energy efficiency and conservation - Week 01

7/28/2019 energy efficiency and conservation - Week 01

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Lecturer: Eng. Mahinsasa Rathnayake

Department of Chemical & Process EngineeringUniversity of Moratuwa


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Content Lecture Time

1. Introduction Energy Problem 2 Hours

2. Economics of energy saving schemes 4 Hours

3. Energy conversion 4 Hours

4. Energy Recovery 4 Hours

5. Energy in buildings 4 Hours

6. CHP 4 Hours

7. Energy management 4 Hours

Assessment : End Exam .70 % Continuous assessment 30%

End of the Semester Examination : 2 hrs

Continuous Assessment : Report on Energy analysis for a Sri Lankan family

: Report on Energy recovery for a given industrial application

: Tutorials

Practical : Energy Audit of steam generation and distribution system of unit operations lab


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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_15/Related%20Videos/What%20is%20Energy.wmv


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1. The Energy

Problem


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ProcessRaw material Products

Energy


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How much energy is used to produce

Electricity, Gas, Petrol and Food?


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Diesel power generation

Chemical energy Mechanical energy Electrical energy

Efficiency ? < 30%


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Why? Restricted by Second Law of Thermodynamics

heat does not flow spontaneously from a cold to a hot body

heat cannot be transformed completely into mechanical work

it is impossible to construct an operational perpetual motion machine


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Energy

Non-Renewable Renewable

Coal

Natural gas

Oil

Nuclear

Hydro-Electricity

Solar Radiation

Wind Energy

Wave Energy Tidal Energy

Biomass

Deplete at an alarmingly rapid rate


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Problems with

Non Renewable Energy Huge amounts of Carbon

Dioxide are given off into

the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide causes

Global Warming or the

Greenhouse Effect.

coal-burning power stations

also give off Sulphur

Dioxide gas which leads to

Acid Rain.


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What is the Greenhouse Effect?

Carbon Dioxide gas acts like

the glass in a greenhouse.

Infrared radiation from the

Sun is usually reflected

back into space.

Greenhouse gases like CO2

stop this, and heat is

reflected back to the Earth

again.


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What are the Problems with Global Warming ?

The average temperature

of the Earth will rise.

This can lead to droughts.


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Extremes of weather

will occur hurricanes

and storms


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The increase in

temperature willspeed up the melting

of the polar ice caps


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Global warming will

therefore lead to

floods


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So all this burning of

oil, coal and gas

leading to an Earth

that is suffering form

many environmental

problems.


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Other problems from the

Non Renewable Energy

Lead poisoning has been shown to affect the development and

progress of children living near motorways.

Dust and gases in the air can lead to smog above large industrialised

cities.

A hole is developing in the ozone layer which therefore will not filter

out harmful ultra-violet rays from the Sun.


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We need to conserve our

Non Renewable Energy Sources

The electricity we produce from burning oil, gas and

coal could also be made using renewable energy

resources.

It makes sense to save the oil we have left for making

fuel for transport and for making plastics.

We could try to save wasting energy from fossil fuelsduring domestic use in our homes and from waste

transport consumption of fuel.


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Problems with Nuclear Fuels

Nuclear power stations can produce largeamounts of energy from small amounts of

nuclear fuel. (Radioactive materials

naturally release heat)

Nuclear radiation is extremely dangerous.

So, High safety standards are needed.

Waste materials stay radioactive for

thousands of years.

There have been some disastrous

accidents at nuclear power stations which

have affected all living things in the area.


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The Carbon Question?

963

726

484

8 7 5 4

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Coal Gas Wind Solar

ThermalOil Nuclear PV

Metric

tonspe

rGWhr


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Data Source: Marland et al, 1999. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

Per capita emissions of carbon from

industrial sources, 1996

1.88

2.10

2.46

2.54

2.59

2.872.91

4.63

0.33

0.29

5.37

0.46

0.76

1.02

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

United States

India

Indonesia

Brazil

China

Mexico

South Africa

Ukraine

Korea, Rep.

Japan

United Kingdom

Germany

Russian Federation

Australia

Thousand tons of carbon


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Data Source: Marland et al, 1999. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

Cumulative carbon emissions, 1950-1996

7,415

8,504

11,651

15,715

4,235

4,054

2,331

1,361

966

50,795

1,557

2,080

2,118

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

United States

Indonesia

Korea, Rep.

Brazil

Australia

Mexico

South Africa

Canada

India

United Kingdom

Japan

Germany

China

Million tons of carbon

ld G d CO2


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World GDP and CO2

$1

$10

$100

$1,000

$10,000

$100,000

1000

1050

1100

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400

1450

1500

1550

1600

1650

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

WorldGDPBillionsUS$$

250

270

290

310

330

350

370

ATMOSPHERI

C

CO2

World GDPCO2 level


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Energy use

Under-developed nations

Developed world

0.5 kW

5 10 kW


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Why? Growth in China and India

Drought in Australia

Production of Bio fuels


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How to tackle to

Energy Problem ?Energy conservation

more renewable energy

more efficient

conversion methods

Reducing energy or demand

requirements without reducing

the end-use benefits.

If ydont need it, turn the durnthing off.

Fred Tuttle

Al i E S
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_15/Related%20Videos/Global%20Energy%20Problem.wmv


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Alternative Energy Sources

Wind energy

Hydroelectric energy

Solar energy

Tidal energy

Nuclear energy

Geothermal energy

Biomass energy

Renewable

Energy

A i t


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Assignment

Some interesting websites on Sri Lanka energy context

http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.html

http://www.energy.gov.lk/virtual_energy/energy_form1.asp http://www.slema.org.lk/

http://www.builddeskonline.com/sw56207.asp

http://www.iea.org/Textbase/country/n_country.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=LK

http://www.lbo.lk/fullstory.php?nid=1791634062

http://www.bioenergysrilanka.org/www/?q=about_us

Do an Energy study for your Monthly/Anuually family consumption and try to figure out the actual

expenses. Main Categories must be

(i) Electricity,

(ii) Gas or Bio mass,

(iii) Food,(iv) Petrol or Diesel

(v) Other Energy sources

Divide into as much as possible sub categories and finally calculate the percentage

consumption and percentage expenses for each category. Present them in suitable graphs and

comment on possibilities for saving energy in the family consumption.

Prepare all these findings in to a Report.

Submission date: 30th July 2013 at 12.00 am
http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://www.energy.gov.lk/virtual_energy/energy_form1.asphttp://www.slema.org.lk/http://www.slema.org.lk/http://www.builddeskonline.com/sw56207.asphttp://www.iea.org/Textbase/country/n_country.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=LKhttp://www.lbo.lk/fullstory.php?nid=1791634062http://www.bioenergysrilanka.org/www/?q=about_ushttp://www.bioenergysrilanka.org/www/?q=about_ushttp://www.bioenergysrilanka.org/www/?q=about_ushttp://www.lbo.lk/fullstory.php?nid=1791634062http://www.lbo.lk/fullstory.php?nid=1791634062http://www.iea.org/Textbase/country/n_country.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=LKhttp://www.iea.org/Textbase/country/n_country.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=LKhttp://www.builddeskonline.com/sw56207.asphttp://www.builddeskonline.com/sw56207.asphttp://www.slema.org.lk/http://www.slema.org.lk/http://www.energy.gov.lk/virtual_energy/energy_form1.asphttp://www.energy.gov.lk/virtual_energy/energy_form1.asphttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.html


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Thank You

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