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Energy Education At AUB
NSF Workshop on Electrical Energy
Education & Research
14-16 December 2009
Sami Karaki
American University of Beirut
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
About the University
Founded in 1866, the American University of Beirut bases its educational
philosophy, standards, and practices on the American liberal arts model of
higher education. A teaching-centered research university, AUB has 606 full-
time faculty members and a student body of more than 7,500 students.
The University
encourages freedom of
thought and expression
and seeks to graduate
men and women
committed to creative
and critical thinking, life-
long learning, personal
integrity, civic
responsibility, and
leadership.
About the University - 2
The University was granted accreditation in
June 2004 by the Commission on Higher
Education of the Middle States Association of
Colleges and Schools in the United States.
It includes six faculties: Agricultural and Food
Sciences, Arts and Sciences, Engineering and
Architecture, Health Sciences, Medicine
(including the Hariri School of Nursing) and
the Suliman S. Olayan School of Business.
AUB currently offers more than 100
programs leading to the bachelor's, master's,
MD, and PhD degrees. Its student body is 52
percent male and 48 percent female. The
language of instruction is English, except for
courses in the Arabic Department.
ECE Mission Statement
The mission of the ECE program is to impart a
basic understanding of electrical and computer
engineering built on a foundation of
mathematics, physical sciences, and technology;
to expose students to practical and major
design experiences; and to provide students
with a global perspective and an awareness of
their leadership role in regional development.
This preparation is augmented by the liberal
arts education offered to all undergraduates at
the American University of Beirut.
ECE Program Requirements
Mathematics: MATH 201, MATH 202, MATH 211, MATH 218 or 219, STAT 230, and
one of MATH 210, 224, 227, 251
Sciences: PHYS 210, PHYS 210L, CHEM 201 or 202, CHEM 203 or 205, and one
additional science elective
General Education: Arabic course, ENGL 206 and one other English course, two
social sciences courses, three humanities courses, one ethics course, and ENMG 400
ECE Core Courses: EECE 200, EECE 210, EECE 230, EECE 290, EECE 310, EECE
311, EECE 320, EECE 321, EECE 330, EECE 340, EECE 370, EECE 380
ECE Laboratories: EECE 310L, EECE 321L, and three additional laboratory electives
Restricted Electives: Six courses from the following list
Integrated Circuits: EECE 411 or 412, Computer Architecture: EECE 421
Software 1: EECE 430, 431, 432 or 433, Communication Systems: EECE 442
Computer Networks: EECE 450, Control Systems: EECE 460, Power Systems: EECE
471, Power Electronics: EECE 473
Electives: Six courses, at least two of which should be in ECE
Approved Experience: EECE 500
Final Year Project: EECE 501 and EECE 502
ECE Electric Energy Courses and Research Undergraduate
• Fundamentals of Electric Machines (EECE 370, 3 cr.)
• Electric Machines Lab (EECE 470L, 1 cr.)
• Power Systems Analysis Fundamentals (EECE 471, 3 cr.)
• Power Systems Lab (EECE 471L, 1 cr.)
• Power Electronics (EECE 473, 3 cr.)
• Electric Drives (EECE 474, 3 cr.)
• Power Electronics & Drives Lab (EECE 473L, 1 cr.)
• Industrial Electrification (EECE 475, 3 cr.)
• Power System Protection and Switchgear (EECE 476, 3 cr.)
• Undergraduate Research (EECE 499, 3 cr.)
ECE Electric Energy Courses Graduate
• Power System Planning (EECE 670, 3 cr.)
• Environmental Aspects of Energy Systems (EECE 671, 3 cr.)
• Energy Policy and Planning (EECE 672, 3 cr.)
• Renewable Energy Systems (EECE 675, 3 cr.)
• Electric Power System Operation & Control (EECE 677, 3 cr.)
• Advanced Power Systems Analysis (EECE 678, 3 cr.)
• Special Topics (EECE 698, 3 cr.)
Electric Energy Research
• Funded Research
• Open Gain (Funded by EU $220,000)
• Graduate
• Optimal Scheduling of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems using
Load and Resource Forecasts (Master’s Thesis)
• Undergraduate
• Renewable Energy Lab Development
• Renewable Energy Supply with Hydrogen
• Renewable Energy in Lebanon
• Maximum Power Point Tracking under Uneven Solar Irradiance
• Maximum Efficiency Control of Induction Motors
Open Gain
Hybrid Renewable Energy System
11 kW Load
Proven 15 kW Wind Turbine
EMS
on/ off
mode
BT/ LD
mode
PV 4 kW RO Plant
Dump
SMC 5000x3
WB 6000x3
on/
off
GFM 185 27×3 Vm= 36.2V Im= 5.11 A Pm= 185W
SI 5048x3 SI 5048x3
P
20 kW Diesel
EMS Objectives
Provide resources to ensure balance power supply and
demand and consequently a good quality of supply
Minimize fuel consumption
Reduce components fatigue
◦ Battery charge-discharge cycles
◦ Battery sulfation and stratification
◦ Diesel engine start ups
Control Hierarchy
Supervisor
◦ Forecast and modeling functions
◦ Optimize decision set on status of diesel engine,
battery mode, load shedding, dump load, and RO
plant output
EMS
◦ Dispatch as per Optimum Decision set or a Basic
Logic , and data logging.
Low level Controllers
◦ Maximum power point tracking, AVR, governor,
battery charging, and RO plant operation.
◦ Stable and autonomous operation of components
EMS Commands
Turn on and off the diesel engine
Specify batteries charge/discharge level
Connect and disconnect loads (i.e. load shed)
Connect or disconnect dump load
Specify the grid forming unit
Specify RO plant output
Basic EMS Logic
“State: 1”
If (PRE >= PLD + PRO)
SDE= 0; SBT= -1; SDL= 1;
PDL= PRE – (PLD + PRO) – PBT;
“State: 2”
If (PRE + PBTD >= PLD + PRO)
SDE= 0; SBT= 1; SDL= 0;
“State: 3”
If (PRE + PDE >= PLD + PRO)
SDE= 1; SBT= 0; SDL= 0;
If (CBT <= k CBT,MAX ) SBT= 0;
Basic EMS Logic Continued“State: 4”
If (PRE + PBTD + PDE >= PLD + PRO)
SDE= 1; SBT= 1; SDL= 0;
“State: 5”
If (PSUP = PRE + PBTD + PDE >= PRO)
SDE= 1; SBT= 1; SDL= 0;
PLS= PRO + PLD - PSUP;
“State: 6”
If (PSUP = PRE + PBTD + PDE < PRO)
SDE= 1; SBT= 1; SDL= 0;
PLS= PLD;
ARO= PSUP;
Real-Time Implementation of EMS
Driver/DAQ
RS 232/RS 485
SMA
PLC
RO Plant
Hub
Forecast/ Optimization –Data Logging:
Matlab
PC/ Windows
RO Plant Model: Ecosimpro
XPC Real-time Platform
XPC -Host
OPC
TCP/ IP
TCP/ IP
EMS
YASDI
Simulink code
Renewable Energy Lab – System Layout
RS485
Sunny
Web Box
Computer
Windy Boy
1100LV
Sunny Boy 1100
Load
Wind Turbine
PV Cells
MotorDrive
Ethernet Cable
Switch
Sunny Island
2012/2224
Electric Utility
Batteries Charge/
Discharge
HTTP
TCP/IP
RPC
EMS
Renewable Energy Lab – Basic EMS Logic
To Control an Energy Management System, where the logic is donein the EMS and communication between devices is done using aRemote Procedure Protocol (RPC)
The values of each device (i.e. Power, Voltage & current) are readconstantly
Based on these values, the parameters of each device are set to beable to extract the maximum power from the Wind Turbine & PVCells at each instant
If the available renewable energy generation is higher than thedemand, then the batteries are charged
If the available renewable energy generation is lower than thedemand, then energy is extracted from the batteries
If the energy available in the batteries is not enough, then energy isextracted from the grid.
Renewable Energy with Hydrogen
Production and StorageLayout
Given the weather data for a typical day.
Calculate available wind and solar power.
Determine load from given profile.
If there is excess renewable energy, use it to produce
hydrogen.
Else if there is a shortage, we use stored hydrogen in
order to produce power using the available fuel cell.
Optimal Scheduling of Hybrid Renewable
Energy Systems Cost Functional
Fuel cost of the power produced by DE in time interval Δt
Startup cost of the generator
Cost of load shedding
Battery cost of cycling and prolonged discharge
BTBT
M
j j
Cj
i
iiLSLSiiiDEDEiDEDEi
CN
N
tSOCktPCuuuStPHFu
1 0
24
1
1
1
)1()(
Constraints
chargingfor )1.0,min( BTBT
R
CONVBT VPPP
gdischarginfor )2.0,min( BTBT
R
CONVBT VPPP
R
DEDE
R
DE PPP 6.0
0.14.0 BTSOC
LDLS PP 0
LSBTDEDLROLD PPPPPP
Ingredients of Optimizer and Forecaster Optimization method: genetic algorithm, dynamic programming,
game theory, ordinal optimization.
◦ Wind speed forecast: uses half-daily forecast from weather stations,
and past data points (-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 4, 8) and weighted least
squares over a third order polynomial.
Solar irradiance (G in W/m2) forecast: use weather forecast to
predict cloud cover and find reduction ratio in irradiance:
Csky is the cloud cover index with values from 0 to 8.
Load forecast uses an ARIMA model accounting for weekly and
daily periodicity in the base load and weather sensitive component:
9.187.01 sky
clear
CG
G
)16824()168()24()(ˆ 321 tBctBctBctB
Simulation Results – Winter Week
If-Then-Else EMS Logic
Diesel engine power (red)
and battery power (blue)
Simulation Results – Winter Week
Optimal EMS Logic
Diesel engine power (red)
and battery power (green)
Simulation Results
Typical Winter and Spring Weeks
EMS Type Energy
Demand
(kWh)
Renewable
Energy
(kWh)
Dump
Load
(kWh)
DE Energy
Produced
(kWh)
Fuel
(liters)
Diesel
Engine
Start Ups
Battery
Cycles
If-Then-Else 1959 2085 462 391 127.1 5 5
Optimal 1959 2085 463 389 129.5 15 1
EMS Type Energy
Demand
(kWh)
Renewable
Energy
(kWh)
Dump
Load
(kWh)
DE Energy
Produced
(kWh)
Fuel
(liters)
Diesel
Engine
Start Ups
Battery
Cycles
If-Then-Else 1959 1023 88.8 1181 384.2 12 12
Optimal 1959 1023 62.3 1105 367.7 16 7
Simulation Results Summary
Spring and Winter Weeks
A 50% reduction in the number of charge-discharge
batteries cycles
Reduction in fuel consumption
Acceptable number of DE starts (~2 per day)
Renewable Energy for Lebanon: Wind Data Analysis - Atlas Climatique du Liban
Average Wind
Speed
Elevation
(m/s)
Tower Height
(m)
Qlayaat 5.81 7 17
Tripoli 5.43 2 15
Beirut 5.15 35 12
Khalde 4.32 7 16
Cedars 4.29 1915 15
Dahr El Baidar 5.70 1512 16
Rayak 5.12 911 22
Ksara 5.04 918 13
Marjeyoun 5.95 775 13
Renewable Energy for Lebanon: Fundamental Data
Emission 525 g/kWh
Electricity Tariff 0.16 $/kWh
Price per Ton of CO2 10 $/ton
Land Value 25 $/ m2
Interest rate 10 %
Life 25 years
Renewable Energy for Lebanon: Wind Energy Site Evaluation
Wind Turbine System
WT
Number
Size
(MW)
Cost
($/kW)
O&M
($/kW/
year)
Area
(m2/WT
)
Total
(MW)
Marjeyoun 30 2.05 1350 34.8 1500 61.5
Akkar 40 2.05 1350 34.8 1500 82.0
Ksara 40 2.05 1350 34.8 1500 82.0
Wind Turbine System
Capacity Factor
Energy
(GWh)
Invest.
(M$)
O&M
(M$/
year)
Annuity
(M$)
Cost
($/kWh)
Marjeyoun 0.49 263.983 84.2 2.1 11.411 0.043
Akkar 0.40 287.328 112.2 2.9 15.214 0.053
Ksara 0.30 215.496 112.2 2.9 15.214 0.071
Totals 766.807 308.6 7.8 41.840 0.055
Economic Evaluation of
Wind Power Electricity
Wind Energy 767 GWh
Reduction in CO2 402 573 tonnes
Value of CO2 4.026 M$
Total Yearly Revenues 122.689 M$
Carbon Trading Revenues 4.026 M$
Total Annual Costs 41.840 M$
Net Profit with Carbon Trading 84.875 M$
Simple Payback Period 3.6 years
Renewable Energy for Lebanon: Wind Farm Layout
Each wind turbine will slow down the wind behind it as it pulls energy out
of it and converts it to electric energy.
Ideally, we would like the wind turbines to be spaced as far as possible in
the prevailing wind direction.
However the construction costs restrict us in placing them close together.
An example of installing the turbines:
Renewable Energy for Lebanon: Noise Level Assessment of Wind Turbines
Usual practice in designing wind farms is that turbine noise levels should
be kept to 40 dB. Therefore wind farms are to be installed more than
350m away from residential areas.
Power
(W)
Series
Cells
VOC
(V)
ISC
(A)
Maximum
dc Voltage
NOCT
(C)
Sharp 230 60 37 8.24 600 47
Kyocera 200 54 32.9 8.21 600 47
GE 200 54 32.9 8.21 600 45
Renewable Energy for Lebanon: PV Modules Assessed
PV
Number
Size
(kW)
Cost
($/kW)
O&M
($/kW/year)
Area
(m2/Unit)
Total
(MW)
Solar Electricity System 328 497 4500 13 3348 163
Capacity
Factor
Energy
(GWh)
Invest.
(M$)
O&M
(M$/year)
Annuity
(M$)
Cost
($/kWh)
Solar Electricity System
0.175 249.803 760.730 2.118 85.9 0.344
Renewable Energy for Lebanon: Photovoltaic Data
Solar Electric Energy 250 GWh
Reduction in CO2 131147 Tonnes
Value of CO2 1.311 M$
Total Yearly Revenues 39.968 M$
Carbon Trading Revenues 1.311 M$
Total Annual Costs 85.927 M$
Net Profit with Carbon Trading -44.647 M$
Simple Payback Period -17.0 years
Renewable Energy for Lebanon: Economics of Photovoltaic Electricity
Renewable Energy for Lebanon: Conclusions
System designed to produce 1000GWh from renewable energy sources.
750GWh from wind turbines, 250GWh from solar cell modules.
Best locations for wind generation are Marjayoun, Ksara and Akkar based on
energy generation and capacity factor.
The Enercon E82 wind turbine was used in this assessment based on an
approximate economical study, but more accurate data could reveal that other
turbines are also viable. The costs of production were ¢4.3/ kWh for Marjeyoun,
¢5.3/ kWh for Akkar, and ¢7.1/ kWh for Ksara.
For photovoltaic electricity production the cost was ¢34.4/ kWh, which makes it
uneconomical even if carbon trading is included when compared with a cost of
electric energy of ¢16/ kWh from fossil fuel.
The wind energy (767 GWh) will displace 403 000 tonnes of CO2 valued at $4.03
millions, and the solar energy (250 GWh) will displace 131100 tonnes valued at
$1.3 millions.
Conclusions:
Curriculum is broad enough to prepare students to go to the work place,
where with minimum training they are able to contribute and soon take
leading positions.
Many of our students go to leading graduate schools in Europe and the US
where they perform very well.
Energy education is delivered through of series of elective courses offered
by four faculty members.
Research is an important element of the knowledge building in the
undergraduate program through senior year design projects and a
specialized course structure.
Graduate research has been mainly in the thesis work of students at the
master’s level and recently at the PhD levels.
Plan to introduce a new elective on “Energy Conversion Principles” to
cater for a deficiency in thermal science and fluid mechanics and their
applications.