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Energy-efficient Daylighting Systems for Multi-story Buildings
International Conference on Modeling and Simulation 2013
Irfan Ullah Department of Information and Communication Engineering Myongji university, Yongin, South Korea
Copyright © solarlits.com
Energy and Buildings, vol. 72, pp. 246-261, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.12.031
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Contents
1. Introduction2. Objective3. Background4. Proposed system
a) Parabolic troughb) Linear Fresnel lens
5. Light transmission and distribution6. Simulation and results7. Conclusions and Future Work
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• Energy consumption• In South Korea, 46% of total energy is used in buildings (EIA 2007)• In buildings, 40–50% of total energy is consumed for electric lighting
Introduction
2/27
CO2 emissions by regionInternation energy agency (IEA), 2009
IEA annual energy reviews, 2011
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Introduction
3/27
Annual energy outlook 2011 (EIA, U.S.)
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• Artificial lighting cannot fulfill the needs of the human body• Required Vitamin D3 (Ultraviolet light)• 15% of office workers complain of eye strain
• Daylight improves • Patient recovery• Worker productivity
• Daylight can reduce• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Benefits of daylight
Wavelength (nm)Electromagnetic spectrum4/27
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Daylighting
• Daylighting• To illuminate interior by sunlight• Daylighting system (active and passive)• Capturing (reflectors and lenses)• Transmission (light pipe and optical fiber)• Distribution (lenses and diffusers)• Hybrid daylighting system• Daylight + Artificial light
5/27
“Daylight building can reduce electric lighting energy consumption by 50–80%” (U.S. Green Building Council)
Overview of daylighting
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Background
Microstructured daylighting system
• Sunlight transmission through• Window• Low-efficiency• Difficult to implement
6/27
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Background
Tabular guidance system Core daylighting system
• Sunlight transmission through• Light pipe and light guide• Low-efficiency• Nonuniform illumination
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Prismatic light guide
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Background
Himawari daylighting system Parans fiber optic daylighting system
• Sunlight transmission through• Optical fiber• Costly (large amount of modules)
8/27
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Objective
• Highly concentrated sunlight through• Parabolic trough• Linear Fresnel lens
• Delivering sunlight in the interior• Large-scale building interiors• Multi-floor buildings
• Uniform illumination at• Capturing stage• Distribution stage
• Reducing electric lighting power consumption in buildings
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Parabolic trough
Linear Fresnel lens
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Proposed System
10/27
Flow diagram of the hybrid daylighting system
Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC)
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Hardware design of daylighting systems
Design using CPC for the parabolic trough
Design using CPC for the linear Fresnel lens
11/27
Light concentration
Non-imaging concentratorCompound parabolic concentrator (CPC)
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Ray-tracing of daylighting systems
12/27
Parabolic trough with parabolic reflector to make collimated light for optical fibers
Linear Fresnel lens with plano-concave lens to make collimated light for optical fibers
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Measurements for Parabolic trough
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With trough CPCWithout trough CPC a : Diameter of entry aperture
a' : Diameter of exit aperture
θi : Maximum input angle
HPR : Rectangular aperture height
Wr : Width of receiver
To make collimated light
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Measurements for linear Fresnel lens
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With trough CPCWithout trough CPC
Wp : Width of plano-concave lens
Wr : Width of receiver
r : Radius
n : Refractive index
NA : Numerical aperture
D: Diameter of collimating lens
f: focal length of the lens
Focal length of Fresnel lens
To insert all light into fibers
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Light Transmission
• Area of each floor = 10x6 m• Silica optical fiber (SOF)• Length of single SOF = 130 mm• Plastic optical fiber (POF)• Length of single POF = 6 m• Total fiber = 285
15/27
Optical fibers with index matching
2 mm
1.98 mm POF SOF 1.457 mm
1.8 mm
SOFncladding = 1.40ncore = 1.457
POFncladding = 1.40ncore = 1.49
Refractive index
Efficiency of POF = 80% for 6m length
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Light Distribution
• One bundle = 19 optical fibers• Light distribution• Biconcave lens• Combination of lenses
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Single lens
Combining two lensesBundle of optical fibers
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Economics
• Cost of parabolic trough = $400• Cost of linear Fresnel lens = $200• Cost of tracking modules = $400
• Total optical fibers = 285• Total length of SOF = 33.28 m• Cost of SOF = $1.2/m• Total cost of SOFs = $ 44
• Total length of POF = 1330 m• Cost of POF = $0.514/m• Total cost of POFs = $ 684
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Interior view
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Floor plan of test room
• 15 bundles of optical fibers• 15 LED light sources
Section view of room’s interior
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Daylighting simulation
19/27
Light source and surface to measure illuminance
• Daylighting simulation• LightTools®, DIALuxTM, and SolidWorksTM
• Illuminance on the surface
Outdoor average illuminance
dS : Surface areadF : Luminus flux on the surface
Illuminance (lx)
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Uniform illumination
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• Uniform illumination into optical fibers
Parabolic trough
Linear Fresnel lensCandle power distribution curveEncircled energy of fiber bundle
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Illuminance on work plane
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Daylight illuminance distribution on the work plane for (a) parabolic trough and (b) linear Fresnel lens
(a) (b)
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Interior View
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Indoor lighting simulationDaylight distribution in the interior
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Illuminance and Uniformity
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Daylight average illuminance on the work plane
Uniformity on the floor
Uniformity on the work plane
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Hybrid daylighting system
• LED light• OSRAMTM LW-W5AM, 130 lm/W• 26 LEDS with a reflector • Achieving illuminance of 500 lx all times
24/27LEDs with parabolic reflector
LEDs’ illuminance distribution
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Hybrid daylighting system
25/27
Daylight and LEDs’ illuminance distribution
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Conclusions
• Highly concentrated light• Parabolic trough • Linear Fresnel lens
• Solution of high concentration by CPC• Uniform illumination into optical fibers• Illumiated large-scale building interior• Multi-floor buildings
• Increased light quality• Illuminance of more than 500 lx all time• Can save about 40% energy
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Future work
• Installing system for multi-floor building• Transmitting light at long distance
• Optical fiber • Light pipe
• Integrated solar cells
27/27
Parabolic trough Linear Fresnel lens
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References
1. A. Rosemann, G. Cox, P. Friedel, M. Mossman, and L. Whitehead, “Cost-effective controlled illumination using daylighting and electric lighting in a dual-function prism light guide,” Light. Res. Tech. 40, 77-88 (2008).
2. C. Tsuei, W. Sun, and C. Kuo, “Hybrid sunlight/LED illumination and renewable solar energy saving concepts for indoor lighting,” Opt. Express 18, A640-A653 (2010).
3. V. E. Gilmore, “Sun flower over Tokyo,” Popular Science, Bonnier Corporation, America, 1988.
4. D. Feuermann, J. M. Gordon, “SOLAR FIBER-OPTIC MINI-DISHES: A NEW APPROACH TO THE EFFICIENT COLLECTION OF SUNLIGHT,” Sol. Energy. 65, 159-170 (1999).
5. D. Feuermann, J. M. Gordon, M. Huleihil, “Solar fiber-optic mini-dish concentrators: first experimental results and field experience,” Sol. Energy. 72, 459-472 (2002).
6. A. Kribus, O. Zik, J. Karni, “Optical fibers and solar power generation,” Sol. Energy. 68, 405-416 (2000).
7. C. Kandilli and K. Ulgen, “Review and modelling the systems of transmission concentrated solar energy via optical fibres,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 67-84 (2009).
8. I. Ullah and S. Shin, “Development of Optical Fiber-Based Daylighting System with Uniform Illumination,” J. Opt. Soc. Korea 16, 247-255 (2012).
9. I. Ullah and S. Shin, "Uniformly Illuminated Efficient Daylighting System," Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 161-166 (2013).
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Irfan UllahDept. of Info. and Comm. EngineeringMyongji University, Yongin, South KoreaEmail: [email protected]: sl.avouch.org
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