energy efficiency (SGCIE) - Autenticação · (Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de ......
Transcript of energy efficiency (SGCIE) - Autenticação · (Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de ......
Energy Management :: 2009/2010
Class # 2
Energy demand, energy supply and policies for promoting energy efficiency (SGCIE)
Prof. Paulo Ferrã[email protected]
Prof. Miguel Á[email protected]
Energy Management
Energy transformation
Sankey Diagramm
Primary energy
Final energy
PRODUCTION
EFFICIENCY
Energy Transformation:
� Dams, thermal power stations, wind mills, ...
� Refineries, …
� Fuel transport, electricity networks, …
Energy Conversion:
Supply
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Final energy
Useful energy
Productive energy
ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
CONTROL
& BEHAVIOR
� Internal combustion engines, ...
� Lamps, …
� Heaters, …
Dem
and
Energy Use:
� Products, ...
� Confort, …
� Transportation, …
Energy Management
Energy transformation
Natural gas
Electricity
Power station and
transportation
losses50%
LIGHT
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Lamp losses(fluorescent light)
Light use,
ambient light …
Reading a book
Light
50%
80%
Total losses = 95%
Energy Management
Energy transformation
Oil
Gasoline
Refining and
gasoline transport 5%
TRANSPORTATION
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Mechanical
losses
Traffic and
driving losses
Reach destination
Moviment
75%
50%
Total losses = 88%
Energy Management
Life cycle analysis
LIFE CICLE ANALYSIS
TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION =
Energy to produce the equipment (ENERGY CAPITAL)
+
Equipment energy consumption (ENERGY CONSUMPTION)
+
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+
End of life processing energy consumption
For instance, in a services building, Energy Capital may represents
5 to 10% of the total building energy consumption, while in a
residential building it may be significantly higher.
Energy Management
Input
Outputr
nConsumptio
Produtiono=η
Energy transformation
� Refinery ~ 95% (crude oil into refined products)
Examples of transformation of primary energy into final energy
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� Refinery ~ 95% (crude oil into refined products)
� Combined cicle ~ 55% (natural gas into electricity)
� Rankine cycle ~ 40% (coal into electricity)
� Natural gas transport ~ 99% (from high to low pressure)
� Electricity transport ~ 95% (from very high to medium voltage)
Energy Management
nConsumptio
nDegradatio -nConsumptio nConsumptio
Production==η
Energy transformation
Examples of efficiency values in the transformation of
final energy into useful energy
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� Electrical resistance ~ 100%
� Electric motor ~ 90%
� Boiler ~ 85%
� Fluorescent lamp ~ 50%
� Internal combustion engine ~ 30%
� Incandescent lamp ~ 5%
Energy Management
nconsumptio yElectricit
Heat=COP
Natural gas
Elect.
Energy transformation
Examples of efficiencies in the transformation of
final energy into useful energy
HEAT PUMP
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COP – Coefficient of Performance
• Industrial heat pump COP ~ 5
• Residential heat pump COP ~ 3
Elect.
Heat
Energy Management
TOETOE as Primary Energy unit: Objectives
The ton of oil equivalent (toe) is defined to convert final energy consumption
(electricity, natural gas, gasoline, .) back to primary energy.
Once in toe, the total primary energy is obtain by adding the different
components, allowing for the calculation of combined energy indicators, such as:
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Energy Intensity (countries):
Specific consumtion (products):
=€
toe nconsumptioenergy primary Annual
..GDP
IE
=ton
toe
Production
nconsumptioenergy primary Annual..CS
Energy Management
TOE
TOE as Primary Energy unit: Calculation
The calculation of the convertion factor regards the following steps:
1. The “equivalent oil” is defined as 10 Gcal/ton (41,869 GJ/ton)
2. The required primary energy is a function of the final energy and the energy
efficiency to convert the primary energy in final energy.
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3. Convert the required primary energy in toe using the heat value definition
provided in 1.
* These coeficients are usually defined by legislation.
* In certain cases the convertion to toe is based in a marginal consumption
assumption
Energy Management
Transformação de energia
TOE as Primary Energy unit: Exemples
Electricity
The portuguese legislation (following an EU directive) considers 40%
efficiency for producing and transporting electricity.
So, to supply 1 kWhof electricity, the primary energy consumption is
2,5 kWh
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The primary energy consumption is thus:
2,5 kWh x 3.600 kJ/kWh = 9.000 kJ/kWhelect
Converting to toe by the definition 1 toe = 10 Gcal = 41,9 GJ
9.000 kJ/kWhelect / 41,9 x106 kJ/toe = 215 x 10-6 toe/kWhelect
Attention: some technical literature use 86 x 10-6 toe / kWhelect. This value
regards to direct convertion, that is, electricity production without losses.
Energy Management
Energy intensity in the world
UKR
IRN
600
800
1000
1200
En
erg
y I
nte
nsi
ty i
n 2
00
8 (
toe
/mil
lio
n U
SD
)
EI
EI (oil prod.)
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BGD
INDPAK
PHL
EGY
IDN
CHN
EQU
THA
PER
DZA
COL
AZE
ZAF
BLRBGR
MYS
BRA
ARGROUCHLMEXTUR
RUS
POLLTUHUN
TWNKOR
CZE
PRT
NZL
GRC ESP JPN
SGP
ITA GBR85
CAN
90
USA
AUSAUT
98NLDSWE
ISL
IRLDNK CHE
NOR
IRN
KAZ
VEN
SAU
KUW
ARE
QAT
0
200
400
0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000 100.000
En
erg
y I
nte
nsi
ty i
n 2
00
8 (
toe
/mil
lio
n U
SD
)
GDP per capita in2008 (USD)
Sources: BP - Statistical Review of World Energy June 2009 (primary energy) and IMF ,World Economic Outlook April 2009 (GDP/and population)
Energy Management
SGCIE(Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia)
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DL – nº 71/2008
Energy Management
SGCIE – Domain
Domain:
� All entities with an annual primary energy consumption bigger than 500 toe.
Domain:
� All entities with an annual primary energy consumption bigger than 500 toe.
Exceptions:Exceptions:
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Exceptions:
� Cogeneration facilities
� Transport entities
� Buildings
Exceptions:
� Cogeneration facilities
� Transport entities
� Buildings
Energy Management
SGCIE – Entities
Supervision:
� DGEG, Direcção -Geral de Energia e Geologia - http://www.dgge.pt/.
ISP control:
� DGAIEC, Direcção -Geral das Alfândegas e Impostos Especiais sobre o Consumo -
Supervision:
� DGEG, Direcção -Geral de Energia e Geologia - http://www.dgge.pt/.
ISP control:
� DGAIEC, Direcção -Geral das Alfândegas e Impostos Especiais sobre o Consumo -
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� DGAIEC, Direcção -Geral das Alfândegas e Impostos Especiais sobre o Consumo -
http://www.dgaiec.min-financas.pt/pt.
Management:
� ADENE, Agência para a Energia - http://www.adene.pt/ADENE.Portal.
� DGAIEC, Direcção -Geral das Alfândegas e Impostos Especiais sobre o Consumo -
http://www.dgaiec.min-financas.pt/pt.
Management:
� ADENE, Agência para a Energia - http://www.adene.pt/ADENE.Portal.
Energy Management
SGCIE – Obligations
Obligations:
- Promote the registration of facilities;
- Perform energy audits;
� >= 1000 toe/y: Each 6 years,
� 500 to 1000 toe/y: Each 8 years,
- Develop “Planos de Racionalização do Consumo de Energia” (PREn – ARCE*);
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� >= 1000 toe/y: Every measure with payback lower than 5 years must be implemented;
� 500 to 1000 tep/ano: Every measure with payback lower than 3 years must be implemented;
Goals for Intensidade Energética (IE) and Intensidade Carbónica (IC)*
� >= 1000 toe/y: Reduction of 6% in a 6 years period;
� 500 a 1000 toe/y: Reduction of 4% in a 8 years period;
� all consumption: The IC should not increase.
* ARCE - Acordo de Racionalização dos Consumos de Energia
Energy Management
SGCIE – Indicadores
- Intensidade Energética (IE):
� IE1 : Annual primary energy consumtion / Annual gross added value,
� IE2 : Annual primary energy consumtion / Annual volume of production,
Renewable energy consumption: consider only 50% of its energy.
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- Intensidade Carbónica (IC):
� IC : Annual greenhouse gases emissions / Annual primary energy consumption
Energy Management
Related legislation
Portaria 519/2008 de 25 de Junho
Credenciação dos técnicos e entidades
Elementos complementares
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Despacho 17313/2008 de 26 de Junho
Coeficientes de TEP e de emissões de CO2
Despacho 17449/2008 de 27 de Junho
Caracterização de auditoria energética e cálculo do VAB
Energy Management
Reconhecimento de técnicos e entidades
Os requisitos mínimos de habilitação e experiência profissional a observar na credenciação de
técnicos e entidades são os seguintes:
a) Técnico auditor energético e autor de planos de racionalização e de relatórios de execução e
progresso:
i) Habilitação com o curso de Engenheiro, reconhecido pela Ordem dos Engenheiros, ou com o
curso de Engenheiro Técnico, reconhecido pela Associação Nacional dos Engenheiros
Técnicos;
ii) Experiência profissional adequada;
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ii) Experiência profissional adequada;
iii) Ter à disposição a aparelhagem de medida e controlo necessária para o efeito;
b) Entidade auditora energética e autora de planos de racionalização e de relatórios de execução e
progresso:
i) Ter como fim estatutário actividade relacionada com a consultoria e projecto (auditoria ou
elaboração de projectos de instalações industriais) na área da energia;
ii) Fazer prova de que possui ao seu serviço técnico ou técnicos reconhecidos conforme exigido
na alínea a) deste número.
Energy Management
Conversion coefficients for toe and CO2 emissions
Combustível PCI
(MJ/kg)
PCI
(toe/t)
FE
(kgCO2e/GJ)
FE
(kgCO2e/tep)
Biogasolina e Biodiesel 27 0,645 0 0
Carvão betuminoso 25,8 0,616 94,5 3956,5
Carvão vegetal 29,5 0,705 0 0
Combustível para motor (gasolina) 44 - 45 1,051 - 1,075 69,2 2897,3
Fuelóleo 41,2 0,984 77,3 3236,4
Gás de petróleo liquefeito 46 - 47,3 1,099 - 1,13 63 2637,7
Gás natural (1) 45,1 1,077 64,1 2683,7
Gás natural (superior a 93 % de metano) 47,2 - 48 1,127 - 1,146 56,1 2348,8
Gás natural liquefeito 44,2 - 45,2 1,056 - 1,08 64,1 2683,7
Gasóleo / Diesel 42,3 - 43,3 1,01 - 1,034 74 3098,2
Class # 2 : Energy demand, energy supply and policies for promoting energy efficiency (SGCIE) Slide 20 of 53
Electricidade
PCI
(MJ/kWh)
PCI
(toe/kWh)
FE
(kgCO2e/GJ)
FE
(kgCO2e/kWh)
FE
(kgCO2e/toe)
3,6 215 x 10 -6 130,6 0,47 2186,0
Produção de vapor: Energia do vapor (tep/t) = Entalpia específica do vapor (MJ/kg) / (90% × 41,868)
Fluidos térmicos: Energia do fluido (tep/t) = Calor útil (MJ/kg) / (90% × 41,868)
Gasóleo / Diesel 42,3 - 43,3 1,01 - 1,034 74 3098,2
Madeira / resíduos de Madeira 13,8 - 15,6 0,33 - 0,373 0 0
Outra biomassa primária sólida 11,6 0,277 0 0
Petróleo Bruto 42,3 1,01 73,3 3068,9
Energy Management
Caracterização da auditoria energética
The energy audit should:
a) Quantify energy consumption and its relevance in the final cost of the products;
b) Promote visual inspection of the equipments and the required specific diagnostics, including
energy and relevant parameters quantification;
c) Provide a full description on how energy is transformed and its costs;
d) Promote detailed characterization of the energy balances of the main equipments;
e) Characterize the detailed electric consumption profiles of the main electricity consumers;
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e) Characterize the detailed electric consumption profiles of the main electricity consumers;
f) Determine the energy efficiency of thermal energy equipments;
g) Monitor the adequacy of the performance of the energy transport and distribution systems;
h) Monitor the adequacy of the performance of the control and regulation equipment;
i) Perform mass and energy balances to the main equipments;
j) Quantify the specific energy consumption verified during the audit period;
k) Quantify the ratio between the specific energy consumption and the gross added value;
l) Identify potential energy saving measures and quantify their impact;
m) Define specific interventions that prove to be viable in technical and economic terms;
n) Define a strategy for implementing adequate Energy Management.