SMART HOME SECURITY AND ENERGY EFFICIENT WIRELESS SYSTEM-___________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

A smart home is a space or a room which is provided with the ability to get accustomed by itself to

certain situations to make the occupants feel comfortable. Today, the term „smart home‟ is no longer

alien to anybody as it was a few years ago. Smart homes can also refer as Intelligent Homes or Automated

Homes. However, the term smart homes simply indicate the

automation of daily chores with reference to the equipments in the house. Smart homes could be simple

remote control of lights or more complex functionalities such as remote viewing of the house interiors for

surveillance purposes. With the recent expansion of communication networks, smart home applications

can be further enhanced with new dimension of capabilities that were not available before. In particular,

wireless access technologies will soon enable exotic and economically feasible applications Smart home

is a house that uses technology to monitor the environment with the help of various sensors, control the

electrical appliances and communicate the outer world. Now-a-days the demand for home automation

systems in homes and offices are invariably increasing. The home automation system is a key for energy

conservation that can be equipped in normal buildings. As there are many benefits of wireless technology

over wired, most of the home automation systems are based on the Wireless Sensor Network technology.

Wireless sensor networks are rapidly gaining popularity so as to cater to the requirements of different

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applications. This system unifies various home appliances, smart sensors and energy technologies. The

smart energy market requires two types of ZigBee networks for device control and energy management.

We use IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee to effectively deliver solutions for a energy management and

efficiency for home automation. We present the design to evaluate the performance of the home

automation users for a network-based smart home energy control. This paper designs smart home energy

management descriptions and application environment. Current building control strategies are unable to

incorporate occupant level comfort and meet the operation goals. In this, we present a building control

strategy that optimizes the tradeoff between meeting user comfort and reduction in operation cost by

reducing energy usage. We present an implementation of the proposed approach as an intelligent lighting

control strategy that significantly reduces energy cost. Using this we can evaluate the network performance in smart homes.

We present the design of the system and implementation of it with all the aspects. The design of the

developed smart home is shown in figure 1.1. Similar type of system can be used for various application related to building automation field

Literature Review

Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay et al. [3] presents review of several wireless sensors, which are used for home

monitoring particularly to look after aged people. The monitoring system is established on the

combination of several sensors, and it has the ability of broadcasting data via wireless communication.

The central processor collects data and stores all data for current requirement and for future purpose. The

system stores the habit of life style of a person. The system compares collected data with stored pattern,

which depends on situations and actions are already defined

like abnormal or unusual. In case of any abnormal activity, the system detects it and generates an

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alarming or warning or SMS and it is transmitted to the caregiver. This wireless sensing system is

available for this type of application with low cost and has great potential to save human lives ofold age people.

Wei-Chung Teng et al. [4] proposed the design and implementation of a residential gateway: MyServer,

which gives home security services. The system driven by peripherals connected through WSNs.

MyServer structural designed to operate on Message Oriented Middleware(MOM) with six clearly defined core service modules.

Sukun Kim et al. [5] present an active research in a WSN for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM).

Requirements are identified to acquire data for sufficient quality to have a real scientific value to the

researchers for structural health monitoring. The collected data matches with theoretical models and as

well as with previous studies of the bridge. The deployment is the biggest WSN for SHM.

Alan Mainwaring et al. [6], provides a depth study regarding using of WSNs to real environment habitat

monitoring. The developed system covers the hardware design of nodes and sensor network for remote

access and its management. Architecture of system is suggested to deal with the requirements of habitat

monitoring. The example of system architecture for monitoring of sea-bird nesting environment and

activities is presented. As per presently installment, the network has 32 notes on a small island off the

coast of Maine useful live data on web. The application driven design serves to identify important areas of additional work in communications, network re-tasking, data sampling, and health monitoring.

Huiping Huang et al. [7], presents a remote home security alarm system with a solution for set-up low

power consumption. The system detects the theft, fir, and leakage of raw-gas by using the WSN and GSM

technology. In case of any abnormality, the system sends alarm message remotely. The single chip

C5081F310 is hardware of the system, which communicates via wireless using chip CC1100 with

SIMENS TC35 GSM module. The software of the system developed using C51 language, which has

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capability of gathering, receiving and sending data via wireless. In case of detection of some dangerous

condition, it sends alarming SMS to users of cellular phone. With easy-usage advantages, low-power consumption, reliability, and complement wireless, this system can be used for practical value in other fields too.

Jianjun Chen et al. [8], by using o_-the-shelf WLAN components, those are commercially available,

described implementation of indoor surveillance system. This security system constantly scanned the

environment. It had the ability to deliver real-time alarm signals on the basis of detected changes in the

received signal strength values. The experimental results showed promising intrusion detection

capabilities but the exact performance limitation and strength of this surveillance system is yet to be investigated.

Youssouf Zatout et al. [9] present solution of saving the energy of wireless sensor in a mixed environment

for Home Monitoring. It suggests a design and an implementation of three-tier sensor network solution,

which uses energy efficiently for home applications. The network consists of heterogeneous sensors e.g.

environmental, medical, and video/audio sensors. The base solution is to organize the sensors into

different groups as per their particular functions and roles. According to intelligent behavior of the sensor,

the activity duration and communication are reduced at the same time.

Dong-Sun Kim et al. [10] describes a time synchronized forwarding protocol (TSFP), which isused for

remote control home devices. For transferring data to another node, WSN has an extremely large latency,

so, it uses TSFP. TSFP provides scalability by a self-organization function based on a virtual sensor line

and mainly it utilizes distributed time division multiple access (TDMA). On the large scale WSNs, it

reduces transmission latency and energy consumption.

A. Gaddam et al. [11] presents smart digital home monitoring system by using a bed sensor integrated

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B.with a wireless device. The Based system that uses wireless sensors to monitor electrical appliances, for

example is it closed or open. To make the system exible by adding sensors of different types Using

selective activity monitoring (SAM) system.

Yanjun Li. [12] described a blueprint of a novel reactive WSN for monitoring wild-fire and evaluated

robustness, reactivity, longevity, and reliability of the network. The contribution of the paper is to design

a sensor network that can meet the goal of reliability, reactivity, and that proves acceptable robustness and

relatively longer lifetime network life.

Yu-Tso Chen et al. [13] proposed a Closer Tracking Algorithm (CTA) to pinpoint user of mobile inside

the home by inquiring regarding RSSI solutions for indoor localization. The investigation results depict

that projected Closer Tracking Algorithm has the ability to reveal the accurate position with error 6

distances less than 1 meter. If the distance is less than one member, the suggested Closer Tracking

Algorithm has minimum 85% precision at the same time. The proposed Closer Tracking Algorithm was implemented by using ZigBee CC2431 modules.

EnOcean – the Wireless LED Controls Standard

Energy Harvesting Wireless Switches & Sensors, Controllers and Tools for Building Automation

LED lighting is one of the most promising and fast-growing technologies of today. EnOcean now enables

OEMs to unlock the full potential of LEDs with simple, easy to install, industry standard tools that offer

personal control, energy conservation and compliance with increasingly stringent building standards.

EnOcean offers a comprehensive LED control system in 902 MHz for the North American market based

upon innovative self-powered sensors and switches, combined with LED fixture controllers and

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commissioning tools to simplify installation and setup.

The LED controller family consists of the transceiver module (TCM 330U) for integration into drivers

and modules as well as LED Fixture/Zone Controllers with relay and 0-10V output (LEDR), and without

relay (LEDD).

The new LEDR/LEDD controllers use wireless technology to communicate at 902 MHz with other self-

powered EnOcean-based products. It provides a simple solution for dimming control of a single fixture or

a zone of multiple daisy-chained LED fixtures. In addition, it supports daylight harvesting scenarios,

occupancy control and manual dimming processing data from EnOcean-based self-powered wireless

occupancy sensors, light level sensors, and switches. The compact size enables flexible installation inside

of or next to electrical boxes and fixtures so it can be easily wired out of sight using standard wiring

practices.

Furthermore, the LEDR/LEDD controller already include the new standardized EnOcean Equipment

Profile (EEP) for LED defined by the EnOcean Alliance. The application-specific profile provides

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information on the current control status, e.g. dimming level, daylight harvesting or on/off, and saves any

changes for debugging purposes and an optimized function monitoring.

Users can connect the LEDR/LEDD controller to a central controller or a gateway to integrate lighting

control into building automation systems.

Alternatively, the TCM 330U transceiver module can be implemented into existing controllers. It already

includes the firmware to get immediately started with wireless control.

Energy Harvesting Wireless Switches & Sensorswhite label self-powered wireless switches, occupancy and light level sensors

For the LED lighting configuration of advanced settings, EnOcean offers the easy-to-use wireless

NaviganTMremote commissioning software to link devices and set parameters (e.g. ramp speeds,

dimming levels, integrated repeater etc.) from a laptop computer. Using the NaviganTM Wireless

commisionner NWC 300U, installers can easily configure the LEDR/LEDD controller over the air in

accordance with on-site requirements, define properties and settings as well as edit and store projects.

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Faster time to LED market

LEDs represent a significant advancement in lighting, and are ideally complemented by controls to

leverage further energy savings, enable personal control, and meet regulatory requirements. EnOcean can

flexibly connect local and network controls to a LED system at significant reduced installation effort and

cost.

EnOcean’s OEM customers benefit from significantly shorter development timelines, reduced investment, enabling them to focus on the quickly evolving LED market opportunities. Employing EnOcean modules,

OEMs can develop products on their own leveraging established LED control applications. Those OEMs

seeking a ready-to-use solution can employ finished products to speed time-to-market and reduce

development effort.

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The smart home using WSN starter kit is shown in figure 1. The PIR, IR and LDR (Light Dependent B.

Resistor) are connected to programmable analog input node. The thermocouple is connected to

programmable thermocouple node. Both these nodes are wirelessly connected to Ethernet gateway.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, a brief review of existing smart home application is

given. Section 3 will cover the technical portion of this paper, where the proposed and implemented

solution is described. Conclusions of the developed systems are covered in Section 4.

EXISTING SMART HOME APPLICATIONS

A smart home system mainly includes heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, Lighting control, or

Audio and Video distribution to multiple sources around the house, security (involving presence

simulations, alarm triggering and medical alerts).

Smart homes systems are grouped by their main functions such as

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i) Alert and sensors – heat/smoke sensors, temperature sensors

ii) Monitoring – Regular feed of sensor data i.e. heat, CCTV monitoring

iii) Control – switching on/off appliances i.e. sprinklers, lightings

iv) Intelligence and Logic – Movement tracking i.e security appliances The different technologies that could provide for smart home communication are X10, Insteon, Zigbee

and Z-Wave. X10, developed in 1975 by Pico Electronics of Glenrothes, Scotland, allows compatible

products to talk to each other remotely over the already existing electrical wires of a home. The first

"home computer" was an experimental system in 1966. The Smart House Project was initiated in the early

1980‟s as a project of the National Research Centre of the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) with the cooperation of a collection of major industrial partners [2].

By using wireless technology, today one can easily control home‟s mechanical systems and appliances

over cellular phone or Internet. As the GSM technology provides ubiquitous access to the system for

security and can automat appliance control, it is very popular technology now a days.

Home Security with Messaging System [3], Security & Control System, and Remote and Security

Control via SMS [4] were the three alarm system that were designed using SMS application to securely

based on GSM technology. The system is wireless and it provides security against intrusion as well as

automates various home appliances using SMS. The system uses GSM technology thus providing

ubiquitous access to the system for security and automated appliance control.

INTRODUCTION:

We present the design of a multi sensing and light control application based smart energy control system

for reduced total energy cost. This paper designs smart home device descriptions and standard practices

for demand response and load management “Smart Energy” applications needed in a smart energy based

residential or light commercial environment. Installation scenarios range from a single home to an entire

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apartment complex. In this, we briefly survey the existing works for smart home network systems and,

based on their main contributions, try to classify them into real implementation system. The following

subsections describe the ZigBee devices and approaches of the major tasks based on the capabilities of a

control system. Smart home lighting control helps to reduce costs and conserve energy by turning

off lights when they are not required. Monitoring the activities performed in a smart home is achieved

using wireless sensors embedded within everyday objects forming a WSN. A home network or home area

network (HAN) is a residential local area network (LAN) for communication between digital devices

typically deployed in the home. State changes to objects based on human manipulation is captured by the

wireless sensors network enabling activity-support services. It provides a very effective and secure way of

communication between nodes and base station.

II. SYSTEM DESIGN

A. Scenarios

A ZigBee device is a physical object equipped with a radio. Logically separate functions may be

implemented in a single device and as such share the same radio for communication purposes. For

example, a temperature sensor and accelerometer could be combined within a single device used for

industrial plant monitoring applications. A set of inter-communicating devices implement an application,

such as a home automation system. While the PHY, MAC and network layers are used to create and

maintain the communication network interconnecting individual ZigBee devices, the application support

sub-layer is used to communicate application layer information between devices, such as a light switch

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commanding a light to turn on or off

Figure1. Comparison of the Power consumption

A number of low power and low cost technologies have evolved to present themselves as enablers of

HAN communications. Among these, the prominent technologies include Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 (WiFi),

Ultra Wide Band (UWB), IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, and so on. HAN communication depends

on two important requirements, namely

(i) communication latency

(ii) large volume of messages.

The ZigBee technology presents itself as a much better candidate for communication in the home area

network than the UWB, WiFi, and Bluetooth technologies. ZigBee provides a decent communication

range of 10 to 100 meters while maintaining significantly low power requirement (1 to 100 mW) and

thereby, lower cost.

B. Proposed Implementation

We have developed a smart node that has sensing, processing and networking abilities. It is equipped with

a low power microprocessor and a narrow-band RF device that can support physical-layer functionalities

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of IEEE 802.15.4. It is 40mm x 70mm in size, powered by two 1.5V AA batteries. Three type sensors are

systems for lights in film and theaters are available as commercial products[7], most current systems only

provide actuation and do not exploit sensor data. We believe that it is important to know and use the live

light information from light sensors deployed on the set. Real-time data accounts for how characteristics,

supply voltage variation, changes in fixture position, and color filters. Without real-time measurement of

light, it is time-consuming to maintain desired light intensities in certain area across many venues and

over long periods. Light intensities and color temperature can be measured accurately by currently

available handheld manual light meters.

C. Binding Management

Bindings are connections between endpoints. An application that the remote control has bindings to all

five devices, endpoint 1 of the remote control is bound to endpoint 6 of the main bedroom light, endpoint

8 of the remote control is bound to endpoint 3 of the heating and air-conditioning system, endpoint 4 of

the security is bound to endpoint 5 of the security control system, endpoint 2 of the hall light is bound to

endpoint 7 of the hall light control system and so forth. To complete the earlier discussion, consider this.

Bindings are connections between two endpoints, with each binding supporting a specific application

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profile, and each message type is represented by a cluster within that profile.

This discussion describes a specific binding management scenario for this specific application. Of course,

each application will be different, but a range of binding command are available to facilitate many

different scenarios. The most significant benefit with tree routing is its simplicity and its limited use of

resources. By having a simple algorithm to determine whether an address is a child or a descendant of a

child, or elsewhere on the tree, any router can make a routing decision simply by looking at thedestination

address. In these cases, a router simply decides to route a packet to one of its children or to its parent. As

a result, precious memory resources need not be used to store routing information. Hence, very low cost

devices can be deployed without routing capability, but can still participate in any ZigBee compliant

network. Building on earlier discussions, this section describes a typical process for developing a new

application. Defining and implementing the application profile. The first step is to define the application

profile. As part of this exercise, an application profile, along with device definitions are required to meet

the specific requirements of the application. As mentioned in the discussion on the ZigBee Cluster

Library, where possible this library should be used to leverage existing definitions and code available

from the platform provider.

D. Proposed Greedy Algorithm

Greedy algorithms fail to find the globally optimal solution, because they usually do not operate

exhaustively on all the data. They can make commitments to certain choices too early which prevent

them from finding the best overall solution later. Examples of such greedy algorithms are Kruskal's

algorithm and Prim's algorithm for finding minimum spanning trees, Dijkstra's algorithm for finding

single-source shortest paths, and the algorithm for finding optimum Huffman trees

E. ZigBee Technology

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ZigBee is a radio frequency (RF) communications standard based on IEEE 802.15.4. The ZigBee

coordinator is responsible for creating and maintaining the network. A low cost, simple-to-use remote

controller, for the local monitoring and control of devices was developed. Each electronic device in the

system is a ZigBee device managed by the coordinator. All communication between devices propagates

through the coordinator to the destination device. The wireless nature of ZigBee helps overcome the

intrusive installation problem with the existing home automation systems identified earlier. The ZigBee

standard theoretically provides 250kbps data rate, and as 40kbps can meet the requirements of most

control systems, it is sufficient for controlling most home automation devices. The low installation and

running cost offered by ZigBee helps tackle the expensive and complex architecture problems with existing home automation systems, as identified earlier.

III. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

A. PC Master:

Here we making ZigBee based network for environment application .Here we have master and slave

structure for the Application .The range of ZigBee is about 30 mtrs .So, the whole area is covered by a

single Master slave combination. We have a main PC master terminal which has the VB software on it.

The PC master terminal is used to monitor the status of all the slaves which covers the whole area. On VB

software we are displaying the monitoring window and control panel. The PC master will continuously

request for frames from slaves. The data is displayed on VB software in a abular form. Also we are

connecting GSM modem to PC which will send SMS to user using AT commands.

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B. Collision Avoidance Protocol:

Here we are using a master Request and slave Response protocol .In this system the Master sends the

request to the all the slaves. In the request frame the master mentions the slave ID .The request frame is

received by all the slaves which are in range .The slave who are in range receive the incoming frame and

store it in its internal RAM memory .Then they check for the slave ID .If the incoming slave ID matches

with their own slave ID then they Accept the frame and send the parameter back to the master .If the ID

does not match then the slave discards the frame. In this way in our project we are using the above mentioned protocol:

In our system we have

1 Master PC terminal.

2 Sub masters

3 Slave Terminals

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So in total we have 2 slaves .The idea is of 2 slaves is to cover a wider range with different application.

So we are placing 2 slaves which will be placed in such way that they will be always in range of the PC

master .The two slaves are under the PC based masters supervision .Therefore the PC master will

communicate to the slaves via Wireless ZigBee module.

Slave1:

On slave 1 we have PIR sensor which is used to detect any human presence. If Human Movement is

detected then the mains relay Relay1 is turned off which results in energy saving. Also we have Gas and

fire sensor. For gas we are using MQ6 sensor and for fire we are using bimetallic strip sensor which gives

a pulse when fire is detected. Also we have a smart memory card based security system in which the user

has to insert the smart card in the S/C connector. As soon as the smart card is inserted the µC will read the

password from memory and compare with the password entered via matrix key board. If both match then

access is granted otherwise buzzer is turned ON.

Slave2:

On slave 2 we have IR sensor which is used to detect the person count in the room. If person count is zero

then the mains relay relay1 is turned off which results in energy saving. Also we have temperature and

light sensor, If there is any movement then according to temperature and light reading the fan and light

are controlled.

C. Features of the proposed System

This paper presents a novel, stand alone, low-cost and flexible ZigBee based home automation system.

The architecture is designed to reduce the system’s complexity and low power requirement. Hence, the

system endeavors not to incorporate complex and expensive components. The system is flexible and

added to the home network with the minimum amount of effort. The system allows home owners to

monitor and control connected devices in the home. Efficient way for wireless data logging of hazardous

applications, less time delays & quick response time.

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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The energy consumption of the system for a week can be shown as table 1. As considering values of the

table 1 the energy used for a week by conventional system is more than our smart system and is

calculated by considering the human movement. As representation of single room for a week by

considering the person count present in a room for a day. The graphical representation can be shown in figure.

Table 1. Single Room Energy Management for a Week

According to figure 4, for a single room the energy consumption of conventional system is more than the

smart energy management system using ZigBee. The graphical representation gives us an idea about

energy usage of conventional system and using the ZigBee. The graph can be plotted as energy

consumption vs days. As shown in figure 5, the output can be shown by using VB software. The software

output consisting of slave-1 and slave-2 outputs with their readings, set points and the relay status of the

operation. The relay status can be shown by red and green light indication. The emergency mobile

number also can be given as input used for security purpose. The various parameters can be considered as

gas concentration, intruder, fire, temperature and light intensity.

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IV. CONCLUSION

In this paper, smart control system based on wireless sensor networks to make home area

networks more intelligent and energy efficient. We suggest new ubiquitous home scenarios

based on the proposed system. We expect that our work contributes towards the development of

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energysavings. A smart home control system can provide both significant cost savings in a home

network for the home automation. Removing the wires from the lighting controls provides

additional significant savings in installation of wiring cost. In short, these systems save money

and make good sense. Efficient way for wireless data logging of hazardous applications, less

time delays & quick response time. A novel architecture for a proposed system is implemented,

using the relatively new communication technology ZigBee. The use of ZigBee communications

technology helps lower the expense of the system and the intrusiveness of the respective system

installation. The incorporation of the virtual home concept coordinates the systems security and

safety efforts in a clear and consistent manor. As a part of future work, we will apply IEEE

802.15.4 a standard technology in our home network systems to support location services.

Advanced energy management systems will eventually become common in residential and

commercial buildings because occupant behaviors have a significant impact on the total energy

consumption. Our prototype system achieved an energy savings of 6% - 10% by implementing a

relatively simple control policy.

In this Project, we present an integrated system currently under development within the

European project AIM , for profiling and reducing home energy consumption. We focus, in

particular, on the key role played by wireless sensor networks to automatically control home

appliances according to users habits. To create a system where user doesn’t need to waste a lot of

time in complex settings of system parameters, one of the challenges of AIM project is to

automate the set up of a part of these parameters with a system able to predict actual user

preferences on the basis of previous observed behavior. This is the main role of the sensor

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network that senses physical parameters estimating user behavior for future periods and adjusting

prediction in real time. On the basis of this information the AIM system is able to best schedule

tasks for every appliances, for example heating the room at the desired temperature before the

user come in.

WIRELESS SENSORS FOR SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT

In the AIM architecture, the wireless sensor network (WSN)provides the basic tools for

gathering information on user behavior and his interaction with home appliances. Moreover, the

WSN provides measurements of some physical parameters like temperature and light that can be used by the system to perform some automatic adjustment of the energy management system.

For this purpose we implemented a hierarchical hybrid network architecture called Mobi WSN.

This architecture is composed by heterogeneous is lands of sensor nodes with each of them

created using a tree network topology. Each island is managed by a Gateway and is able to

communicate with it using a stateless protocol we called Information Exchange Protocol (IEP).

The Mobi WSN Gateways are interconnected using a mesh configuration to ensure reliability

and resilience to failure, and can communicate with an additional node, called Manager, that is in

charge of managing network creation and reconfiguration. The Mobi WSN architecture, besides

providing measurements of physical parameters like temperature and light, is also able to detect

user presence in each room of the house. This functionality has been achieved defining a

specific protocol that we called infrared-based Presence Detection System (i-PeDS), based on

Passive InfraRed (PIR)sensors.

3. USER PROFILING

The basic function of the user profile is the characterization of users behavior so that some

settings of the energy management system can be made automatically. For this reason we used

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the Mobi WSN architecture for monitoring environmental parameters, such as user presence,

temperature and light. This information is aggregated and processed in order to create three

different types of profile (user presence profile, temperature profile and light profile) that

represent users habits. In the user presence profiling (the same can be said of temperature and

light profiling) the sensor network collects 24 hour information (here called "daily profile”)

about users presence/absence in each room of the house ina given monitoring period (i.e. week,

month). At the end of the monitoring time the cross-correlation between each couple of 24 hour

data presence is computed for each room of the house in order to cluster similar daily profiles. In

particular, daily profiles y(t) and x(t) are said similar if:

r(x, y) > 1 − A/ 2 [r(x, x) + r(y, y)]

Where r(x, y) is the mean value of the cross-correlation between signals x(t) and y(t) calculated

with an accepted delay of ±B (in minutes), A and B are constants (respectively equal to 0.12 and

(10 in our numerical results).

For each cluster the average of the daily profiles identifies a final presence profile that provides

the 24 hour probability distribution of the user presence in the room the cluster is associated

with (Figure 1). At the end of calculation a matrix is generated where each room is associated

with a column that represents the sequence of presence profiles identified in the monitoring

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period. Each matrix column is statistically elaborated in order to predict the presence profile in a

given day, for each room, on the basis of the observed profiles in the past days. For room i, for

example, the prediction

algorithm performs:

1) for each presence profile j in the selected column, the probability that it occurs after the 2) sequence of profiles of the past M days in room i (with M = 1) is calculated;

3) if a profile j exists with such a probability higher than a threshold (experimentally set to 0.75),

4) the algorithm tops and j is the predicted profile; otherwise M is increased by 1 and the algorithm goes back to step 1.

The prediction algorithm provides presence, temperature and light profiles for each day of the

year. Obviously users habits are only partially predictable. For this reason the system has to be

able to detect exceptions in the user behavior and to adjust missed predictions. For this purpose

we implemented

a specific algorithm, called Updating Algorithm, that uses real time data provided by the sensor

network to dynamically update the predicted profiles during the day.

4. NUMERICAL RESULTS

As previously mentioned, we implemented a prototype version of the proposed sensor network

architecture for energy management. However, to evaluate the performance of the user-habits

prediction algorithms we have been forced to rely on simulation mainly because of the long

period of time required for testing them in a real environment. The system has been tested

referring to a five room house with a simulating period of 300 days, creating a realistic sequence

of daily presence, light and temperature profiles. The presence prediction algorithm has been

simulated in three user behavior exceptions cases: exceptions spike (there are 20 isolated

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exceptions in the users behavior), exceptions burst (there are 4 sequences of 4 contiguous

exceptions) and behavior variation (user changes his behavior two times during the year). The

The presence, temperature and light profiles can be used to optimize the using time of home

appliances and to minimize the home energy consumption. In Figure 2 and 3 we present an example of the automatic temperature management benefits. The management system allows some energy savings turning off the cooling system of the rooms that are not required to be air

conditioned because the user will

not enter those rooms with high probably and turning it off in the whole house if the user is not

present and probably will not return for a long time. In contrast, in the “classical scenario” the

cooling system is supposed to be On in all rooms and to be preprogrammed from the user to

approximately follow his daily/weekly schedules. In the simulation performed, the home

temperature management has reduced the working time of the cooling system by nearly 28 percent.

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Smart Power Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Networks

System has been designed that can be used to monitor electrical parameters such as voltage,

current and power of household appliances. The system consists of a smart sensing unit that

detects and controls the home electrical appliances used for daily activities by following different

tariff rates. It can reduce costs for the consumers and thereby improve grid stability. A developed

prototype has been extensively tested and experimental results have compared with conventional

measuring devices.

System has been designed that can be used to monitor electrical parameters such as voltage,

current and power of household appliances. The system consists of a smart sensing unit that

detects and controls the home electrical appliances used for daily activities by following different

tariff rates. It can reduce costs for the consumers and thereby improve grid stability. A developed

prototype has been extensively tested and experimental results have compared with conventional

measuring devices.

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CURRENT RESEARCH WORKS

Projects like Smart grids utilizing wireless sensor network technologies are being promoted by

US government as a way of addressing energy independence, global warming and emergency

resilience issues. A report on revenue for Smart Grid from sales of smart grid sensing,

monitoring, control systems and related software sold to the worldwide smart grid sector are $6.3

billion by 2014 and double to $13 billion by 2018. Software for home area network applications

will bring revenue five times greater than $1.1 billion by 2014. While home energy monitoring

has been popular in the past, subsidized smart meter deployments will make it cost effective.

Wired sensor networks have already been reached and deployed in many applications over a

decade; because of the wireless extension, smart grids have witnessed a tremendous upsurge in

interest and activities in recent years. New technologies include cutting-edge advancements in

information technology, sensors, metering, transmission, distribution, and electricity storage

technology, as well as providing new information and flexibility to both consumers and

providers of electricity. The ZigBee Alliance, the wireless communication platform is presently

examining Japan’s new smart home wireless system implication by having a new initiative with

Japan’s Government that will evaluate use of the forthcoming ZigBee Internet Protocol (IP)

specification and the IEEE 802.15.4g standard to help Japan create smart homes that improve

energy management and efficiency.

It is expected that 65 million households will equip with smart meters by 2015 and it is a realistic

estimate of the size of the home energy management market [5]. Smart Grid and wireless sensor

networks provides an intelligent functions that advance interactions of agents such as

telecommunication, control and optimization to achieve adaptability, self-healing, efficiency,

cyber security and reliability of power systems while reducing the cost and providing efficient

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A wide range of smart meter research is being carried during the last decade. Various

architectural design and development methods of smart grid utility system for effectively

managing and controlling the household appliances for optimal energy harvesting have been

presented. In order to connect various domestic appliances and have wireless networks to

monitor and control based on the effective power tariffs have been proposed [7-8], but the

prototypes are verified using test bed scenarios. Also, smart meter systems like, have been

designed to specific usages particularly related to geographical usages and are limited to specific

places.

Different Information and Communication technologies integrating with smart meter devices but

individual controlling of the devices are limited to specific houses.

Considering performance and cost factors related to design and development of smart meters and

also predicting the usage of the power consumption have been demonstrated. However, low-cost,

flexible and robust system to continuously monitor and control based on consumer requirements

are at early stages of development. In this project, a low-cost, flexible and real-time smart power

management system which can easily integrate with the home monitoring systems like is

presented.

Design of Wireless Framework for Energy Efficient Street Light Automation

Our work focuses on the development of a prototype to be used in a wireless sensor network

(WSN) which also integrates DALI protocol. Since DALI is a well-established standard and it

has been adopted by major electronic ballasts‟ suppliers it is very easy to find DALI compliant

devices. Despite it is designed for lighting control, DALI has also been adapted to other

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applications, such as motor or fan controllers, proximity alarms, etc. Adapting the standard to a

and removing wires (DALI devices require a dedicated bus for data transmission), which results

in a reduction of installation costs. More No. of slaves added to a single master, make it more

control efficient. Gateway enables high level of integration with multiple industrial networks. A

WSN as part of a home automation system is also known as a wireless home automation network

, it allows monitoring and control applications for home end user and energy efficiency.

A. Wireless sensor network

Smart environments represent the next evolutionary development step in building, utilities,

industrial, home, shipboard, and transportation systems automation. Like any sentient organism,

the smart environment relies first and foremost on sensory data from the real world. Sensory data

comes from multiple sensors of different modalities in distributed locations. The smart

environment needs information about its surroundings as well as about its internal workings; this

is captured in biological systems by the distinction between exteroceptors and proprioceptors.

PDA BSC (Base Station Controller, BST Preprocessing) Wireless Sensor Machine Monitoring

Medical Monitoring Wireless Sensor Wireless Data Collection Networks Wireless (Wi-Fi 802.11

2.4GHz BlueTooth Cellular Network, - CDMA, GSM) Printer Wireland (Ethernet WLAN,

Optical) Animal Monitoring Vehicle Monitoring Online monitoring Server transmitter Any

where, any time to access Notebook Cellular Phone PC Ship Monitoring Wireless Sensor

Networks Roving Human monitor Data Distribution Network Management Center (Database

large storage, analysis) Data Acquisition Network The challenges in the hierarchy of: detecting

the relevant quantities, monitoring and collecting the data, assessing and evaluating the

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information, formulating meaningful user displays, and performing decision-making and alarm

functions are enormous. The information needed by smart environments is provided by

Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks, which are responsible for sensing as well as for the first

stages of the processing hierarchy.

B. PIC Microcontroller

All PIC16F87XA devices have a host of features intended to maximize system reliability,

minimize cost through elimination of external components, provide power saving operating

modes and offer code protection.

• 1,00,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical

• 10,00,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical

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• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins

• Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming

• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation

• Programmable code protection

.

C. ZIGBEE

ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-

power digital radios based on an IEEE 802 standard for personal area networks. ZigBee devices

are often used in mesh network form to transmit data over longer distances, passing data through

intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. This allows ZigBee networks to be formed ad-

hoc, with no centralized control or high-power transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the

devices. Any ZigBee device can be tasked with running the network.ZigBee is targeted at

applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. ZigBee has a

defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a single signal

transmission from a sensor or input device. Applications include wireless light switches,

electrical meters with in-home-displays, traffic management systems.

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D. Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a

magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on

or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the

first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains

circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is

magnetic and mechanical.

E. Current transformer

Current transformer normally known as C.T. is a step up transformer. C.T. has a primary coil of

one or more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line whose current is to be measured.

Secondary is short by a known resistance. Current step down ratio 20:1 The output voltage

between the resistance is proportional to the primary coil current.

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F.TRIAC

TRIACs belong to the thyristor family and are closely related to Silicon-controlled rectifiers

(SCR). Unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional devices ,TRIACs are bidirectional and so current

can flow through them in either direction, TRIACs are very convenient switches for AC circuits,

also allowing them to control very large power flows with milli ampere-scale gate currents.Low

power TRIACs are used in many applications such as light dimmers, speed controls for electric

fans and other electric motors, and in the modern computerized control circuits of many

household small and major appliances.

G. LDR

A photo resistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with

increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photo conductivity. They are also

used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent lamp or light emitting

diode to control gain reduction and are also used in bed lamps, etc. A photo resistor is made of a

high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons

absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction

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band. The resulting free electron conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

PIC16F877A is a 40 Pin DIP pack IC with 33 I/O pins. Out of which 8 pins can be used either as

Digital I/O pins or Analog Input pins. The micro controller is having 5 ports Port A, Port B, Port

C, Port D and Port E. Here Port A consists 6Pins and can be used as Analog Pins and Digital

Pins, in the same way Port E consists of 3Pins all of them can either be used as Analog Pins or

Digital Pins. The Port pins of Port D are connected to LCD pins. RD4 to RD7 as data pins and

RD0 to RD2 as control pins. The Pins of Port B are connected to relay drivers, which in turn

drives the relays. The Pins 13 and 14 are connected to Oscillators. This Oscillator provides

required clock reference for the PIC micro controller. Either Pins 11 and 12 or 31 and 32 can be

used as power supply pins. Pins 25 and 26 of Port C are used for serial Port communications;

these pins are interfaced with MAX232 for PC based communications. Pins 37, 38, 39 and 40 are

used for In-Circuit Debugger Operations, with which the hex code is downloaded to the Chip.

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Pin 33 is used as external Interrupt Pin. Pin 1 is used as Reset Pin.

This Pin is connected to Vcc through a resistor. The LCD we have used in this project is

HD1234. This is an alphanumeric type of LCD with 16 pins. Of which Pins 7 to 14 are used as

data pins, through which an 8-bit data can be input to the LCD. These Pins are connected to the

Port 0 of Micro controller. There are 3 control pins RS (Pin-4), RW (Pin-5) and EN (Pin-6). The

RS pin is connected to the 28th Pin of micro controller. The RW pin is usually grounded. The

Enable pin is connected to 27th Pin. The LCD has two Rows and 16 Columns. The LCD is

powered up with 5V supply connected to Pins 1(Gnd) and 2(Vcc). The Pin 3 is connected to Vcc

through a Potentiometer. The potentiometer is used to adjust the contrast level. Here in our

project we use the PIC controller in 4-bit mode. Here only 4 data pins are connected and are used

as Data Port.

When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can either be stepped

down or up depending on the value of DC needed. In our circuit the transformer of 230v/15-0-

15v is used to perform the step down operation where a 230V AC appears as 15V AC across the

secondary winding. In the power supply unit, rectification is normally achieved using a solid-

state diode. Diode has the property that will let the electron flow easily in one direction at proper

biasing condition. As AC is applied to the diode, electrons only flow when the anode and

cathode is negative. Reversing the polarity of voltage will not permit electron flow.A commonly

used circuit for supplying large amounts of DC power is the bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier of

four diodes (4*IN4007) is used to achieve full wave rectification.

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Two diodes will conduct during the negative cycle and the other two will conduct during the

positive half cycle. The DC voltage appearing across the output terminals of the bridge rectifier

will be somewhat less than 90% of the applied RMS value. Filter circuits, which usually

capacitor is acting as a surge arrester always follow the rectifier unit. This capacitor is also called

as a decoupling capacitor or a bypassing capacitor, is used not only to „short‟ the ripple with

frequency of 120Hz to ground but also to leave the frequency of the DC to appear at the output.

The voltage regulators play an important role in any power supply unit. The primary purpose of a

regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter circuit in providing a constant DC voltage to the device.

Power supplies without regulators have an inherent problem of changing DC voltage values due

to variations in the load or due to fluctuations in the AC liner voltage. With a regulator connected

to the DC output, the voltage can be maintained within a close tolerant region of the desired

output. IC7812 and 7805 are used in this project for providing +12v and +5v DC supply. There is

no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and

mechanical. here in our project the relays are connected to the micro controller through ULN

2003 relay driver IC.

The input from the micro controller is 5V and the output from the ULN is 12V this output is used

to drive the relay. The output is fed to the coil supply of the relay. The ULN IC has 7 input Pins

1- 7. The output is taken from Pins 9-15. The ULN consists of Darlington arrays. Here in our

2- project the micro controller pins are connected to ULN through Pins

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The project “DIGITAL ADDRESSABLE LIGHTING INTERFACE” has been completed

successfully and the output results are verified. The results are in line with the expected output.

The project has been checked with both software and hardware testing tools. In this work

“PIC16F877A, LCD& RELAY” are chosen are proved to be more appropriate for the intended

application. The project is having enough avenues for future enhancement. The project is a

prototype model that fulfills all the logical requirements. The project with minimal

improvements can be directly applicable for real time applications.

VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This paper describes a new intelligent street lighting system which integrates new technologies

available on the market to 0ffer higher efficiency and considerable savings Another advantage

obtained by the control system is the intelligent management of the lamp posts by sending data to

a central station by ZigBee wireless communication. The system maintenance can be easily and

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efficiently planned from the central station, allowing additional savings.. The system is always

flexible, extendable, and fully adaptable to user needs. The simplicity of ZigBee, the reliability

of electronic components, the feature of the sensor network, the processing speed, the reduced

costs, and the ease of installation are the features that characterize the proposed system, which

presents itself as an interesting engineering and commercial solution as the comparison with

other technologies demonstrated

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