“Energy Demand in Rural Ethiopia from a Household Perspective: A Panel Data Analysis,” by Dawit...

8/3/2019 Energy Demand in Rural Ethiopia from a Household Perspective: A Panel Data Analysis, by Dawit Diriba Guta

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K`~mlkb Gldbdemg| d` Ds`d~a Wbmg~|mq}) kba qcg Mbqg~bkqmdbki @dda _diml} ^g%|gk~lc Mb|qmqwqg" Qcg} zg~g ldiiglqga `~de kii ~gjmdb| d` qcg ldwbq~} kba pd||g||ga

kii qcg ag|m~knig p~dpg~qmg| d` pkbgi akqk" Qd ldbawlq kb gepm~mlki mbg|qmjkqmdb)

GBG^J] AGEKBA MB ^W^KI GQCMD_MK >?;


9/20

qcg |qwa} w|ga qcg >??? kba >??1 |w~g}|" Qcg qdqki bweng~ d` cdw|gcdia|

mbqg~mgzga kba mbliwaga mb qcm| |w~g} mb qcg }gk~ >??1 m| ;)???) qcg bweng~ d` ~g|pdbagbq| zk| ;)1;7 cdw|gcdia|"

Ag|l~mpqmg \qkqm|qml| d` Pk~mknig|6 Qcg kg~kjg pg~lgbqkjg d` mb`g~md~ `wgi gs%pgbamqw~g| |imjcqi} mbl~gk|ga `~de ??? qd 1> pg~lgbq mb qcg

}gk~ >??1) zcmig qcg |ck~g d` kakblga `wgi aglimbga `~de 01 pg~lgbq qd 7> pg~lgbq

dg~ qcg }gk~| `~de >???%>??1" Qcg p~dpd~qmdb d` cdw|gcdia| qckq w|ga kakblga

`wgi| agl~gk|ga `~de == pg~lgbq mb >??? qd =0 pg~lgbq mb qcg }gk~ >??1" \memik~i})

qcg p~dpd~qmdb d` cdw|gcdia| qckq ldb|wega mb`g~md~ `wgi| ki|d aglimbga |imjcqi}

`~de =="= pg~lgbq qd =3 pg~lgbq dg~ qckq |keg pg~mda" Mb ldbq~k|q) qcg p~dpd~qmdb

d` cdw|gcdia| qckq ldb|wega k ems d` mb`g~md~ kba kakblga `wgi| ldblw~~gbqi}

mbl~gk|ga `~de => pg~lgbq mb >??? qd =1 pg~lgbq mb >??1" Qcm| mbamlkqg| qcg mb%

l~gk|mbj qgbagbl} d` cdw|gcdia| gbg~j} amg~|m`mlkqmdb kba ~gawlga agpgbagblgdb gmqcg~ mb`g~md~ d~ kakblga `wgi q}pg"

Qcm| qgbagbl} d` cdw|gcdia| qdzk~a qcg w|g d` k ems d` kakblga kba mb`g~md~

`wgi| ek} ng kqq~mnwqga qd k~mdw| `klqd~|" Qcg|g mbliwag gldbdeml |qkqw| #zgi`k~g

lckbjg- d` cdw|gcdia|) |dlmki #`kemimk~mq} kba id}kiq} g|pglmkii} `d~ `wgi zdda-) kba

gbm~dbegbqki #ag`d~g|qkqmdb) `d~g|q agj~kakqmdb) |dmi g~d|mdb) limekqml lckbjg) kba

gldidjmlki g``glq|- lkw|g|" Dqcg~ `klqd~| qckq klldwbq `d~ cdw|gcdia `wgi |qklhmbj

mbliwag qcg gba w|g d` qcg `wgi) lddhmbj d~ ldb|wepqmdb cknmq|) k``d~aknmimq} d` `wgi|

d~ agpgbagbl} db ld|q) qk|qg d~ p~g`g~gblg| d` cdw|gcdia) kba bweg~dw| dqcg~ mb%

`iwgblg|" Kg~kjg gbg~j} gspgbamqw~g d` cdw|gcdia| k||wega k cmjcg~ |ck~g d` qdqkiedbqci} cdw|gcdia gspgbamqw~g| zcmig gscmnmqmbj k aglimbmbj q~gba n} kndwq ;?

pg~lgbq dg~ qcg pg~mda ~kbjg" Qcm| ek} pg~ckp| ng kqq~mnwqga qd |cm`qmbj qd idz%

j~kag `wgi| imhg kbmeki awbj kba l~dp ~g|mawg) zcmlc zg~g bdq mbliwaga mb qcg akqk"

Gik|qmlmq} d` Gbg~j} Agekba

Qd gskembg qcg mbldeg d~ zgkiqc g``glq d` cdw|gcdia gbg~j} agekba) zg

ldepwqga qcg gspgbamqw~g gik|qmlmqmg|" Qcg pk~kegqg~ g|qmekqg| d` cdw|gcdia ag%ekba `d~ gklc `wgi zg~g dnqkmbga n} ~gj~g||mbj qcg idj d` qcg `wgi gspgbamqw~g

|ck~g d` qcg qdqki cdw|gcdia gbg~j} gspgbamqw~g db qcg idj d` qcg cdw|gcdia| qdqki

edbqci} gspgbamqw~g" K| |ggb mb qcg kppgbamlg|) qcg ldg``mlmgbq d` qcg qdqki

cdw|gcdia gspgbamqw~g zk| bgjkqmg `d~ q~kamqmdbki$mb`g~md~ `wgi| kba pd|mqmg `d~

kakblga `wgi|" Qcm| mepimg| qckq q~kamqmdbki `wgi| k~g mb`g~md~ jdda|) kba kakblga

`wgi| k~g bd~eki jdda|" Bd~eki jdda| k~g qcd|g `d~ zcmlc gspgbamqw~g| ~m|g k|

cdw|gcdia qdqki gspgbamqw~g| mbl~gk|g" Zcgb qcg gldbdeml zgi`k~g d` k cdw|gcdia

mep~dg|) qcg} |zmqlc qcgm~ gbg~j} ldb|wepqmdb mb `kd~ d` edag~b kba ligkbg~

`wgi kiqg~bkqmg|" Qcm| ~g|wiq igba| |wppd~q qd qcg gbg~j} ikaag~ c}pdqcg|m| nglkw|gcdw|gcdia| ~g|pdba qd lckbjg| mb qcgm~ mbldeg d~ gspgbamqw~g| n} kadpqmbj

edag~b gbg~j} `d~e| mbqd qcgm~ gbg~j} ems"

QCG FDW^BKI D@ GBG^J] KBA AGPGID_EGBQ>?>


10/20

Kppi}mbj KMA\ d~ IKKMA\ zmqc bd~ekimvga p~mlg mb g{wkqmdb #;?- qd dw~

~gj~g||mdb ~g|wiq|) qcg gspgbamqw~g d~ mbldeg gik|qmlmq} d` agekba zk| lkilwikqga

k| ?":> mb >??? kba ?":0 mb >??1 `d~ mb`g~md~ `wgi) kba ;";1 mb >??? kba ;";7 mb

>??1 `d~ kakblga `wgi|" Qcm| mepimg| qckq agekba zk| gspgbamqw~g mbgik|qml `d~

mb`g~md~ `wgi kba gspgbamqw~g gik|qml `d~ kakblga `wgi" \mblg gspgbamqw~g gik|qmlmq}

m| j~gkqg~ qckb ; `d~ kakblga `wgi|) qcg} k~g `dwba qd ng iwsw~} jdda|" @m~gzdda

ldiiglqmdb m| g||gbqmkii} mbgik|qml zmqc ~g|pglq qd kb mep~dgegbq mb cdw|gcdia

immbj |qkbak~a| mb ~w~ki k~gk|" Mbqg~g|qmbji}) qcm| ~g|wiq m| ldb|m|qgbq zmqc qcg

`mbambj `d~ Bgpkim cdw|gcdia| qckq `m~gzdda ldiiglqmdb m| g||gbqmkii} mbgik|qml zmqc~g|pglq qd mep~dgegbq mb qcg immbj |qkbak~a) zcmlc zk| kpp~dsmekqga mb qcg

|qwa} zmqc qdqki cdw|gcdia mbldeg d~ gspgbamqw~g"


11/20

Ldbliw|mdb kba ^gldeegbakqmdb|

Qcg gbm~dbegbq ekqqg~| j~gkqi} qd qcg pdd~ nglkw|g qcg} am~glqi} d~ mbam~glqi}

ag~mg qcgm~ imgimcdda `~de mq" Idz%mbldeg lck~klqg~m|qml| d` ~w~ki Gqcmdpmkb

cdw|gcdia| cmbag~ qcgm~ `wgi amg~|m`mlkqmdb qd kakblga `wgi kiqg~bkqmg|" Qcg

|wnfglq d` cdw|gcdia `wgi |qklhmbj ck| bdq nggb kag{wkqgi} gspid~ga `d~ |wn%

\kck~kb K`~mlkb ldwbq~mg| mb jgbg~ki kba ~w~ki Gqcmdpmkb cdw|gcdia| mb pk~qmlwik~"

Ldepwqga gik|qmlmqmg| mb qcm| |qwa} mepi} qckq cdw|gcdia| k~g mblimbga qd lcdd|g

ed~g ligkb) g``mlmgbq) kba kakblga `wgi| qckb mb`g~md~ `wgi mb qcgm~ gbg~j} ems k|

qcgm~ qdqki gspgbamqw~g mbl~gk|g|" Qcm| mepimg| qckq pdiml} mbqg~gbqmdb |cdwia

ldblgbq~kqg db gepdzg~mbj ~w~ki ~g|magbq| gldbdemlkii} qd |wn|qmqwqg kakblga`wgi| `d~ nmdek||" Qcw|) zmqc mep~dgegbq mb qcg {wkimq} d` im`g) cdw|gcdia| gs%

cmnmq kb mbl~gk|mbj ag|m~g `d~ lde`d~q kba am|l~gqmdb mb qcgm~ gbg~j} ldb|wepqmdb

d~ `wgi lcdmlg" Cdzgg~) ~w~ki cdw|gcdia| ckg imqqig mblgbqmg qd amg~|m`} qcgm~

gbg~j} ldb|wepqmdb `~de `m~gzdda qd kkmiknig kiqg~bkqmg| dbi} nglkw|g d` mb%

ldeg d~ gspgbamqw~g j~dzqc awg qd qcg `~gg kkmiknmimq} d` `wgi zdda" Qcg~g`d~g)

pdiml} mbqg~gbqmdb m| mqki qd agm|g kpp~dp~mkqg |q~kqgjmg| qckq lkb klqmgi} ka%

a~g|| qcm| m||wg"

K ldepigqg gbg~j} q~kb|mqmdb `~de mb`g~md~ `wgi w|g qd edag~b `wgi| ~g{wm~g|

cdim|qml |dlmki) gldbdeml) lwiqw~ki) kba ggb magdidjmlki lckbjg| d` qcg zcdig|dlmgq}" @d~ |wn%\kck~kb K`~mlkb ldwbq~mg|) mq ek} qkhg k idbj qmeg qd ekhg qcg

ldepigqg |zmqlc qd edag~b `wgi|" Qcm| m| kqq~mnwqknig qd k~mdw| `klqd~|6 qcg w|g d`

Qknig >GS_GBAMQW^G GIK\QMLMQ] D@ MB@G^MD^ KBA KAPKBLGA @WGI\

k

Gbg~j} Lkqgjd~} _k~kegqg~|

]gk~

>??? >??1

Q~kamqmdbki `wgi|

zmq ?" ?":0

Kakblga `wgi|

zmq ?"01 ?"73

nm ?"?3: ?"?3:

cmq ;";1 ;";7

kZcg~g qcg pk~kegqg~| k~g ag`mbga k|6 zmq m| qcg nwajgq |ck~g d` gbg~j} q}pg m mb qdqki cdw|gcdia

gbg~j} gspgbamqw~g8 nm m| qcg ldg``mlmgbq d` qdqki cdw|gcdia gspgbamqw~g k| p~gamlqd~ mb g|qmekqmdb d`agekba `d~ mb`g~md~ `wgi| kba kakblga `wgi mb qcg `msga g``glq edagi8 kba cmq m| qcg gik|qmlmq} d`

gbg~j} agekba `d~ gklc d` qcg `wgi lkqgjd~mg|"

\dw~lg6 Ldepwqga `~de qcg Gqcmdpmkb ^w~ki Cdw|gcdia \w~g}) >??? kba >??1) Agpk~qegbq d`

Gldbdeml| d` Kaam| Knknk Wbmg~|mq}) mb ldiiknd~kqmdb zmqc qcg Lgbq~g `d~ \qwamg| d` K`~mlkb

Gldbdemg| d` Ds`d~a Wbmg~|mq} kba qcg Mbqg~bkqmdbki @dda _diml} ^g|gk~lc Mb|qmqwqg) kba nk|ga db

ag|l~mpqmg |qkqm|qml| jmgb mb qknig ; kba mb qcg kppgbamlg|"

QCG FDW^BKI D@ GBG^J] KBA AGPGID_EGBQ>?1


12/20

|mepig qglcbdidjmg| lck~klqg~mvga n} idz gbg~j} g``mlmgbl} kba ck~e`wi gem|%

|mdb|8 ewiqm`klgqga imbh| ngqzggb gbg~j} pdg~q} kba mep~dmbj qcg {wkimq} d` qcg

gbm~dbegbq8 kba qcg mbknmimq} d` cdw|gcdia| qd k``d~a qcg kakblga `wgi|" Q~k%

amqmdb) ~gimjmdb) iklh d` |qdg|) kba dqcg~ gigegbq| ki|d ckg k l~mqmlki ~dig"

_dimlmg| |cdwia k||w~g nkikblga j~dzqc d` agekba kba |wppi} mb qcg ~w~ki gbg~j}|glqd~" Mb Gqcmdpmk qcg~g m| gbd~edw| pdqgbqmki qd jgbg~kqg c}a~dgiglq~ml pdzg~ qckq

ldwia kg~q qcg aggpgbmbj l~m|m| mb gbg~j}" Bgg~qcgig||) pdd~ ldwbq~mg| imhg

Gqcmdpmk k~g gblweng~ga n} `mbkblmki) mb`~k|q~wlqw~g) kba qglcbdidjmlki lckiigbjg|

kba k~g bdq knig qd ednmimvg ~g|dw~lg| kba ~gkimvg pdqgbqmkimqmg|" Qcw|) nwmiambj

qglcbdidjmlki lkpknmimqmg| kba mbbdkqmdb| k~g hg} m||wg| qd |wllg||" Ed~gdg~)

gbldw~kjmbj k``d~g|qkqmdb) q~gg%pikbqmbj p~klqmlg| n} ~w~ki cdw|gcdia|) kba gbklqmbj

`d~g|q p~dqglqmdb ikz| k~g |dwba pdiml} mbmqmkqmg|" _dimlmg| |cdwia ng jgk~ga qdzk~a|

p~dedqmbj mbqg~`wgi |wn|qmqwqmdb kba mbqg~`wgi |zmqlcmbj n} |wppd~qmbj cdw|gcdia|

`mbkblmkii} kba qglcbmlkii}" @d~ gskepig) pdiml} ekhg~| lkb |wppd~q cdw|gcdia| qd

kadpq mep~dga `wgi |qdg|" Mb Gqcmdpmk) gbg~j}%|kmbj |qdg| imhg Em~qg kba Ikhglc

ckg nggb |cdzb qd ~gawlg qcg kedwbq d` `wgi ldb|wega kba qcg cgkiqc ckvk~a| qckq

k~m|g ~de |edhg gem||mdb|" Cdzgg~) am|q~mnwqmdb d` qcg|g |qdg| qd ik~jg |gjegbq|

d` ~w~ki |dlmgq} agekba| k cwjg lkpmqki mbg|qegbq"

Jgbg~kii}) qcg ag|mjb d` kpp~dp~mkqg pdiml} mb|q~wegbq| kba qcgm~ mepig%

egbqkqmdb k~g l~mqmlki `d~ ~gimgmbj qcg aggpgbmbj gbg~j} l~m|m| d` ~w~ki cdw|gcdia|"

Qcm| `mbambj ck| ~gigkbq mb|mjcq| `d~ qcg Wbmqga Bkqmdb emiigbbmwe p~dfglq qckq

~gldeegba| ckimbj qcg bweng~ d` cdw|gcdia| w|mbj q~kamqmdbki nmdek|| `d~lddhmbj n} >?;7 kba zdwia mbdig kndwq ;"< nmiimdb pgdpig |zmqlcmbj qd dqcg~

`wgi kiqg~bkqmg|" Ed~g |qwamg| qcg~g`d~g k~g bggaga mb qcg k~gk| d` cdw|gcdia `wgi

|qklhmbj" Mb |week~}) pdiml} mbqg~gbqmdb m| aggega l~mqmlki qd cgip mep~dg

cdw|gcdia zgi`k~g kba k||w~g |w|qkmbknig kkmiknmimq} d` amg~|g gbg~j} |dw~lg| `d~

~w~ki cdw|gcdia|"

BDQG\

;

Kngnkz A" Gfmjg) Cdw|gcdia Agqg~embkbq| d` @wgizdda Lcdmlg mb W~nkb Gqcmdpmk6 K Lk|g\qwa} d` Fmeek Qdzb) Fdw~bki d` Aggidpmbj K~gk|) di" 1;) bd" ; #>??:-) pp" ;;:%>08 E" Kigew)

kba J" Hdcimb) Agqg~embkbq| d` Cdw|gcdia @wgi Lcdmlg mb Ekfd~ Lmqmg| mb Gqcmdpmk) Gbm~db%

egbq `d~ Aggidpegbq #Ga@-) Ga@ Am|lw||mdb _kpg~ bd" ?3%;3) zmqc ^g|dw~lg| `d~ qcg @wqw~g)

Zk|cmbjqdb) A"L) Kwjw|q >??3) pp" 3%;38 N" Lkepngii) \" Pg~egwigb) F" Ekbjdbd) kba ^" Eknwjw)

Qcg Gbg~j} Q~kb|mqmdb mb Klqmdb6 Adeg|qml @wgi Lcdmlg| mb k Lckbjmbj Vmenknzg) Gbg~j}

_diml}) di" #Ek} >??D" Ek|g~k) N" \kkqhkep) kba A" Hkeegb) @~de Imbgk~ @wgi \zmqlcmbj qd Ewiqmpig Lddhmbj

\q~kqgjmg|6 K L~mqm{wg kba Kiqg~bkqmg qd qcg Gbg~j} Ikaag~ Edagi) Zd~ia Aggidpegbq) di" >3)

bd" ;> #>???-) pp" >?3


13/20

??7-) pp" ??0-) pp" 1?:%>?8 K" @d|qg~ kba E" ^d|gbvzgmj) dp" lmq"8 ^" Cgiqng~j) dp" lmq"8 kba N" \" ^gaa})

Dg~ldembj qcg Gbg~j} G``mlmgbl} Jkp mb Mbamk| Cdw|gcdia \glqd~) Gbg~j} _diml}) di" :"

7K" Gfmjg) dp" lmq"8 E" Kigew kba J" Hdcimb) dp" lmq"8 \" @k}g) dp" lmq"8 kba H" Ng~ghgq) K" Nghgig)

kba G" Hgam~ Lkb qcg W~nkb _dd~ K``d~a Edag~b Gbg~j}4 Qcg Lk|g d` Gqcmdpmk) Gbg~j} _diml})di"


14/20

;7Emlckgi F" K~bdia) J" Hdcimb) kba ^" _g~||db) Zdda @wgi|) Imgimcdda|) kba _diml} Mb%

qg~gbqmdb|6 Lckbjmbj _g~|pglqmg|) Zd~ia Aggidpegbq) di" ??0-) pp" 7=0%0;;"

;0Gbg~j} \glqd~ Ekbkjgegbq K||m|qkblg _~dj~ke #G\EK_-) Cdw|gcdia @wgi W|g kba @wgi

\zmqlcmbj mb Jwkqgekik) Fdmbq Wbmqga Bkqmdb| Aggidpegbq _~dj~ke$Zd~ia Nkbh Gbg~j} \glqd~

Ekbkjgegbq K||m|qkblg _~dj~ke) Zk|cmbjqdb) A"L") >???) bd" > #;==>-) pp" ;;0%>??1-"

;3E" Lckenzg~k) Gldbdeml Kbki}|m| d` W~nkb @wgi Zdda Agekba6 Qcg Lk|g d` Ck~k~g mb

Vmenknzg) Zd~ia Zmag @wba `d~ \dwqc K`~mlk ^gjmdbki _~dj~keeg D``mlg #ZZ@% \K^_D-)

Zkjgbmbjgb) Bgqcg~ikba|) >??1"

;=Gbg~j} \glqd~ Ekbkjgegbq K||m|qkblg _~dj~ke) dp" lmq"

>?N" Lkepngii gq ki") dp" lmq"

>;E" Kike) F" \kqck}g) kba A" Nk~bg|) W~nkb Cdw|gcdia Gbg~j} W|g mb Mbamk6 G``mlmgbl} kba

_diml} Mepimlkqmdb|) Gbg~j} _diml}) di" >0) bd" ;; #;==3-) pp" 337%=;8 N" Lkepngii gq ki") dp" lmq"8

E" Akm|) dp" lmq"8 kba Ndwhk~} Dwga~kdjd) Cdw|gcdia Gbg~j} _~g`g~gblg| `d~ Lddhmbj mb W~nkb

Dwkjkadwjdw) Nw~hmbk @k|d) Gbg~j} _diml}) di" ?) J~dwpg aKbki}|g gq ag Qcgd~mgGldbdem{wg #JKQG-) @~gblc Lgbq~g `d~ ^g|gk~lc db Ldbqgepd~k~} Lcmbk) \gpqgeng~ >?;?"

>1E" K~bdia gq ki") dp" lmq"

>7A" Nk~bg| gq ki") dp" lmq"

>0N" Lkepngii gq ki") dp" lmq"

>:F" Nkikba) _" Nk~ackb) \" Ak|) A" Eddhcg~fgg) kba \" \k~hk~) Qcg Gbm~dbegbqki Mepklq d`

_dg~q}6 Gmagblg `~de @m~gzdda Ldiiglqmdb mb ^w~ki Bgpki) Mbamkb \qkqm|qmlki Mb|qmqwqg) Agicm)

Mbamk) >??:"

>3^" Cgiqng~j gq ki") dp" lmq"

>=K" Agkqdb kba F" Ewgiinkwg~) Kb Kied|q Magki Agekba \}|qge) Keg~mlkb Gldbdeml

^gmgz) di" :?) bd" < #;=3?-) pp" %>0"


15/20

Kppgbams ;

@MSGA G@@GLQ G\QMEKQG\ @D^ MB@G^MD^ @WGI\k

@msga g``glq| #zmqcmb- ~gj~g||mdb Bweng~ d` dn|g~kqmdb| 5 >)7:1J~dwp k~mknig #m-6 cdw|gcdiac8g Bweng~ d` j~dwp| 5 >


16/20

Kppgbams >

^KBADE G@@GLQ G\QMEKQG\ @D^ MB@G^MD^ @WGI\k

^kbade%g``glq| JI\ ~gj~g||mdb Bweng~ d` dn|g~kqmdb| 5 >)7:1J~dwp k~mknig #m-6 cdw|gcdiac8g Bweng~ d` j~dwp| 5 >?31?0Ib qdqkigspgbamqw~g %"?=1:?30 "?;1?;7>

Ekig cgkaga %"?1333=3 "?


17/20

Kppgbams


18/20

Kppgbams 1

@MSGA G@@GLQ G\QMEKQG\ @D^ KAPKBLGA @WGI\k

@msga g``glq| #zmqcmb- ~gj~g||mdb Bweng~ d` dn|g~kqmdb| 5 >)713J~dwp k~mknig #m-6 cdw|gcdiac8g Bweng~ d` j~dwp| 5 >>=

^%|{wk~g6 zmqcmb 5 ?">3=< Dn|g~kqmdb| pg~ j~dwp6 Embmewe 5 ;

ngqzggb 5 ?"=>? Eksmewe 5


19/20

Kppgbams 7

^KBADE G@@GLQ G\QMEKQG\ @D^ KAPKBLGA @WGI\k

^kbade%g``glq| JI\ ~gj~g||mdb Bweng~ d` dn|g~kqmdb| 5 >)713J~dwp k~mknig #m-6 cdw|gcdiac8g Bweng~ d` j~dwp| 5 >>=

^%|{wk~g6 zmqcmb 5 ?">3:= Dn|g~kqmdb| pg~ j~dwp6 Embmewe 5 ;

ngqzggb 5 ?"1>1> Kg~kjg 5 ;;";

dg~kii 5 ?">=- 5 ;?7>"07

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“Energy Demand in Rural Ethiopia from a Household Perspective: A Panel Data Analysis,” by Dawit...

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Transcript of “Energy Demand in Rural Ethiopia from a Household Perspective: A Panel Data Analysis,” by Dawit...