Energy efficiency in electrical system and Energy Tariffs in Nepal
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Transcript of Energy efficiency in electrical system and Energy Tariffs in Nepal
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Electrical Energy Efficiency
& Energy TariffMr. Khem Raj Bhandari Energy Efficiency Expert
GIZ-IntegrationEEC/FNCCI
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What is Electricity ???
ATOM ATOM
-e
-e
+pn
-e +p+p
n+p
-e
Materials that allow many electrons to move freely are called Conductors.
Materials that allow few free electrons to move are called Insulators.
- All matters are made up of atoms that have electric charges.
Electricity >> Flow of CurrentCurrent >> Flow of Electron
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Current and electron flow in the opposite direction.
Current flows from positive to negative and electron flows from negative to positive.
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Battery
ELECTRONE FLOW, CURRENT FLOW
DIFFERENT METHOD : ELECTRIC GENERATION BY BATTERY
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Ammeter Voltmeter Multi-meter, Ω Meter
Voltage (V): The force required to make current flow through a conductor is called voltage.
Current (I): Electrons move through a conductor when electric current flows.
Resistance (R): Materials that Oppose the flow of electric current
Voltage = Current * Resistance
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MAGNET SOUTH
MAGNET NORTH
MAGNETIC FIELDROTATING COIL
1.WHEN COIL ROTATES IN MAGNETIC FIELD CURENT IS GENERATED IN THE COIL
2. COIL IS ROTATED BY PRIME MOVER - TURBINE, BOILER
3. PRIME MOVER IS OPERATED BY WATER, STEAM, COAL, GAS, NUCLEAR, TIDAL, WIND ETC.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPAL OF ELECTRIC GENERATION BY ELECTRIC GENERATOR
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WATER TURBINE
GENERATORTURBINE
TO LOAD
TURBINE
PRINCIPAL OF HYDRO ELECTRIC
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HOW WATER IS CONVERTED TO ELECTRICITY ??
Potential energy
Kinetic Energy
Electric Energy
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Big Problem of Electricity !!
• Gas – can be stored in cylinder
• Diesel/Petrol – can be stored in a tank
• Coal – can be stored
• Electricity – can’t be stored except for small
demand in the battery storage.
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MAJOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS USED IN INDUSTRY
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Transformer
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3-Phase Panels
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Electric Motors
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Air Compressor Unit FD Fan
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Capacitor Bank Variable Speed Drive
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HOW MUCH DOES ELECTRICITY COST TO ME
?
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Electricity pricing
• There are different price structures for electricity users
• Two Part Tariff: Demand (kVA)and Consumption (kWh)
• Time of the Day (TOD) meters for effective utilization of the energy – by NEA
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Consumer Classification
Tariff
Demand Rate per KVA per month
Energy Rate (NRs. Per unit)
High Voltage (66 KV or above)
Industrial 220 6.25
Medium Voltage (33 KV)
Industrial 230 7
Commercial 285 9
Non Commercial 220 9.5
Medium Low Voltage (11 KV)
Industrial 230 7.2
Commercial 285 9.2
Non Commercial 220 9.6
Source: NEA 2012
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Other Consumers
230/400 Volts:
Particulars
Rate
Demand Rate Energy Charges
Nrs per KVA per Month Per Unit
Industry:
Rural and cottage industries 55 6.5
Small Industries 100 8
Commercial 295 9.35
Non commercial 195 10
Irrigation 3.6
Source: NEA 2012
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Time of Day (TOD) Meter:
Consumer Category and Supply Level
Monthly Demand Charge
(Rs/KVA)
Energy Charge (NRs/unit)
Peak TimeOff
Peak Normal
17:00 - 23:00
23:00-5:00
5:00-17:00
High Voltage (66KV and Above) Industrial 220 7.75 3.3 6.25
Medium Voltage (33 KV)Industrial 230 8.5 4.2 7Commercial 285 10.25 5.4 9
Medium Voltage (11 KV) Industrial 230 8.75 4.3 7.1Commercial 285 10.5 5.5 9.25Non Commercial 220 11.25 5.7 10.2
Source: NEA 2012
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Where are we in Terms of Electricity Use ?
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Energy Situation of Nepal – Background(Energy Supply and Demand of 2009)
24(Source: MoF Nepal, Economic Survey FY 2009/10, p-152)
1 toe = 42.6217 GJ
Traditional energy (87.3%)
Commercial Energy (12%)
Renewable energy (0.7%)
Solar1.1%
Biogas95.6%
MHP3.3%
Petroleum 65.8%
Electricity 18 %
Coal 16.3%
Fuel Wood 89.2%
Agri. Residue
4.2%
Animal Dung 6.6%
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25
Nepal
Bangladesh
India
China
Thailand
Vietn
am
Indonesia
Phillippin
esUK
Germ
anyUSA
Mexic
o
Argentin
a
Camero
un
Ghana
Kenya
World
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
103 274626
2,9442,335
1,035639 641
5,732
7,215
13,395
1,915
2,907
258 299 155
2,977
Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh), 2010, of Se-lected Countries
(Source: The World Bank Database, 2011)
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26(Source: NEA Annual Report, 2012/13)
2009 2010 2011 2012 20130
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Electricity Consumption Trend by Sector
Domestic
Industrial
Linear (Industrial)
Others
Commercial
Non-Commercial
Industry: 37%
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(Source: http://ghampower.com)
The Problem: National Electricity Crisis
27
Consumption
Generation
Consumption
Generation
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28
Diesel or Petrol Price Hike Trend
http://www.nepaloil.com.np/main/?opt1=sellingprice&opt2=previoussellingprice
Jan-
10
Mar
-10
Apr-1
0
Jun-
10
Aug-1
0
Oct-1
0
Dec-1
0
Feb-1
1
Apr-1
1
May
-11
Jul-1
1
Sep-1
1
Nov-1
1
Jan-
12
Mar
-12
Apr-1
2
Jun-
12
Aug-1
2
Oct-1
2
Dec-1
2
Feb-1
3
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-1
30
20
40
60
80
100
120
140Petrol Diese
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DG Power Vs NEA Hydro-Power Cost
NEA Average Cost:
NRs 7 to 13 per Unit (or kWh)
Diesel Generator Average Cost:
NRs 35 to 40 per Unit (or kWh)
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Group Work: PROBLEM 1
Given:
Power = 150 W * 10 (converted to kW = 10 x150W/1000 = 1.50 kW)
Time = 7 hours per day for 300 days = 2,100 hours
Cost of electricity = NRs 8/kWh
Annual cost to operate laptop = power used x time x cost of electricity
Hence, cost to operate = 1.50 * 2,100 * 8 = NRs 25,200
It would cost NRs 25,000 to operate 10 computers for 7 hours per day for 300 days.
A desktop computer uses a 150 Watt power when it is plugged in. NEA Electricity costs NRs 8/kWh. Calculate how much it would cost to operate 10 computers for 1 year for 7 hours per day.
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Group Work: PROBLEM 2
Given:
Power = 50 W * 10 (converted to kW = 10 x50W/1000 = 0.50 kW)
Time = 7 hours per day for 300 days = 2,100 hours
Cost of electricity = NRs 8/kWh
Annual cost to operate laptop = power used x time x cost of electricity
Hence, cost to operate = 0.50 * 2,100 * 8 = NRs 8,400
It would cost NRs 8,400 to operate 10 Laptop computers for 7 hours per day for 300 days.
A Lap computer uses a 50 Watt power when it is plugged in. NEA Electricity costs NRs 8/kWh. Calculate how much it would cost to operate 10 Laptops for 1 year for 7 hours per day.
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Energy Efficiency in Electrical System
Mr. Rajeeb ThapaEnergy Efficiency Expert
GIZ-IntegrationEEC/FNCCI
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Electrical Power
Power
• The rate at which work is done
Types
• True power(active power)
• Reactive power
• Apparent power
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Electrical Power (Contd.)
•True power(active power)
It is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful work.
It is the actual power used by the load.
True power =VICOSØ
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Power Factor
• Power factor (pf) is the ratio between true power and apparent power.
• True power is the power consumed by an AC circuit
• Reactive power is the power that is stored in an AC circuit.
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Power Factor
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Alternate Current & Voltage
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Nature of load on different parameter
• Resistor
• Inductor
• Capacitor
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Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards• Introduction
An average of one worker is electrocuted on the job every day There are four main types of electrical injuries:– Electrocution (death due to electrical shock)– Electrical shock– Burns– Falls
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Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards
Electrical Shock• Received when current passes through the body• Severity of the shock depends on:
– Path of current through the body– Amount of current flowing through the body– Length of time the body is in the circuit
• LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD
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Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards
• To flow electricity must have a complete path.• Electricity flows through conductors
– water, metal, the human body• Insulators are non-conductors• The human body is a conductor.
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Basic Rules of Electrical Action
• Electricity isn’t live until current flows
• Electrical current won’t flow until there is a complete loop, out from and back to the power source.
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Preventing Accidental Electrical ContactPreventing Accidental Electrical Contact
Path
Ele
ctri
city
Time
Electrocution Prevention
Kee
p A
way
GFCI
Ground
ground-fault circuit-interrupters
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Energy Efficiency
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Energy Efficiency
The use of energy at the Right Place
at the Right Time
with Optimal Utilization.
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Why Energy Efficiency?
• Energy prices are rising and becoming increasingly Unstable
• Energy brings prosperity and gives us a comfortable life
• In developed countries energy is needed to improve the quality of life and reduce costs, whereas for us it is a matter of survival
• Use of energy also has disadvantages like; environmental pollution, climate change
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Why Energy Efficiency?
• It is difficult for existing energy resources to meet the increasing energy demand
• New constructions for generation of power are cost intensive
• What can be done then? • We must reduce the energy demand, by using
energy as efficiently as possible• We must use fossil fuels in the cleanest possible
way
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Measures Carried Out In Electrical SystemInstallation of Capacitor Bank to improve Power Factor
Reduce Peak Load / Load management
Use efficient Motors
Replace Old and Rewound Motors
Install optimal capacity of Equipments i.e. Transformer, Generator, Motors etc.
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Measures Carried Out In Electrical System
Reduction in compressor pressure settingsArresting the compressed air leakage‘sReplacing low efficient pumps with high
efficient pumpsReplacement of Metal blades with FRP
blades in CT fan Use Efficient Lighting
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Specific Electrical Energy consumption for Various Sectors
S. No. Sector Sub-sector / Product Electrical Energy
1 CementLimestone based
105 kWh/ T of cement
Clinker based 35 kWh / T of cement
2 Pulp & Paper Bleached Paper 1175 kWh/MT
3 Food
Beverage - Non-alcoholic Alcoholic
60 kWh/100 cases480 kWh/100 cases
Dairy 10 kWh/kL
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Specific Electric Energy consumption for Various Sectors
S. No. Sector Sub-sector / Product Electrical Energy4 Metal Iron Rods/ Bars 120-200 kWh/MT
5 Hotel Room (kWh/room/day)116 for luxury
57 for budget, &40 for classified
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Energy Cost and Energy Saving Potential (TERI)
Cement Sector:
Energy cost is 34.5% of cost of production
Saving potentials is 10 – 15%
Iron & Steel Sector:
Energy cost is 15.8% of the cost of production
Saving potentials is 8 – 10%
Pulp & Paper :
Energy Cost is 22.8% of the cost of production
Saving potential is 20 - 25%
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Energy Cost and Energy Saving Potential (TERI)
Sugar:
Energy Cost is 3.4% of the cost of production
Saving potential is 25 – 30%
Fruit & Vegetable Processing Units :
Energy Cost is 5 – 7% of the cost of production
Energy Saving potential around 10%
Milk Product:
Energy Cost is 5 – 7% of the cost of production
Energy Saving potentials is above 15%
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Potential Energy Saving for Various sector (ESPS)
S. N. SectorPotential energy Saving in %
Electrical Thermal1 Pulp & paper 2.49 22.522 Food 5.54 15.63 Metal 6.17 22.974 Soap & Chemical 9.71 39.465 Hotel 45.24 16.186 Cold storage 5.93
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Potential Energy Saving for Food Sub-sectors (ESPS)
S. No. Sub-sectorPotential energy Saving in %
Electrical Thermal1 Biscuit 29.47 15.382 Brewery 9.09 19.253 Dairy 6.31 13.91
4 Vegetable Oil, ghee 5.49 11.07
5 Instant Noodle 6.15 11.38
6 Sugar 14.55 20.73
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Baseline study of 200 industries
Saving Potential = 83,660 kWh
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Case Study in Electrical System
• Power Factor Improvement
• Replacing Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTL) with
CFL
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Power Factor ImprovementS. No. Parameter Units Value
1 Present Power Factor 0.8
2 Proposed Power Factor 0.95
3 Present Max. Demand KVA 4,375
4 Ref. connected load KW 3,500
5 Envisaged Max. Demand KVA 3,685
6 Potential Reduction in Max demand KVA 690
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Power Factor ImprovementS. No. Parameter Units Value
7 Demand Charge KVA 220
8 Annual Demand Saving by
Improving P.F
NRs 1,821,600
9 Additional kVAr Required KVAR 1,505
10 Envisaged Investment for
Capacitors and APFC Panel
NRs 2,257,500
11 Simple Payback Period Months 14.87
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Replacing Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTL) with CFL
No. of 40 watts FTLs 65 Nos
Total connected load of FTL 3.575 kW
Envisaged load after replacement by 20watt CFL 1.3 kW
Reduction in load 2.275 kW
Annual energy savings (300days & 12hrs) 8,190 kWh
Annual monetary savings (NRs10/kWh) 81,900 NRs/yr
Estimated investment (NRs 400/CFL) 26,000 NRs
Simple payback period 5 Months
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Lighting
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Case StudyLightingOption-1 60 watts -11 wattsNet saving: 49 watts per day Operation: 5 hours/dayNo. of bulbs : 10Total power saving per year = 735 unitsCost saving: Rs. 7350Investment: Rs.2000Pay back Period: 5 Month
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Case Study
LightingOption -260 watts -5 wattsNet saving: 55 watts per day Operation: 5 hours/dayNo. of bulbs : 10Total power saving per year = 825 unitsCost saving: Rs. 8250Investment: Rs.8000Pay back Period: 12 Month
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Electrical Panel Board
Cost• 45 watts• 1080 watts/days• 394 units/year
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Insulated heaters
30% cost saving in Electricity bill
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Thank you