Energy Efficiency Lift Esc

8112019 Energy Efficiency Lift Esc

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ECEEE 2009 SUMMER STUDY bull ACT I NNOVATE DELIVER REDUCING ENERGY DEMA ND SUSTAINABLY 803

Energy efficient elevators and escalators

Carlos PatratildeoDep Electrical Engineering

Coimbra Portugal

carlospatraoisrucpt

Joatildeo FongDep Electrical Engineering

Coimbra Portugal

joaofongisrucpt

Luc RivetBelgium

LRivetela-aisblorg

Aniacutebal de AlmeidaDep Electrical Engineering

Coimbra

Portugal

adealmeidaisrucpt

Keywords

elevators l ifs escalators energy effi ciency stand-by con-

sumption barriers and policies or energy effi ciency elevator

drives

Abstract

Elevators and escalators are the crucial element that makes it

practical to live and work several 1047298oors above ground ndash more

than 43 million units are installed in Europe Due to ageing

o the European population the installation o elevators in sin-gle amily houses is experiencing a signi1047297cant growth as well

as equipping existing buildings Elevators use about 4 o the

electricity in tertiary sector buildings High untapped saving

potentials exist with respect to energy-effi cient technologies

investment decisions and behavioural approaches in these

sectors Tis paper presents preliminary results rom the IEE

project E4 whose overall objective is the improvement o the

energy perormance o elevators and escalators in tertiary sec-

tor buildings and in multi amily residential buildings

Te project is characterizing people conveyors electricity

consumption in the tertiary sector and in residential buildings

in the EU Te installed park is characterised by a survey among

elevators national associations in each country An assessmento the barriers has been made in the 1047297rst phase o the project

and will be presented

Monitoring campaigns in elevators and escalators are being

conducted in each country according to a common developed

methodology More than 1047297fy elevators and escalators will be

audited Tis will allow the collection o load curves (start up

travel up and down travel ull and empty) including the char-

acterization o standby consumption Standby consumption o

an elevator can represent up to 80 o the total energy con-

sumed per year and can be drastically reduced

Tis paper presents the preliminary results o the 1047297rst ten

audits perormed in Portugal by ISR-UC

Introduction

In the EU-25 there are more than 43 million elevators and

85 thousand escalators and moving walks Every year 125 thou-

sand new elevators and 5 thousand new escalators and movingwalks are installed [according to extrapolation o ELA-Elevator

market statistics 2005] Tereore it is very important to char-

acterize people conveyors (elevators and escalators) in terms o

electricity consumption and technologies in the tertiary sector

and in residential buildings in the European Union It is nec-

essary to promote the effi cient use o electricity in this type

o loads through the application o cost-effective energy effi -

cient technologies available or emerging in the market Energy

effi cient technologies can save a large percentage o the used

electricity in a cost-effective way Te type o loads addressed

in this paper is growing ast due to the expansion o the built

area and because o the need to ensure adequate mobility to the

elderly and handicapped populationGenerally hydraulic elevators used in relatively low-rise

buildings are much less energy effi cient than the electric trac-

tion elevators used in higher rise buildings though new types

are being developed that match up to the energy effi ciency o

traction lifs Earlier generation hydraulic elevators can use

3 times more electrical energy than traction elevators Until

the year 1995 at least two thirds o all elevator installations were

hydraulic then this trend began to change and in 2004 more



804 ECEEE 2009 SUMMER STUDY bull ACT I NNOVATE DELIVER REDUCING ENERGY DEM AND SUSTAINABLY

than 80 o all elevators sold were using traction technology

[Gemici 2005]

Usually traction elevators have counterweights which are

connected to the cabin by a pulley and thereore it descends

when the elevator is rising and vice versa New technologies

and best practices namely motors and drives regeneration con-

verters better control sofware optimisation o counterweights

direct drives versus rope traction elevators cabin lighting etc

can yield signi1047297cant savings Within a drive class the best per-

orming elevators can use up to 80 less electricity than the

least effi cient onesElectricity consumption in the tertiary sector in EU-25 by

2020 is oreseen to be 950Wh Elevators and escalators now

represent 4 o the total electricity consumption in the tertiary

sector with a trend or a signi1047297cant increase o this share Since

potential savings o over 50 are possible the impact o this

project is the reduction o 20-25 Wh translating into the re-

duction o 9-11 Mtons o CO2 emissions Additional savings are

possible in the residential sector particularly in multi-amily

buildings Energy-effi cient elevator and escalator technolo-

gies can also lead to decreased maintenance requirements less

downtime and increased saety

The E4 project

Te E4 project [E4-Energy Effi cient Elevators and Escalators

wwwe4projecteu] is targeted at the improvement o the energy

perormance o elevators and escalators in the tertiary sector

(hotels hospitals schools shopping centres offi ce buildings

etc) and in multi amily residential buildings

Te countries directly involved in the project are Germany

Italy Portugal and Poland covering different regions o the EU

Te European Lif Association (ELA) with agencies in most

EU countries also participates in the project providing market

characterisation and together with other partners allowing a

large replication potential in other countries

Te aim o this project is to characterize people conveyors

(elevators and escalators) electricity consumption in the terti-

ary sector and in residential buildings in the European Union

and promote the effi cient use o electricity in this type o loads

through the application o the best available technologies in

the market

Te main objectives o E4 project are

to contribute to the market transormation o the servicebull

sector buildings and residential buildings by improving

the awareness o best practice solutions to provide vertical

mobility

to provide recommendations and guidelines to promotebull

those practices

to promote the improvement o energy perormance obull

elevators and escalators in the tertiary sector (hotels hospi-

tals schools shopping centres offi ce buildings etc) and in

multiamily residential buildings

In total between the partners o the project monitoring o

50 elevators and or escalators will be perormed Te monitor-ing campaign will be carried out in a number o selected build-

ings o the residential and tertiary sectors Tis paper presents

the preliminary results o the 1047297rst ten audits preormed in Por-

tugal by ISR-UC

2 hydraulic elevatorsbull

8 traction elevatorsbull

2 escalatorsbull

Figure 1 Electricity consumption breakdown in tertiary sector buildings in the EU [Source EC-JRC]




Elevators and Escalators

Elevators and escalator are systems used to provide vertical

mobility in good comort conditions Impressive technology

developments have been carried out in recent years in mo-

tors electronic speed controls mechanical transmissions etc

which can dramatically reduce the electricity consumption o

this systems

HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS

Te basic components o hydraulic elevators are shown in the

1047297gure 2

Tis type o elevator uses a hydraulic cylinder to move the

car An electric motor drives a pump which orces a 1047298uid into

the cylinder moving the car up When descending an electric

valve opens and the 1047298uid is allowed to drain (slowly) rom the

cylinder into the tank

Since they typically do not have a counterweight the entire

potential energy is wasted as heat making hydraulic elevators

less effi cient solutions sometimes consuming three times more

electricity than traction elevators [Sachs 2005] Te most re-

cent hydraulic systems have now incorporated variable voltage

variable requency drives (VVVF) and an accumulator that acts

as a hydraulic counterweight Teir energy perormance has

dramatically been improved with these new developments

Hydraulic elevators are available or lifs up to a rated speedo 1ms Te maximum travel distance or this type o eleva-

tors is around 18 m Tis is due to the act that as travel height

increases larger diameter pistons have to be used to resist the

larger buckling orces Tis increases the costs o equipment

and this way it is less attractive to use hydraulic elevators when

you have a better alternative [CIBSE 2008]

TRACTION ELEVATORS

While hydraulic systems rely on pushing the elevator car up

and down roped elevators pull the elevator cab using ropes

or cables In traction elevators the car is suspended by ropes

rapped around a sheave that is driven by an electric motor Te

weight o the cab is usually balanced by a counterweight thatequals the mass o the cab plus 45 to 50 o the rated load

Te purpose o the counter weight is to maintain a near con-

stant potential energy level in the system as a whole heavily

reducing energy consumption

Tere are two main types o traction elevators geared and

gearless (direct drive) Geared elevators use a reduction gear

between the motor and the sheave to reduce the speed o the

cab while gearless elevators the sheave is directly coupled to

the motor New technologies and best practices namely en-

ergy effi cient motors and drives better control sofware opti-

misation o counterweights direct drives instead o ineffi cient

gearboxes cabin lighting etc can yield signi1047297cant savings Te

most effi cient systems have a Variable Speed Drive (VSD) thatcan provide signi1047297cant energy savings by allowing regenerative

braking Within a drive class the best perormerrsquos elevators can

use up to 80 less electricity than the least effi cient

ESCALATORS

Escalators like moving walks use an electric motor that drives

through a powertrain a system o moving steps

Figure 2 Basic components of hydraulic elevators

Figure 3 Basic components of traction elevators

Figure 4 Basic components of an escalator




Escalators are moving steps design to transport people over

a short distance between two landings Tey are driven by an

electric motor that powers the steps and handrail which move

at synchronised speeds Te escalator is supported by a truss

which contains all the mechanical components such as the

drive unit brakes and chain

Escalators typically travel at speeds o around 05 ms ndash ast

enough to provide rapid displacement while not disregarding

comort and saety Tey are used both in low rise building ap-

plications such as one storey rises in commercial buildings

and in high rise installations such as in deep underground

metro stations

SUMMARY

Te able 1 presents a summary o the main applications ad-

vantages and disadvantages o each type o elevator

ELEVATORS MARKET ANALYSIS

Until 1998 hydraulic elevators were the most commonly in-

stalled solution due to their low cost security low mainte-

nance costs and very easy installation At that time hydraulic

elevators sales in Europe represented about 60 o total market

share In 1995 with the appearance o the machine room-less

traction elevator this tendency begun to decrease [Ccedilelik and

Korbahti 2006]

able 2 presents an estimation o the total installed elevators

and estimated market in 2005

Europe is estimated to have more then 43 million elevators

installed with Italy being the country with the highest number

o installed elevators ollowed by Spain and Germany Te 1047297g-

ure 5 shows the market share in percentage or each country

BarriersOne o the aims o the E4 project is to help overcome some

important obstacles or investments and behavioural changes

which are mainly caused by socio-economic ramework condi-

tions in the target sectors but also market ailures transaction

costs or imperect inormation as well as market barriers on

the supply side

Lack o awareness o building owners investors and manag-bull

ers in private companies as well as public authorities due to

CountryExisting elevators

in o peration (2005)

Estimated market

(2005)

Austria 72148 2855

Belgium 77000 2722

CH () 164220 6791

Germany 631000 11450

France 475000 11604

Denmark 26800 855

Finland() 50000 840

Italy 790000 17900

Luxemburg 7500 500

Norway 28500 1051

Netherlands 77800 3373

Portugal () 106700 4737

Spain 680873 27322

Sweden () 108300 1328

Greece () 308000 8475

Polland 70000 2000

Czech Republic 77500 1314

Hungary 32950 1000

UK 240000 9499

Total 4189191 115616

() some of the values are estimated

Table 2 Elevator market statistics [Source ELA-Elevator market statistics 2005]

Type of elevator Typical applicati ons Advantages Disadvantages

Hydraulic Low rise

2-6 floors

Low cost Slow high energy use

maintenance issues

Traction

Machine room-less

Low-Mid rise

2-10 floors

Easy installation energy

savings faster then

hydraulic option

Higher cost than hydraulic

option

Traction

Geared

Mid rise

3-25 floors

Low cost for application Speed energy

consumption

Traction

Gearless (direct drive)

High rise

over 25 floors

High speed High cost

Table 1 Summary of main applications [GIBSE 2008]




the act that the energy cost share is usually low and invest-

ments in energy effi ciency do not affect the core business

Large transaction costs which generally include costs obull

gathering assessing and applying inormation on energy

savings potentials and measures as well as costs to negotiate

with potential suppliers consultants or installers

Lack o inormation about energy consumption patternsbull

and thereore the pro1047297tability o energy saving measures

cannot be properly assessed costs or metering and data

management and investment costs or the metering devices

may prevent organizations rom installing the appropriate

equipment

Internal decision making and investment priority settingbull

depending on criteria such as pay-back time but also on

sof actors such as the status o energy effi ciency image at-

titudes o those responsible or energy management within

the organization or shared responsibilities between differ-

ent departments (operationinvestments)

Split-incentives in building energy conservation ie ownersbull

o buildings who do not pay the energy costs are typically

interested in low 1047297rst cost solutions

Lack o suffi cient market structures and access to energybull

service companies energy consultancies energy agencies

etc

High cost o advanced emerging technologies due to lack obull

economies o scale in their production

Te project will address these barriers and will try to contrib-

ute to their removal through improved inormation and raised

awareness as well as stimulate adequate supporting policies

Policies and Regulation

Environmental concerns have triggered in the last decades a

number o energy conservation policy measures that aim atimproving the worldrsquos sustainability

In 2005 the European Commission issued the Directive

200532EC on the eco-design o Energy-using Products (EuP)

such as electrical and electronic devices or heating equipment

Te directive de1047297nes conditions and criteria or setting through

subsequent implementing measures requirements regarding

environmentally relevant product characteristics improving

the overall environmental impact o such products However

elevators and escalators are systems individually engineered or

each application rather than commodity products and there-

ore are not covered by this Directive

Te building sector is responsible or 40 o Europersquos energy

demand and presents a large potential or savings which is esti-

mated at 28 and which in turn can reduce the total EU 1047297nal

energy use by around 11

With the purpose o realizing this potential the Energy Per-

ormance o Buildings Directive (EPBD) was adopted Te direc-

tive sets minimum requirements on the energy perormance o

new buildings and o buildings subject to major renovation and

also a certi1047297cation and classi1047297cation scheme aimed at raising the

awareness o energy use in buildings It presents a great challenge

Figure 5 Estimated market share by country [Gemici 2006]




or the transormation o European building sector towards en-

ergy effi ciency and the use o renewable energy resources

Unortunately the directive does not cover peoplersquos convey-

ors which represent an estimated 4 o the energy consump-

tion o buildings in the tertiary sector

In Germany the Association o German Engineers (VDI) is

working on a guideline VDI-Guideline 4707 ldquoLifs ndash Energy

Effi ciencyrdquo which will be released in early 2009 Te guideline

aims at the speci1047297cation and representation o the energy de-

mand and consumption o lif systems using harmonized cri-

teria based on the determination o energy demand and con-

sumption A measuring methodology is de1047297ned and so are the

measuring devices to be used An energy-effi ciency certi1047297cateincluding a classi1047297cation is emitted by the manuacturer ol-

lowing the rules set in the guidelines Te energy class o the

elevator is to be publicly affi xed in the elevator as a label simi-

lar to other electrical products

Te regulation is expected to urther improve the penetration

o energy effi cient technologies in German speaking countries

Similar regulation is currently being discussed on European

and International standardization organizations

Methodology used

It is very important that all the partners o the E4 project ollow

the same methodology when perorming their measurementsin elevators or escalators For this purpose a methodology or

the monitoring campaigns was developed based on the ollow-

ing documents

Draf International Standard ISODIS 25745-1 Energy Per-bull

ormance o Lifs and Escalators ndash Part 1 Energy Measure-

ment and conormance 2008

EN 603592002 Electrical and electronic measurementbull

equipment - Expression o the perormance

Nipkow J Elekrizitaetsverbrauch und Einspar-Potenzialebull

bei Auzuegen Schlussbericht November 2005 Im Aufrag

des Bundesamtes uer Energie

Lindegger Urs Energy estimation Document or E4 ELAbull

VDI amp ISO 11 June 2008

Gharibaan Esandiar Load Factor or Escalators EG (0905bull

2008)

A detailed description o the methodology can be ound in

projectrsquos website (wwwe4projecteu)

Energy consumption

Te energy consumption o an elevator or escalator is very

dependent on the number o travel cycles perormed during

one year Te calculations expressed on this paper were made

according to the methodology developed in the scope o the

E4 project Because o the diffi culty in the acquisition o this

type o data the number o travel cycles was considered to be

the same in buildings o the same sector

TRACTION ELEVATORS TYPICAL CYCLE

Te 1047297gure 6 shows a typical cycle o a traction elevator In this

case this elevator cycle was taken rom ldquoElevator Drdquo

Te initial transient typical o a direct starting o an AC mo-

tor is evident In this case the starting active power reaches

more than three times the nominal active power o the mo-

tor During the ldquotravelling downrdquo it is necessary to overcome

the difference o weight between the elevator car (in this case

empty) and the counterweight When ldquotravelling uprdquo since the

counterweight is heavier then the elevator car the active power

necessary is quite reduced Afer arriving at the end o each

trip there is a peak in the active power corresponding to the

braking o the motor driven system In elevators with regen-

erative technologies the energy used to brake the elevator and

otherwise dissipated in the orm o heat is used to produce

electrical energy

HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS TYPICAL CYCLE

Te elevator cycle o a hydraulic elevator is illustrated in the

1047297gure 7

When ldquotravelling downrdquo the total active power required by

the hydraulic elevator system is practically imperceptive when

compared with the standby consumption Tis small consump-

tion is mainly due to the maintenance o the pressure o the

hydraulic 1047298uid As mentioned above the ldquotravelling downrdquo or

a hydraulic elevator corresponds to the opening o the valve to

let the hydraulic 1047298uid 1047298ow back to the tank

Travel cycle energy consumption

Te travel cycle consumption o an elevator is greatly depend-

ant on the number o 1047298oors the technology used weight in the

car etc In the next graphic the energy consumption or one

travel cycle o each audited elevator is presented

It is clear that the two hydraulic elevators have the highest cy-

cle consumption o all analysed elevators even i this consump-

tion is compared with traction elevators o higher rise height

Standby energy consumption

Te 1047297gure 9 presents the standby consumption and the running

mode consumption in proportion to the overall consumption

o the elevators auditedFrom this previous graphic it is clear that standby consump-

tion in elevators is a very important issue Standby consump-

tion represents rom 246 to 796 o the overall consump-

tion o the elevator Tis standby consumption is due to the

control systems lighting 1047298oor displays and operating consoles

in each 1047298oor and inside the elevator cabin In the analyzed

elevators the standby annual consumption goes rom 243 kWh

to 2800 kWh

Te main reason or the proportion o standby to running

mode energy consumption in ldquoelevator Drdquo is that the light-

ing inside the elevator cabin switches off 40 seconds afer the

weight sensor ldquoeelsrdquo that there is no one inside

Although ldquoElevator Frdquo has one o the most effi cient technol-ogies or elevators in the market (MRL ndash permanent magnet

motor) it has the highest standby consumption percentage

in relation to overall consumption Tis elevator consumes

2271 kWhyear in standby mode and around 582 kWhyear

in running mode

Hydraulic elevators running mode consumption largely over-

comes the standby energy consumption although it is not neg-

ligible since it represents rom 2000 kWhyear to 2800 kWh

year in the analysed hydraulic elevators




Elevator Description Control Type of buildingYear of

installation

Velocity

(ms)

Nominal

load (kg)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Nordm of

stores

Agearless traction

elevator

Electro-

mechanicResidential 1982 06 300 33 3

Btraction elevator with

VSDElectronic Residential 2000 1 430 55 9

Cgearless traction

elevator

Electro-


D geared tractionelevator Electronic University 1997 1 630 11 9

E

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)

Electronic Office 2005 1 385 55 3

F

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)

Electronic Shopping center 2006 1 1600 16 4

G hydraulic elevator Electronic Office 2005 063 640 147 5

H hydraulic elevator Electronic Health clinic 2007 063 950 16 6

Table 3 Main characteristics of the elevators audited

Table 4 Main characteristics of the escalators analysed in this paper

Escalator Description Control Type of buildingYear of

installation

Velocity

(ms)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Height

A escalator with VSD Electronic Shopping center 2006 05 9 10 m

B escalator with VSD Electronic Supermarket 2006 05 58 18 m

Figure 6 Typical cycle of a traction elevator




Figure 8 Travel cycle consumption of the elevators

Figure 7 Typical cycle of a hydraulic elevator




ESCALATORS

Te 1047297gure 10 illustrates the several states o operation o an

escalator

In the 1047297gure 10 the peak consumption periods correspond-

ing to the starting o the motor drive and acceleration period

until the escalator reaches the ldquonormal speedrdquo mode are clearAfer some time without activity escalators reduce their speed

and reach the so called ldquolow-speedrdquo mode Te consumption in

this ldquolow-speedrdquo mode is more or less hal the consumption in

the normal operation mode Afer reaching this mode o opera-

tion and afer another prede1047297ned interval o time the escalator

is put into a SOP mode At this SOP mode there are some

components o the system that are not totally switched off such

as the lighting control systems movement sensors etc


Te 1047297gure 11 presents the standby consumption and the run-

ning mode consumption in proportion to the overall con-

sumption o the escalators analysed

In the escalators analysed the active power in low-speed

mode goes rom 450 W to 960 W and in stop mode rom 42 W

to 60 W Since the standby consumption is considered to be

the sum between the low-speed mode and the stop mode con-

sumption standby consumption in escalators is around 143

to 234 o the total overall energy consumption

Conclusions

Although only preliminary results o the E4 Project are present-

ed in this paper it is evident that the choice o technology used

in elevators or in escalators can yield signi1047297cant differences in

the energy consumption o such systems and that their energy

effi ciency can be greatly improved

Notably the reduction in standby energy consumption pres-

ents itsel as an opportunity that cannot be disregarded Te

measured consumption in standby mode in elevators repre-

sents 246 to 796 o the overall consumption In escalators

this percentage goes rom 143 to 234

When improving the energy effi ciency o elevator and escala-

tors two approaches are considered conceptual and unctional

Tis means that it is not suffi cient to consider energy effi cient

components (eg motors and drives lighting power supplies etc)

at the design phase but also to take into account the way they are

used Tere are certain components or systems in elevators and

escalators that afer each travel can be switched off or partiallyswitched off like or example car lighting car ans call buttons

displays etc Te way the control system is managed also directly

affects the energy consumption o the drive For example the cor-

rect choice o travel speed acceleration and jerk can be optimized

or both adequate servicing and energy effi ciency

Most o the building owners contacted during the monitor-

ing campaign were not ully aware o the technical achievable

solutions or energy savings on elevator installations and its

impact on the overall energy costs o the building It is predict-

Figure 9 Proportion of standby and running mode to overall energy consumption of elevators




Figure 10 Active power of an escalator in different operation modes

Figure 11 Proportion of standby and running mode to overall energy consumption of escalators




[Gemici 2006] E Gemici ldquoEuropean Statistics o the Lif

Industryrdquo Presentation General Assembly 2006

[Gharibaan 2008] Gharibaan Esandiar Load Factor or

Escalators EG (09052008)

[CIBSE 2008] ldquoCIBSE Guide D ransportation systems in

buildingsrdquo Te Chartered Institution o Building Services

Engineers London September 2005 Reprinted with cor-

rections in July 2008

[ISODIS 25745-1 2008] Draf International Standard ISO

DIS 25745-1 Energy Perormance o Lifs and Escalators

ndash Part 1 Energy Measurement and conormance 2008

[Lindegger 2008] Lindegger Urs Energy estimation Docu-

ment or E4 ELA VDI amp ISO 11 June 2008[Nipkow and Schalcher 2006] Juumlrg Nipkow and Max Schal-

cher ldquoEnergy consumption and effi ciency potentials o

lifsrdquo SAFE (Swiss agency or effi cient energy) EEDAL

2006

[Strakosch 1983] Strakosch George R ldquoVertical ransporta-

tion Elevators and Escalatorsrdquo New York John Wiley amp

Sons 1983

Acknowledgments

Te E4 Project was mainly supported by the European Com-

mission Executive Agency or Competitiveness and Innova-

tion EACI

able that this misinormation is generalized and a major bar-

rier to the penetration o these more energy effi cient solutions

Elevator associations and manuacturers should contribute to

sensitize the market

Bibliography

[De Almeida A et al 2005] De Almeida A Ferreira F

Both D ldquoechnical and Economical Considerations to

Improve the Penetration o Variable Speed Drives or

Electric Motor Systemsrdquo IEEE ransactions on Industry

Applications JanuaryFebruary2005

[Ccedilelik and Korbahti 2006] Ccedilelik Ferhat and Korbahti BanuldquoWhy hydraulic elevators are so popularrdquo Elevator World

April 2006

[EN 60359 2002] EN 603592002 Electrical and electronic

measurement equipment - Expression o the perormance

[Enermodal 2004] ldquoMarket Assessment or Energy Effi cient

Elevators and Escalatorsrdquo Final Report Prepared or

the Offi ce o Energy Effi ciency and Natural Resources

o Ottowa by Enermodal Engineering Limited Canada

September 2004

[Sachs 2005] Harvey M Sachs ldquoOpportunities or elevator

energy effi ciency improvementsrdquo ACEEE April 2005


Industryrdquo Presentation 9th International Lif echnologyamp by-industries Fair 15 April 2005 Istanbul




than 80 o all elevators sold were using traction technology

[Gemici 2005]

Usually traction elevators have counterweights which are

connected to the cabin by a pulley and thereore it descends

when the elevator is rising and vice versa New technologies

and best practices namely motors and drives regeneration con-

verters better control sofware optimisation o counterweights

direct drives versus rope traction elevators cabin lighting etc

can yield signi1047297cant savings Within a drive class the best per-

orming elevators can use up to 80 less electricity than the

least effi cient onesElectricity consumption in the tertiary sector in EU-25 by

2020 is oreseen to be 950Wh Elevators and escalators now

represent 4 o the total electricity consumption in the tertiary

sector with a trend or a signi1047297cant increase o this share Since

potential savings o over 50 are possible the impact o this

project is the reduction o 20-25 Wh translating into the re-

duction o 9-11 Mtons o CO2 emissions Additional savings are

possible in the residential sector particularly in multi-amily

buildings Energy-effi cient elevator and escalator technolo-

gies can also lead to decreased maintenance requirements less

downtime and increased saety

The E4 project

Te E4 project [E4-Energy Effi cient Elevators and Escalators

wwwe4projecteu] is targeted at the improvement o the energy

perormance o elevators and escalators in the tertiary sector

(hotels hospitals schools shopping centres offi ce buildings

etc) and in multi amily residential buildings

Te countries directly involved in the project are Germany

Italy Portugal and Poland covering different regions o the EU

Te European Lif Association (ELA) with agencies in most

EU countries also participates in the project providing market

characterisation and together with other partners allowing a

large replication potential in other countries

Te aim o this project is to characterize people conveyors

(elevators and escalators) electricity consumption in the terti-

ary sector and in residential buildings in the European Union

and promote the effi cient use o electricity in this type o loads

through the application o the best available technologies in

the market

Te main objectives o E4 project are

to contribute to the market transormation o the servicebull

sector buildings and residential buildings by improving

the awareness o best practice solutions to provide vertical

mobility

to provide recommendations and guidelines to promotebull

those practices

to promote the improvement o energy perormance obull

elevators and escalators in the tertiary sector (hotels hospi-

tals schools shopping centres offi ce buildings etc) and in

multiamily residential buildings

In total between the partners o the project monitoring o

50 elevators and or escalators will be perormed Te monitor-ing campaign will be carried out in a number o selected build-

ings o the residential and tertiary sectors Tis paper presents

the preliminary results o the 1047297rst ten audits preormed in Por-

tugal by ISR-UC

2 hydraulic elevatorsbull

8 traction elevatorsbull

2 escalatorsbull

Figure 1 Electricity consumption breakdown in tertiary sector buildings in the EU [Source EC-JRC]










this systems

HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS


1047297gure 2




















TRACTION ELEVATORS




















ESCALATORS




















metro stations

SUMMARY










Korbahti 2006]












the supply side





Estimated market

(2005)

Austria 72148 2855

Belgium 77000 2722

CH () 164220 6791

Germany 631000 11450

France 475000 11604

Denmark 26800 855

Finland() 50000 840

Italy 790000 17900

Luxemburg 7500 500

Norway 28500 1051


Portugal () 106700 4737

Spain 680873 27322

Sweden () 108300 1328

Greece () 308000 8475

Polland 70000 2000


Hungary 32950 1000

UK 240000 9499

Total 4189191 115616




Hydraulic Low rise

2-6 floors


maintenance issues

Traction

Machine room-less

Low-Mid rise

2-10 floors


savings faster then

hydraulic option


option

Traction

Geared

Mid rise

3-25 floors


consumption

Traction


High rise

over 25 floors

















equipment












etc





















































Methodology used




ing documents












2008)



Energy consumption























electrical energy



1047297gure 7


























to 2800 kWh









in running mode









installation

Velocity

(ms)

Nominal

load (kg)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Nordm of

stores

Agearless traction

elevator

Electro-




Cgearless traction

elevator

Electro-



E

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)


F

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)







installation

Velocity

(ms)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Height












ESCALATORS


escalator





















Conclusions


















































2006



Sons 1983

Acknowledgments



tion EACI





Bibliography







April 2006







September 2004














this systems

HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS


1047297gure 2




















TRACTION ELEVATORS




















ESCALATORS




















metro stations

SUMMARY










Korbahti 2006]












the supply side





Estimated market

(2005)

Austria 72148 2855

Belgium 77000 2722

CH () 164220 6791

Germany 631000 11450

France 475000 11604

Denmark 26800 855

Finland() 50000 840

Italy 790000 17900

Luxemburg 7500 500

Norway 28500 1051


Portugal () 106700 4737

Spain 680873 27322

Sweden () 108300 1328

Greece () 308000 8475

Polland 70000 2000


Hungary 32950 1000

UK 240000 9499

Total 4189191 115616




Hydraulic Low rise

2-6 floors


maintenance issues

Traction

Machine room-less

Low-Mid rise

2-10 floors


savings faster then

hydraulic option


option

Traction

Geared

Mid rise

3-25 floors


consumption

Traction


High rise

over 25 floors

















equipment












etc





















































Methodology used




ing documents












2008)



Energy consumption























electrical energy



1047297gure 7


























to 2800 kWh









in running mode









installation

Velocity

(ms)

Nominal

load (kg)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Nordm of

stores

Agearless traction

elevator

Electro-




Cgearless traction

elevator

Electro-



E

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)


F

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)







installation

Velocity

(ms)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Height












ESCALATORS


escalator





















Conclusions


















































2006



Sons 1983

Acknowledgments



tion EACI





Bibliography







April 2006







September 2004



















metro stations

SUMMARY










Korbahti 2006]












the supply side





Estimated market

(2005)

Austria 72148 2855

Belgium 77000 2722

CH () 164220 6791

Germany 631000 11450

France 475000 11604

Denmark 26800 855

Finland() 50000 840

Italy 790000 17900

Luxemburg 7500 500

Norway 28500 1051


Portugal () 106700 4737

Spain 680873 27322

Sweden () 108300 1328

Greece () 308000 8475

Polland 70000 2000


Hungary 32950 1000

UK 240000 9499

Total 4189191 115616




Hydraulic Low rise

2-6 floors


maintenance issues

Traction

Machine room-less

Low-Mid rise

2-10 floors


savings faster then

hydraulic option


option

Traction

Geared

Mid rise

3-25 floors


consumption

Traction


High rise

over 25 floors

















equipment












etc





















































Methodology used




ing documents












2008)



Energy consumption























electrical energy



1047297gure 7


























to 2800 kWh









in running mode









installation

Velocity

(ms)

Nominal

load (kg)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Nordm of

stores

Agearless traction

elevator

Electro-




Cgearless traction

elevator

Electro-



E

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)


F

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)







installation

Velocity

(ms)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Height












ESCALATORS


escalator





















Conclusions


















































2006



Sons 1983

Acknowledgments



tion EACI





Bibliography







April 2006







September 2004



















equipment












etc





















































Methodology used




ing documents












2008)



Energy consumption























electrical energy



1047297gure 7


























to 2800 kWh









in running mode









installation

Velocity

(ms)

Nominal

load (kg)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Nordm of

stores

Agearless traction

elevator

Electro-




Cgearless traction

elevator

Electro-



E

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)


F

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)







installation

Velocity

(ms)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Height












ESCALATORS


escalator





















Conclusions


















































2006



Sons 1983

Acknowledgments



tion EACI





Bibliography







April 2006







September 2004




























Methodology used




ing documents












2008)



Energy consumption























electrical energy



1047297gure 7


























to 2800 kWh









in running mode









installation

Velocity

(ms)

Nominal

load (kg)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Nordm of

stores

Agearless traction

elevator

Electro-




Cgearless traction

elevator

Electro-



E

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)


F

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)







installation

Velocity

(ms)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Height












ESCALATORS


escalator





















Conclusions


















































2006



Sons 1983

Acknowledgments



tion EACI





Bibliography







April 2006







September 2004









installation

Velocity

(ms)

Nominal

load (kg)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Nordm of

stores

Agearless traction

elevator

Electro-




Cgearless traction

elevator

Electro-



E

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)


F

geared traction

elevator with

permanent magnet

motor (MRL)







installation

Velocity

(ms)

Motor

nominal

power (kW)

Height












ESCALATORS


escalator





















Conclusions


















































2006



Sons 1983

Acknowledgments



tion EACI





Bibliography







April 2006







September 2004













ESCALATORS


escalator





















Conclusions


















































2006



Sons 1983

Acknowledgments



tion EACI





Bibliography







April 2006







September 2004




























2006



Sons 1983

Acknowledgments



tion EACI





Bibliography







April 2006







September 2004





Energy Efficiency Lift Esc

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