst-hand. or years ago, tin,a ommnity of 400 residents, trned on theower swith of its $ 15-miion, two-megawattmiro hydro ant.

Having reiae, high-qaity energy has a-owed tin to kee with the needs of its grow-ing oation, whih is ying more eetronissh as teevisions and moie devies. he off-

grid ant, whih oerates year-rond, hasaso reated jos and a new revene

sore for the ommnity; ak iveringit irst ation has signed a

25-year ower rhase agree-ment with b.c. Hydro, whihontros tins eetria grid.

tin is now in taks to on-net to the Ykon grid so it anse ower to Ykon nergy,

says Kiry.commnity-owned renewae

energy rojets are the way of theftre, says Henderson. s of ast

year, ose to 40 ean energy rojetswere arty owned y origina ommni-

ties, omared to jst 15 in 2010. Whie highfront osts ontine to e a arrier, innova-tive naning sotions sh as extended owerrhase agreements an make it ossie forcanadas remote ommnities to id their ownrenewae energy systems, says Henderson. n

Journalist Marjo Johne contributes regularly toThe Globe and Mail and other major national dailiesand magazines.

ws

RJO JOHNE

orthernxposure

An estimated 250 Cana-

dian communities are not

connected to the North

American electrical or

natural gas network. There

is no shortage, however, of

viable energy alternatives:

Dieel-generted

electricity nd pce/

wter eting

smll ydro wit yer-

round energy torge nd

generting cpcity

hybrid wind-dieel

ytem

ntegrted olr power for

building nd power

production

Biom et nd power

co-genertion

NG et nd power

genertion

smll nucler

rector

icro ydrogen

power ytem,

including ue of

locl ource

(e.g. ydro, wind) to

produce ydrogen

Note: Potential of energy

alternatives depends on

local site conditions,

transport requirements,

economic performance and

technological reliability.

Source: umos Energy, 2013

energy alternatives

or reMote & northern

coMMunities


h m

. t

, .peter kirby

Energy security andreliability are fondationato a roseros eonomy.

he attrites of oa energysystems often reet the

vaes and asirations of theommnity and the energy

resores that an e oaydeveoed. These ieas are

also eplore on page 8.




9/19

Meet A turbinethAt SPeAKS turbine.Ges las s aalyz s of osads of daa pos p scod. ty also alk.Sag wa yv lad w svc ccas, o wd fams ad ac o.All o ga wal, cla gy fo Caada.

g.com/ca | @Ge_Caada

i i i i

:

desite canadas andant natra resor-es, exerts agree that ony a highy skiedaor fore wi enae s to reah orotentia as an energy serower.

ross setors, ony 42 er ent ofing adts have the skis needed to the 70

ent of new jos that reqire ost-seondaryation, says nne ber, chair of the ssoia-of commnity coeges.owhere is the ga wider than the energystry, whih reies heaviy on the exerienedneers and skied tradeseoe in shortest s-When we ost a jo onine, we often get tho-s of aiations, t many aiants dontthe rereqisite skis, says Don MaKinnon,

dent of the power Workers union (pWu).e soe of jos reqired within the setor

nds eyond the engineers and the tehniiansed to rn the inreasingy sohistiated ma-

ery sed to nd, extrat, roess and transortand eetriity. heres aso growing demand

fe-ased jos in aonting and nane,an resores, aw and ororate servies.. Gord ixon, Vie president ademi atpoytehni in cagary, says that some s-

ors in the indstry, sh as ower engineering,aing artiary ate shortages, and hes that inreasing nmers of tradeseoe riians, mers and others are needed toort energy-reated iding and onstrtion.rogh artnershis with indstry, isng sre its stdents are reared for rrenttre jos. ah rogram has an indstry

mittee that advises s on ftre trends to

re that or gradates have the skis they needt the grond rnning, says ixon.eriened rofessiona engineers are ertainyia and at-risk omonent of canadas

gy ftre. he eetria energy system, forme, is roay the argest, most omexneering system in the word, says pa

hione, president of the ntario oiety ofprofessiona ngineers. Yo jst ant design,oerate and maintain it withot high-qaityengineering taent.

oe modes an he attrat a di versity ofniversity aiants, says hione. When

oerta bondar and Jie payette went intosae, for exame, we saw an inrease inwomen enroing.

post-gradation mentoring rograms aso hemake the rofession more weoming to nder-reresented gros inding women andoriginas whose artiiation wi e reqiredto meet the demands of the ftre, he says.

bt an even more intratae arrier is a ak ofororate training rograms. When gradated40 years ago, omanies invested in for or veyears of training and mentoring for new engineer-ing gradates.

With goa ometition, omanies simyant afford to do that, he says. hey need en-gineers with for or ve years of setor-seiexeriene, and they arent there, ease no oneis wiing to train them.

stae oiy environment is aso essentiafor ong-term aor sotions, says MaKinnon. sond, ong-term energy an for ntario, forexame, wod he everyone stdents, eda-tors and emoyers an for the next generationof workers.

part of that anning invoves reahing ot toyonger generations who are making imortantdeisions aot their ftre. is deveoingorses with oa shoo oards that rovide

stdents with an arate itre of the energysetor. ixon says the orses wi he hangethe eretion of energy jos and emhasizethe imortane of the setor and its many anddiverse jo oortnities.

fter a, for eoe with the right skis, a a-reer in the energy setor an ast a ifetime. n


rding to a 2012 report published by the Petroleum Human Resources Council of Canada, employment in the energy sector over the next decade

pected to increase between nine and 20 per cent, with job opportunities falling into three broad categories:

gy sector generates jobs in Many dierent industries

t an e arged that peopleare the core of any energy

system. peoe drive energydemand, and eoe idand manage the systemsthat resond with sy.

Dediated and taented eo-e are needed throghot

the energy system in canadaand arond the word.



illing toMorrows energy jobsB ORI BAMBER

canadas ftre demands foresight, o-oeration

Photos:sait

ABOUR FORCE

%wi e diret jos in

exoration and rodtion, oi

as servies and ieine oerations.

49%wi e indiret jos, sh as

those in onstrtion, manfa-

tring, transortation and administration.

30%wi rest from inreased needs for goods

and servies assoiated with greater nmers

of oth diret and indiret workers in the energy setor.


10/19


11/19

he power providers

jenny liuProgram Manager,

smission Maintenance & Program

al Delivery, BC Hydro

with 18,000 kiometres of transmis-sion ines and nderwater aes and 286 transmission sstations

Hydro needs to make sre that everyent of the system is fntioning oti-

y to deiver ower aross montainsvaeys to ommnities rovinewide.oe ike Jenny li, a rogram man-who works with a team fosed onmission maintenane rograms, arentia to ahieving this goa.

We onnet with the ines and stationss to make sre theyve ometed

e maintenane and insetions workned in the work an and any neededment reairs, she says. r fos isy and reiaiity; we make sre that ar eqiment is oerating roery sowe an deiver reiae ower. is aso dediated to energy onser-n. he worked in a o-o ositionbc Hydro dring her forth year ashania engineering stdent to he

identify idings that wod enet fromsei power mart rograms and toondt on-site insetions of ighting andmehania systems.

he says that british comians areeaders in the way they se energy. hebc Hydro power mart rogram has done agreat jo of reating awareness and inen-tives for eoe to onserve. n

landon aldridgePrincipal and Director of Operations,

Terratek Energy Solutions Inc.

landon dridge and o-fonder otteenor anhed erratek nergyotions eight years ago with a fos

on roviding soar systems to the off-gridmarket, often remote ains.

ine then, cortenay, b.c.-ased er-ratek has evoved. t now designs, siesand instas a wide range of renewaeenergy systems for ient gros that in-de homeowners, sinesses, deveoers,shoos and mniiaities.

s a sma siness owner, m invovedin a stages of the roess: onst with

the ient to see what they want to a-omish, design the system and rovidea roosa, and then sy and insta theomonents.

dridge aso ensres that the instaedsystem omies with the net meteringrograms of rovinia tiities bc Hydroand ortis bc. hese rograms aowtiity stomers to se other forms ofower rodtion sh as soar and tie intothe onventiona tiity grid if needed tosement their energy needs.

Many of or ients are ooking forenergy serity, he says. here an ea ot of voatiity in rates from traditionaenergy sores, t with something ikesoar energy, yore ooking at a at rateover the ifetime of the system, whih an

e wards of 35 years.n

don gaMblePrincipal and Environmental Planner,

Golder Associates.

with 25 years exeriene in nat-ra resores management, DonGame hes bc Hydro ring

reiae eetriity to its stomers yroviding sotions to a diverse range ofenvironmenta anning and geotehniaengineering servies throghot the deni-tion, design and onstrtion hases of itsgeneration and transmission rojets.

Working oaorativey with bcHydros ngineering and origina ea-tions & egotiations teams, and istakehoders and ommnity reationsteams, Goder ssoiates ltd.s serviesenae bc Hydro to otain regatory a-rovas for its rojets, he exains.

or exame, whie rearing thenvironmenta ssessment certiateiation for the nterior to lowerMainand ransmission projet, Gameand his Goder ssoiates oeage ean

Weston sorted bc Hydros deisionsto dene a referred aignment in theraser canyon to avoid a known ottedw nest oation within a Widife Haitatrea. he effort aso avoided irst ationsreserves and advoated the onstrtion ofear-san ridge rossings on sh-earingwaterorses. s we, after disovering anew oation of regon otted rogs ina arge wetand in the Mission area, a dei-

sion was made to oate the new transmis-sion tower esewhere.

Whie deisions that aane rojetneeds and environmenta footrints aretimatey made y regatory agenies,eoe ike Game he address stakehoderand environmenta needs and minimizethe imats of ringing ower to britishcomians. n

charles reidPresident and CEO,

BC Hydro

bc Hydro president and c chareseid ts his onsiderae exertise innane and management to work in his

osition at the hem of bc Hydro. certied Genera ontant and achartered Diretor who joined bc Hydro in2008 and served as its xetive Vie presi-dent, inane and chief inania fer,eid was aointed bc Hydros presidentand c in Jy 2012.

osed on meeting eetriity demandsreated y oation growth, exandingindstry and hanging ifestyes, bc Hydro

wi invest more than $2 iion a year for thenext ve years to id transmission ines,grade generation stations, renew ssta-tions, and mh more. he deisions weare making to grade and reinvest in orsystem are setting the stage for s to e aeto reiay ower or rovine and a ofor hosehods for generations to ome.

eid says enoraging energy onserva-tion is an imortant art of bc Hydrosstrategy. or exame, he says, oday, bcHydros new MyHydro onine aont ortais enaing stomers to disover ways tosave energy and money y viewing andtraking their hosehod energy se.

n the ftre, he adds, generation wi ea two-way street, with hosehods ae togenerate eetriity sing soar anes, for

exame, and se energy ak to the grid.n

don pettitCo-founder,

Peace Energy Cooperative

ten years ago, a sma gro of Dawsoncreek entrereners reognized the re-gions enormos wind energy otentia.

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12/19

We knew it wodnt e ong eforeeody wod want to ta into thisre, says Don pettit, a o-fonderae nergy cooerative, who wasvated to see at east some art ofegiona resore o-oerativey andy owned.he o-os rst aqisition was a and

on neary bear Montain idge. Wedeveoers knoking on or doors,we took or time and seeted a b.c.

oer eois Wind power cororationt shared or vaes in site deveomentnderstood the vae the o-oerativeght to the rojet.hotograher y trade, pettit has -

d three ooks eerating the niqety of the peae iver region. He isd that the o-os efforts heed ensreMontain ontines to e a oar

eationa area, and that the wind arkorts bc Hydro servie in Dawson creekthe srronding region.think its imortant for eoe to knowore of their eetriity and nder-

d why that matters, he says. t asos a new eve of onsientiosnesst energy se.n

rick hoppPresident and CEO,

f River Power Inc.

o e sessf in the rn-of-river owersetor, yo have to wear at east threehats, says ik Ho, c of n of

power.n addition to eing a siness erson,have to e a diomat and an edator,Ho, who started ot in renewaes

ears ago deveoing natra gas o-ration rojets and and-to-energyties in roe.n of iver power, Hos jo invoves

ng aita and addressing ermitting

s, ndertaking ioogia and wateres and negotiating with others whoe imated y a rojet, inding irst

ons, he says.nike traditiona hydroower genera-whih ses dams to ontro water ow,

of-river ower rodtion is sjetasona river ows. n a tyia rojet,k water is diverted into enstok iesng to ower-eevation trines. he wa-then redireted ak into the stream,

h is onstanty monitored to maintainrronding eosystem.

n of ivers brandywine creek rojetrrenty feeding 7.6 megawatts ofer into the grid, enogh to sy0 homes. he omany is aso id-

ing the arger 25-megawattkookm creek powerrojet east of qamish,whih wi sy enogheetriity to ower 18,000homes.n

greg ManzulenkoPlant Manager,

Island Generation

thanks to sand Generation a natragas-red, omined-ye owerstation aot 10 er ent of Van-

over sands eetriity is rodedfrom natra gas. he ant yieds 275megawatts of eetriity, enogh to ower

60,000 homes, says ant manager GregManzenko, a man who aims to havegone from the trator to the reator whenhe trned away from his farming roots andset ot on the ath to eoming a owerengineer.

fter sending the rst art of his areerdeveoing and maintaining ower genera-tion faiities at and aer oerationsin erta, Manzenko took the hem atsand Generation with two goas in mind:efienty roding ow-ost ower, andeing a good neighor to the ommnityof came iver.

n addition to managing day-to-day o-erations, Manzenko deas with dgets,maintenane oerations, the anning andimementation of aita rojets, safetyand environmenta isses, iaises with thesrronding ommnity; and addressesisses ig and sma, inding ower ot-ages.

ot of it is jst deaing with eoe;theres aways someone at the door askinga qestion, he says, adding that gas-redants have environmenta advantagesease yo get a ot of horseower forthe amont of fe going in. n

chad bentleyGeneral Manager,

First Resources Impact Ventures

chad bentey is ringing ower to theeoe british comias originaeoe, that is.

fter 21 years stringing wires, the ong-time ineman has eome the GeneraManager of irst esores mat Ven-tres. he rst origina-owned transmis-sion ine ontrating omany in canada,the rm was reated to emower canadasorigina eoe throgh artiiation inthe transmission ine indstry.

We have a ot todo in terms of training,deveoment and idingaaity, t in ve yearswe hoe to e iddingometitivey on rojetsthroghot Westerncanada, he says.

ransmission ines, whihmove eetriity from generat-

ing stations to distrition sstationswhere its transformed to ower votagesand sent to homes and indstria stom-ers, are ria to eetriity distrition.b.c.s vast network indes 18,286 kiome-tres of transmission ines, 55,000 kiome-tres of distrition ines, 300 sstations,aroximatey one miion tiity oes and325,000 individa transformers.

bentey, whose dad was aso a ineman,and who has two rothers sti working thetowers, says the new ventre wi not onyhe etter onnet the grid, t aso ro-mote eonomi deveoment in originaommnities affeted y transmissionine onstrtion. ative eoes shodenet from eonomi deveomentsimating their ommnities. n

brent rogersPlant Manager,

Armstrong Wood Waste Co-Generation

brent ogers is ersonay motivated tominimize emissions oming from theiomass ower station he manages for

oko. he 50-year-od triathete arei-ates ean air, erhas even more than mosteoe, eseiay when he trains for eventsike the Keowna e riathon.

he rmstrong Wood Waste co-Gener-ation ant trns some 200,000 dry tonnesof wood waste into 20 megawatts of owerannay, 18 of whih are fed direty into thegrid, enogh to ower aot 15,000 homes,

exains ogers.n eetrostati reiitator srs the

ants artiate emissions, and the rest-ing ash is a sef fertiizer ingredient. nthe od days, a that waste wod have eenrned, so this faiity signianty redeswhat goes into the atmoshere.

ording to atra esores canada,ioenergy rrenty aonts for aroxi-matey 6 er ent of canadas tota energysy. Whie iomass fe feedstok isandant, aessing it ost effetivey ane haenging. n order to make eonomisense, these faiities need to e near a fesore, says ogers, noting that trkingfeedstok over great distanes is tyiayost-rohiitive. n

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Every day, we renewour commitment torenewable energy.

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he power providers

Energy systems onsistof mh more than jst

tehnoogy and infrastr-tre. he fore that drives

innovation and imrovementomes from rea eoe,whose daiy ations and

deisions give or energysystem its hmanity.




13/19

n terms of global energy trade and security, what areCanadas most signicant contributions now and in

oreseeable future?ada has a very rih endowment of energy resores, indingatra gas, oa, hydroeetriity and ranim. his has enaedeome one of the words argest roders and exortersergy. he imortane of its energy setor for goa energyrity and for the canadian eonomy has grown steadiy and iso eome even more imortant in the deades ahead. his isdemonstrated y or World Energy Outlook 2012 rojetionsanadian oi rodtion, whih see ott rising steadiy as ois rodtion grows y two-and a-haf times y 2035, more thantting a deine in onventiona ott.

have spoken passionately about the need to stabilize andce greenhouse gas emissions globally. How may Canada con-te to solutions?

ording to reent estimates, goa energy-reated aronde (c2) emissions rose y 1.4 er ent in 2012, reahing ard high of 31.6 gigatonnes and tting the word on a ath that ise ikey to rest in a temeratre inrease of etween 3.6c andc, with atastrohi onseqenes.e World Energy Outlook 2013 eia eort Redrawing the

gy-Climate Map resents the rests of a 4-for-2c enario,h rooses a set of for roven measres that od sto the

wth in goa energy-reated emissions y the end of this deade net eonomi ost. he measres are: (i) targeted energy

eny in idings, indstry and transort; (ii) imiting thetrtion and se of the east-efient oa-red ower ants;tions to have exeted methane (a otent greenhose gas)ses into the atmoshere from the stream oi and gas indstry;iv) imementing a artia hase-ot of fossi fe onsmtionidies aonts.eieve canada an ay a key roe in seeding the widesreadtion of these measres, oth at home and internationay. Do-iay, canada aready has a nmer of oiies that target mea-s simiar to the ones we are roosing in or reort, inding,xame, reent moves to imrove the fe eonomy of assengeras we as varios other minimm erformane standards toove energy efieny. canada aso rohiits onstrtion of

ain oa-red ower ants and is engaged in venting and aringtives for oi and gas rodtion. Many of these measres wire enforement and, in some arts, strengthening. his wodmomentm in advane of the imortant meeting of the confer-

ene of the parties to the u ramework convention on cimatechange in paris in 2015.

What if Canada simply constrained its hydrocarbon exports?f canada hose to imit its hydroaron exorts, it may e to thedetriment of goa energy serity. his is artiary tre when itomes to oi: canada is inreasing the diversity of goa oi sy,for it reresents one of the few areas where signiant growth inrodtion is ossie among traditiona major oi exorters. t is asotre for natra gas, as the roset of canadian exorts to sia isset to aeerate the movement towards a more diversied and ex-ie internationa market.

s there a way for Canada to rationalize the apparentlydivergent goals of increasing energy exports and helping toaddress climate change?lets start with the oi sands. t is tre that their rodtion generayemits more greenhose gases er arre than that of most tyes ofonventiona oi. However, on a we-to-whees asis, the differeneis mh ess, sine most emissions or at the oint of se (om-stion in a vehie, for exame). We estimate that we-to-wheesc2 emissions for oi sands rodtion are etween 0 er ent and15 er ent higher than onventiona sores.

onetheess, it is imortant that canada ontines the work it isdoing on mitigation measres to rede emissions from oi sandsrodtion. hese inde deveoing more efient extrationtehnoogies and sing aron atre and storage. contining to

make imrovements with water and and management tehniqesis aso ria.

n terms of natra gas, canadas ans to exort growing vomesod ay an imortant art in a transition to a ow-aron energyftre. bt even thogh it rings environmenta gains when sstitt-ing for other fossi fes, reiane on gas aone is not sfient to meetthe internationa goa of imiting the inrease in goa temeratresto 2c. o meet that goa wi reqire a mh arger shift to ow-aron energy sores, inreasing energy efieny, hoosing renew-aes and near ower, and deoying innovative tehnoogies.

canada is aso an imortant oa exorter. coa met neary hafof the rise in goa energy demand over the ast deade. Whetheroa demand and trade arries on rising strongy or hanges orseis artiary nertain. t wi deend on the strength of oiy mea-sres that favor ower-emissions energy sores, the deoyment ofmore efient oa-rning tehnoogies and, eseiay imortant inthe onger term, aron atre and storage.n - Randall Mang

d or nation eome an even igger ayer in the word energy trade and at the same

time he ontrite to sotions to goa warming? We asked Dr. Fatih Birol, the

chief onomist and Diretor of Goa nergy onomis at the nternationa nergy

geny in paris, for his views.

By Don MacKinnonPresidentPower Workers Union

Ontario is in the middle of a

review of its 2010 Long-Term

Energy Plan (LTEP). Many

have speculated that with

slower than forecasted growth

in energy demand in Ontario,

building out the full electricity

generation capacity contem-

plated by the LTEP could

result in higher than antici-

pated costs to ratepayers and

unacceptably large surpluses of

power generation at times.

New and extremely important

decisions on the future supply

mix for Ontario may have to

be contemplated.

To help inform the LTEP

review, the Power Workers

Union and the Organization of

Canadian Nuclear Industries

commissioned Strategic Policy

Economics Inc. (Strapolec) to

assess the economic and green-

house gas (GHG) emission

impacts associated with two

supply mix options for illustra-

tive purposes. One scenario

Retained Wind assumes that

planned new wind generation

goes forward while investments

in nuclear power generation are

curtailed. Under this scenario,

additional gas-fired generation

is needed as a backstop to the

intermittency of wind genera-

tion. Wind generation pro-

duces electricity approximately

30 percent of the time. The

other scenario Retained

Nuclear assumes that the

planned refurbishment of exist-

ing nuclear reactors and the

building of new reactors would

proceed while the proposed

development of new wind gen-

eration would not.

The Strapolec study Ontario

Electricity Options Compari-

son concludes that the

Retained Nuclear scenario

would offer tremendous advan-

tages over the Retained Wind

scenario. Retaining the cur-

rently planned nuclear capacity

would produce $56 billion in

direct benefits to Ontarios

economy, $27 billion in savings

to ratepayers and $29 billion in

direct investment in Ontario.

The net incremental benefit of

this scenario, compared to the

Retained Wind one, would be

$60 billion. It would generate

$9 billion more in direct

employment income benefits

than the Retained Wind sce-

nario, including the creation of

more than 100,000 person

years of employment in high-

value Ontario jobs, many in the

advanced manufacturing sector.

Additionally, GHG emissions

would be reduced by more than

108 million tonnes, 80 percent

less emissions than the Retained

Wind scenario.

The study did not consider the

impact of carbon pricing

which would further tip the

scales in favour of nuclear

generation.

The study relies on publicly-

available data from the Ontario

Power Authority, the Indepen-

dent Electricity System Opera-

tor and the Ontario Energy

Board as well as economic

impact assessments for wind

generation from ClearSky Advi-

sors and for nuclear generation

from Canadian Manufacturers

& Exporters. The data and

assumptions used were vali-

dated and consistently applied

in modelling the two scenarios

to 2035, the planning horizon

for the LTEP.

Ontarians should have as much

accurate information as possi-

ble to make these important

decisions about our energy

future. The study confirms that

investments in nuclear power

generation will lead to signifi-

cantly lower electricity costs,

greater direct investment ben-

efits in Ontario and much

lower GHG emissions.

Ontario has one of the lowest

carbon electricity system foot-

prints in the world, thanks to our

provinces hydroelectric and

nuclear electricity generation.

For over 50 years, CANDU reac-

tors have produced GHG emis-

sion-free electricity. Each year,

Canadas nuclear reactors help

avoid about 90 million tonnes of

GHG emissions, about the same

amount as taking 81 percent of

Canadas cars off the road.

Ontario already hosts much of

Canadas $6 billion-a-year nuclear

industry, its 160 supply chain

companies and its 60,000 direct

and indirect high-value jobs.

Investing in our nuclear assets

reduces Ontarios growing reli-

ance on imported US shale gas,

which means better energy

security. It also means that in

the future Ontario can continue

to export low-carbon electric-

ity to our fossil-fuel dependent

neighbours and can power

Made-in-Ontario zero-emis-

sion electric vehicles.

Ontarios future economic

prosperity will be dependent

upon ensuring that our busi-

nesses and industries continue

to have affordable, reliable,

low-carbon electricity.

The Strapolec study should

help decision-makers make the

right choices for Ontarios

energy future.

Ontarios Energy Future Choosing the Smart Path

i i lii i i .

I li i i ii l l i . i i i l l i

il: i i i i i l l il li i i i

i i i l i i l il . I i ll i i i

l i ii l i i l .

i il . I i i i lli l

i l il. ll l i ii l i i i i

i i i l l . i ll li i il i

i i l .l i i i i i i

i i i i i i ili . i l l i i i

l i i . i i

i i l ii l i l.

I l l i ll l i i i i l

. i i i l i ii il l li l i i

i i l l li i i i i l l. l ill i l i l

i i i il l l i i i l i .

i l i l . l l li i l l l .

l i i i li i l l i . I ill li

l i i li l i l i i ll i i

l .


ws

A

he big trade-o

diemma is a hoieetween two ndesiraeotions. When it omesto imate hange and

energy rodtion, it anoften seem that canada is

eing ed in two differentdiretions. By confrontingthe trade-offs and making

choices, our energy systemevolves.




14/19


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Timeof day (hours)

Wednesday, January 11, 2012(by fuel source aggregate)

Ontario Load Curve

Demand(MWh)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

l

i

Wind (actual data)

Other

l

i

Hydro (load-following)

Coal (load-following)

l

i

Gas (load-following)

Gas (baseload)

l

i

Nuclear (baseload)

Hydro (baseload)

grist or the windMillB PATCHEN BARSS

ptting renewae energy systems to work

PUBIC DEBATE

wind has the ower to ift a kite, a saior soothe the so. t an aso sna treesand destroy entire ommnities. n theream of i deate, wind ower haseome eqay voatie.

ntario has eome a ashoint for the ontrover-

ond wind ower, artiary sine the rovineded its Green Energy Act in 2009. he atdates diversiation of ower generation, addinge renewae sores into the mix. t aso shiftssion-making from mniiaities to the roviniarnment (athogh reent amendments haveay ndone this hange).ind has sarked ire in manyrio ommnities arty e-e it is shed the hardest.enewaes are going to

art of the mix, and windhas to e there, says carrivea, Diretor ofuniversity of Windsors

igene esearh Gro,h foses on renewaegy generation and storage.nd is a matre tehnoogy. t

t east 23 or 24 er entent at energy onversion

e as efient as soar, andetimes etter.sides ike this heain why some rra om-ties see wind as a key

versifying oa energyo reation. or instane,

advoate and chatham-mniiaity Mayor andye has fond ommnity y-inevera major wind rojets.hers, however, see trmoi in wind energy

feration. n addition to i onern aot theiria resene, the variae natre of wind energyents haenges for the ower grid.nike gas, oa and near ants, whih rovidedy aseoad generation, wind trines ony workn the wind ows.

n the ower grid, sy mst e met yand seond-y-seond, or yo get ikers org akots, if a mismath is severe, says Jatinwani, a university of Wateroo rofessor who

s the ntario esearh chair in pi poiy forainae nergy. f yo have 500 megawatts of

wind this minte, it an dro to 50 (the next min-te), reating a hge ga in the system and stressover a very short timeframe.

athwani says winds variaiity is manageaewith ntarios rrent mix, where it aonts forony aot 2,000 of ntarios 35,000-megawatt

generating aaity. bt with ans to inrease windto 10,000 megawatts y 2020, the isse eomesa haenge to the system.

hat haenge an e met severa ways: throghimroved ower storage, regiona ower-sharingin Qee, Manitoa and the northeastern united

tates, or ak- generation systems that kikin when wind ower dros. athwani says

hrdes ike these are worth addressing.With rrent oiies, ntarios green-

hose gases wi e aot the owest inthe word, with the exetion of regionsdominated y hydro generation, he says.hat eomes an ntario advantage.

or many ommnities, wind owerremains a dift se. Many energy

omanies now devote major resoresto meaningf onstation and edation

sometimes hosehod y hosehod to seeknderstanding and assent.

Whie chatham-Kents trines haventesaed ontroversy, Mayor Hoeattrites the genera reetivity tomassive i engagement, going akyears efore the Green Energy Act wasimemented. We have aways eievedin i engagement, he said. We were

ae to t eoes onerns to ed y

deaing with fats.carrivea, who has een art of manysh ommnity onstations, onrs that

ower omanies ant win throgh romotion oredation aone. He aso sometimes senses thatntarios wind energy deate seaks to amore genera isse of eoe wantingmore energy, t not wanting any tyeof generating infrastrtre in theirakyards. What aternative wod yorefer? he asks.

ti, he says, no energy infrastrtrean or shod e fored on a ommnity.

ome omanies did it right, andsome didnt, he said. ts reay aaot attaining yor soia iene tooerate. n

w m .

i f , mm .

rupp carriveau

i 500m

m, 50 ( m),

m.

jatin nathwani


10

100

1000

10000

100000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

All Stations Wednesday, January 11, 2012

Timeof day (hours)

Output(MWh)

Wind

Other

Nuclear

HydroGas

Coal

1

2

Wind turbine technology is attractive because it can generate electrical power without producing emissions that

pollute the air or co ntribute to climate change. But integrating wind power into existing electricity systems poses

various challenges. One such challenge is illustrated using the following charts, which show how demand and

supply were balanced on one day in 2012 in Ontario.

Chart 1 illustrates how the demand

for electricity (the system load)

varies up and down throughout

the day. The level below which the

load rarely drops is the baseload,

supplied by power plants that

produce electricity at a constant

rate. Nuclear reactors supply the

majority of baseload demand in

Ontario, supplemented by some

signicant hydropower capacity(i.e., dams) and natural gas-red

power plants. ayered on top of

the baseload is the load-following

supply from power plants designed

to ramp output up or down as

needed to meet the varying de-

mand. ast on the stack is wind,

the output from which is neither

steady nor articially variable

its output is naturally variable ac-

cording to the weather.

Chart 2 places wind at the bottom

of the stack. This reects general

Ontario policy to use all available

wind power at all times. Also, chart

2 uses a logarithmic plot, which

visually exaggerates the share of

wind power. This helps us to see

how wind output increased when

demand decreased. This mismatch

between system demand and wind

power supply means that, as the

number of wind turbines increase,

additional load-following sources

(e.g., gas, dams) could be needed

as standby solutions for when the

wind doesnt blow.Thus, the excess of nominal

power-generating capacity grows,

costing money to build and to op-

erate. Moreover, to maintain over-

all system reliability and stability,

neighbouring jurisdictions may

even be paid to take Ontarios ex-

cess electricity, further driving up

costs. That is why increasing the

share of intermittent, renewable

power must be considered with

the whole system in mind. Captur-

ing the full benets of wind power

requires system-wide changes

not simply more turbines!

deManding supplies

energy reliability



ew energy rojets annite ommnities or

oarize their onstitents.ntegrating green ower intoexisting eetriity transmis-

sion systems and intoommnities is not aways

a straightforward task.


15/19


s een desried as a game hanger and a market disrtera way to transition the words energy eonomy from fossi

es to renewaes. bt an natra gas ive to its iing andhaenge oi as the rimary driver of the goa eonomy?

hat is a qestion eing asked more and more often as thextent of orth merias natra gas reserves eome aar-Whie most of the reserves are oked in dee rok formationswn as nonventiona or tight gas, the evotion of tehno-o aess the resore means that massive amonts of this

ae resore an now e extrated.anada is estimated to have natra gas resores of ose000 triion i feet, of whih aroximatey 80 er entnonventiona. he canadian oiety for unonventionaores as natra gas a strategi resore for canada that isndant, safe, reiae and affordae.mong its other attrites, natra gas is an idea energy soreoth transortation and ower generation. Whie it is not awae energy sore, natra gas is aso onsidered ean

moniker owing to its osition as a ower c2-emitting energy

e omared to other fossi fes and ths its retation asdge to a ower-aron eonomy. Given these fators and itsndane, natra gas is inreasingy toted as having a key roeay in meeting canadas ong-term ojetives for energy, theonment and the eonomy.

agary-ased eynod etzaff, canadian nergy leader,, says whie hea natra gas is ositive for integratedy oi roders ease its a ig ost omonent in ro-ing, oi wi remain the words dominant energy sore fory years to ome.oa is another story. ts een a hea sore of ower for

triity generation for a ong time, t the ow rie of natras making it attrative for eetriity omanies to swith from says etzaff.e adds that whie he has not seen a f reort on the eonom-f swithing to oa, it is generay aeted that when the ries fas eow $4 er MMbt (miion british herma units), it

starts to make sense to swith.prie is aso a fator in the srame y natra gas-roding

nations to sere goa markets, artiary in sia where de-mand for iqeed natra gas (lG) is srging, says etzaff.

here is no qestion that its a it of a rae. He says natragas exorters inding straia, paa ew Ginea and others aready have deas with major sian yers. hats the key. fyore going to id an $8-iion lG exort faiity, yo need toget the ong-term riing ontrats, he says.

eent moves y the u.. to enter the lG exort market are aserios ometitive threat to canada, adds etzaff.

year ago it seemed that canada was ahead of the u.. inthe rae to exort lG. ow it ooks ike the u.. is going to asscanada. However, deiding how mh lG to exort is a very o-itia isse in the u.. ease there are indiations that some ofthe ig etrohemia ants that moved offshore to rede ostsare onsidering retrning to the u.. ease of hea natragas, he says.

n a aer ished earier this year, homas Heing, a divi-

sion hief in the nternationa Monetary nds esearh Deart-ment, says it is aready widey aeted that the avaiaiity ofshae gas resores has fndamentay hanged the otook fornatra gas as a sore of energy.

he main inreased sage of gas has orred in the u.. owersetor, where the share of eetriity roded with natra gas hasstarted to rise ease many ower ants an swith etweengas and the now reativey more exensive (and dirtier) oa. bt inthe onger term, there is otentia for other indstries to swith tonatra gas even transortation, ease natra gas an e sedin interna omstion engines, whih now rey mainy on renedetroem rodts sh as gasoine or diese fe, he wrote.

Heings otook is sorted y the Goden ge of Gassenario deveoed y the nternationa nergy geny. based onthe senarios assmtions, gas se wi inrease y 50 er entetween 2010 and 2035 and aont for over 25 er ent of wordenergy demand.n

the new gaseconoMyB CHRIS FREIMONDWi natra gas eome a rimary driver of the goa eonomy? ome say yes.

ENERG PATHWAS


unexeted innovations inenergy tehnoogies an

t otherwise stae energysystems into a sdden stateof heava. his deends

on oth the andane of anenergy ommodity and thetehnoogy that ts it to

new and vaed ses.



DO YOU WANTA CANADA THAT ISVIBRANT, PROSPEROUS,AND TRUSTED AS AWORLD ENERGY LEADER?

K OWLEDGEMOBILIZATION

NSYSTEMS-BASEDLITERACY

INTERACTIVE ENERGYNEUTRAL

NATIONAL COLLABORATION MEASUREMENT& REPORTING

MARKET-DRIVEN

WHAT S ENERY ECHANE? nergy xhange is a not-for-rot organization dediated to advaningenergy iteray in canada. t asires to a ftre in whih canadians are nited in their energy roserity,rather than divided y their energy otions.

HOW S ENERY ECHANE DFFERENT?

HOW WLL ENERY ECHANE HELP TO TRANSFORM CANADAS ENERY FTRE?nergy xhange is fonded on the rinie that energy iteray reates energy oortnities.

by imroving energy iteray, nergy xhange ontrites tangiy to energy setor investment,tehnoogia innovation and ositive itizen engagement.

Bob Oliver Husam MansourChief Executive Ofcer Chief Operating Ofcer

Pollution Probe Pollution Probe

(416) 926-1907 x 231 (416) 926-1907 x 241

[email protected] [email protected]

TO BE PART OFMAKN T HAPPEN,CONTACT:

we do too. we are


16/19


Photo:nalCorenergy

aonsistent energy-o-iy environment wigo a ong way towardheing ontriesahieve their energy

s. hats one of the essons

ada an earn y oservingests of good and adsion-making aroad, says

Miha Moore, an adjntessor of energy eonomise university of cagary.reent nternationa n-geny stdy examining

manys energy environ-t, for exame, istratesreative oiy deisions

harm investments ine energy infrastrtre,

onversey how a omro-ng aroah to aaninggy needs and environ-ta ojetives an heenergy sies and

s stae.or to the kshima

ear disaster in Jaan, Ger-y had a ong-term an ine to graday hase ot near ower. fter kshima, theman government hose to aeerate its rogram in favor oftraking renewae energy deveoment.

We, they simy odnt reae a that aseoad aaity,Moore. s a rest, ans to motha near energy ants sseqenty saed ak.

e nintended onseqene of this i o weakenedstor sort for aternative energy deveoment. Whenia markets are onfronted y inonsistent deision-ng or oiy deisions that at to minimize rewards, (the

kets) dont invest. n the end what invest-t yo do get is either insfient or noty enogh to sort yor ong-term

gy needs and goas.the meantime, however, Germanys s-f se of iomass in oa-red ants hased it meet its ower needs as we as itsonmenta oigations.dies sh as the reort in Janarynote that o-ring dried oa with wood

omass waste redes emissions from oaer generation faiities omared to emis-s resting from oa ring on its own.

beyond ahieving green-hose gas redtions, Mooresays another advantage issimy the aiity to ontinesing arge and aita-inten-sive oa oiers and sort

faiities, whih are vita tomeeting ower needs.

f Germany timateyroeeds with its nearhase-ot an, Moore says,meeting aseoad needswithot onverting totay tonatra gas wi deend onhyrids sh as this.

or rateayers, Germanysmidde-grond sotionis ths far asing someward ressre at home,t reasonae rate staiityeyond Germanys orders.

Going y the avaiaeevidene, Moore sayswhie rateayers in Ger-many aear to e earingthe margina ost etweenthe inentive feed in tariffsand the market ries for

renewaes, the fat that Germanys near faiities have noteen fy hased ot has heed staiize aseoad aaity. s arest, other ontries have not een ndy inened.

Whie nintentiona rate imats are a risk known to regionayintegrated energy systems, ross-order inkages offer sideotentia too. or exame, Moore says ordi ontries rea

enets y working together. hey have a ot of hydro and theyshare it via a widesread transmission system. Whie canadashares its resores in a redominanty north-soth fashion, itte

energy traves west-east, a rest of rovinia ontroover natra resores.

o address the resting inefienies, Mooresays canada needs a nationa energy strategy not one that enets one region at the exense ofanother, or even one that neessariy wrests ontroof resores away from the rovines. Whatsneeded, he says, is a virta form where a therovines an get information and disss whatthey need, and nderstand how they an trade as-sets or agree on ong-term strategies together. Yohave to have o-oeration or yo are not going toefienty and effetivey rovide adeqate owerfor the ftre, says Moore. n

a view roM abroadB IAN MacNEI

professor says German energy oiies offer essons worth earning

CASE STUDIES

as waterfas go, Msk-

rat as is nothing towrite home aot. he15-metre tme ofwater on the chrhi

iver in astern canada is ittemore than a arge raid. btsma as they may e, thesefas are oised to deiverean, renewae ower tothe tanti rovines andeastern u.. seaoard, andfrther eevate ewfondandand laradors statre as anenergy-roding rovine.

s the site for the deveo-ment of a $7-iion hydroee-tri and transmission rojet,Mskrat as the rst haseof the ower chrhi iverdeveoment has eome asymo of the regions energyvision for deades to ome.

comined, the hydroee-tri otentia of Mskrat asand G sand the rojetsseond hase is onsideredto e the est ndeveoedhydroeetri sore in orth

meria. ogether, theyhave a omined aaity ofmore than 3,000 megawatts,wi e ae to rovide 16.7terawatt hors of eetriity ayear and signianty redegreenhose gas emissions eqivaent to taking 3.2 miionvehies off the road eah year.

With onstrtion of Msk-rat as now nderway foow-ing na arova in Deemer2012 y the Government ofewfondand and larador,the 824-megawatt hydroee-tri faiity is sheded to starttransmitting ower in 2 017.

d Martin, president andc of aor nergy, therovines i energy oro-ration, says the governmentsgo-ahead was a key stetowards a vision of iding astrong, sstained eonomiftre for ewfondandersand laradorians.

aor says Mskrat aswi ower homes and si-

nesses aross ewfondandand larador with ean,

renewae energy for gen-erations. t wi he meetgrowing energy demands in therovine, and wi e a vaaeower-roding asset formore than 100 years.

ei enets indeong-term rate staiity, an endto deendene on oi for owergeneration, energy for ftremining and indstria deveo-

ment in the rovine, a ink toorth merias eetriity gridfor exorts, and a sore ofean, renewae ower.

When oerationa, a-roximatey 40 er ent of theower generated at Mskratas wi e sed oay inewfondand and larador tomeet the rovines eetriityneeds. nother 20 er entwi e sod to neighoringova otia, and ower srsto the rovines needs wie exorted to other arts oftanti canada and the north-eastern united tates.

aor says the eonomi

enets dring onstrtionof the faiity inde $1.9-i-ion in inome to ewfond-and and larador aor andsiness; 1,500 diret joser year on average arossmore than 70 oations; anaverage of 3,100 diret jos ateak emoyment in 2015; and9,100 erson-years of diretemoyment, of whih 5,800wi e in larador where thehydroeetri generation fai-ity is eing it.

he ost of the rojet iseing arty offset y revenefrom ewfondand and la-radors rovinia offshore oiresores, whih has aowedthe rovine to invest revenefrom non-renewae resoresinto renewae resores.

Desite its romise, therojets eonomi feasiiityremains ontentios. or ex-ame, Martin was haengedat aors 2013 anna generameeting to jstify what one

seaker desried as ttingthe traings of an eehanton the ak of a mose. therseakers were worried thatossie reded revene deto hanging market ondi-tions wod mean that theanna aita reayment anddet serviing osts wod eassed on to onsmers.

Martin says whatever theanna osts may e, they wie ess than the aternative.hats what the eonomianaysis says, sime as that.ts the east-ost otion for themost amont of ower. n


FEATRED ENERY PROJECT

Muskrat alls53.2467 n, 60.7659 w

out backselected data, challenges and diversions

n Newfoundland and Labrador, tapping a waterwayscurrent is set to yield transformative power.

B CHRIS FREIMOND

ermanys example illustrates how a compromisingapproach to balancing energy needs and environmental goals

can help keep energy supplies and rates stable.



he oa energy systemthat serves or demand is

often art of a argersystem that serves otherseyond or orders. hs,

deisions made at aoa or regiona eve an

have nintended imats onneighoring regions.



ransmission infrastr-tre that onnets remoteenergy sores to onen-trations of market demandan he id the fonda-tions for eonomi growthand roserity. his artiemirrors themes exored on

age 14.


17/19


out back

FACT AND FRES HAS YOR ENERY LTERACY BEEN PRADED?

energy index quiz

0%adians who say they knowe aot energy generation

63%adians who say they knowe aot energy se74%

adians who aknowedgeod do more toase their environmentan

4%adians who say they doything they an toe their environmentarint

n3er of ay oomerssay they are moreerned aot the

onment now than a yearer

66%adians who say they haveed a ight s inhomes with energy-ent ones

59%canadians who say they havereded hosehod waste yaot haf

49%canadians who say they havereded ower onsmtionin their homes y at east 30er ent

77%canadians in 2012 whosaid they were very orsomewhat onernedaot the imat ofenergy generation on theenvironment

3%canadians who say they arenot at a onerned

62.8%ota energy rodtionthat ame from erta,the ontrys argest energyroder y rovine/territory

29%edtions in greenhosegas emissions er arre of oiroded from the canadian oisands sine 1990

70%mont of water sed in thecanadian oi sands rojet thatis now reyed

154,000

mer of workers in canadaemoyed y the energy setorin 2011 (inding mining, oiand natra gas)

23mer of oa mines arossb.c., erta, askathewanand ova otia

1968erated y ntario Hydro,canadas rst f-sae neargenerating station theDogas point faiity singcDu tehnoogy omesonine

1984he year the Dogas pointnear ower station wasdeommissioned

62%ota amont of eetriitygenerated y near ower inntario in 2011

15%mont of eetriitygenerated y near oweraross canada in 2011

19mer of near reatorsgenerating eetriity forommeria se in canada

63%Hydroower sed to generateeetriity aross canada in2011

3rdlargestWhere canada standsgoay when it omes tohydroeetriity generation

45mer of iomass-feedower ants in canada in 2012

140mer of wind farms arosscanada in 2012

3,540mer of wind trinesaross canada in 2012

eah of the qestionseow is distied frominformation fondwithin the arties inthis isse of Energy

Exchange . ind ot whetheryor nderstanding of energyhas een rened or whether

yo sti need to get raking.Good k!

1. Of the energy needed tobring food to your plate, whatactivity comprises the largestshare?(a) Growing it at the farm() ransorting it to the

groery store() bringing it from the groerystore to yor home(d) cooking it

2. A nations economicproductivity is determinedby many factors. n terms ofenergy, it is often related to:(a) the amont of energy thatit ses() the efieny with whih itses energy() whether it reies on fossi orrenewae fes(d) its mix of avaiae energysores

3. According to BruceAnderson in Canadas Energy:Where Were Coming From,one of the three powerfultrends affecting Canadasfuture energy development is:(a) inreasing energy sedesite imrovements in

energy efieny() inreasing demand forenergy exorts() inreasing oitiaqagmires(d) a of the aove

4.n Canadas Energy:Where Were oing, whydoes Ralph Torrie callelectricity the champagne ofenergy?(a) t owers or most vaedand versatie servies() We ay more for it thanany other form of energy() t reates zero emissions atits oint of se(d) of the aove

5.Energy sector jobs are achallenge to ll because:(a) they an have negativeeretions among yoth() training and mentoringrograms are insfient() there is a ak of highyskied aor(d) a of the aove

6.To contribute to globalaction on climate change,what does the Chief Economistof the nternational EnergyAgency recommend thatCanada NOT do?(a) hat exorts of fossi fes() estaish energy-efienymandates for idings andvehies() restrit onstrtion ofeast-efient oa-red owerants(d) inrease venting and aringinitiatives in the oi and gassetor to rede methaneemissions

7.Wind power is challengingto integrate into our existingelectricity systems because itis _____ and _____ .(a) exensive, ontroversia() noisy, an eyesore() intermittent, nreditae(d) rra, distant

8.Natural gas is poised todisplace oil and coal in theglobal economy because:(a) new gas deosits haveeen fond arond the word() new tehnoogy has madegas deosits inexensive todeveo() it is eaner rning(d) it has ower overagreenhose gas emissions

ANSWERS1. (a)-n ood or hoght (. 5), weearn that farm-eve deisions aothow food is grown aont for the vastmajority of energy sed to ring food toyor tae.2. ()-n his artie n nergy use,fieny Matters (. 8), odd Hirshexains that weathy ontries areearning to se energy more efientyand therefore are ae to generate moreweath er nit of energy sed.3. (a)-bre nderson aso identiesretane to ay higher ries forsstainae energy and environmentaonern as the two other trends. ordetais, see his artie, starting on . 10.

4. (d)-o nd ot more, see ahorries artie, starting on . 11.5. (d)-n iing omorrows nergyJos (. 16), eah of these fatorsis ited as a detriment to canadaeoming an energy serower.6. (a)-n he big rade-ff (. 24),Dr. atih biro exains that imitingcanadian fossi fe exorts maythreaten goa energy serity.7. ()-s we see in Grist for theWindmi (. 26), or eetriitysystems have deveoed to generate andsy ower on demand; wind owermst e harnessed oortnistiay.8. ()-n he ew Gas onomy(. 28), we earn that new tehnoogyenaes the extration of massiveamonts of natra gas from dee rokformations that were reviosy not

eonomia to aess.

es: tatistis canada, canadian ear ssoiation, Montrea onomi nstitte, centre for nergy, coa ssoiation of canada, canadian etriity ssoiation,

g power, university of cagary

YOR SCORE

by the way, an upgraderis afaiity that renes itmeninto syntheti rde oithrogh roesses thatinde distillation andcracking. f yo got a ofthose oening ns, giveyorsef a ons oint!

7 or more congratations! Yoveeen graded!

4 to 6 We done! Yomay wish to read a fewmore arties to rene yorknowedge.

3 or le Yo need to getraking!

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Energy Exchange (Final)

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