ENERGY DEMAND FOR SPACE COOLING IN GERMANY€¦ · Source: JARN 2011: Total global air conditioner...

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ENERGY DEMAND FOR SPACE COOLING IN GERMANY

Dr.-Ing. Doreen Kalz

Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Freiburg

Workshop on Space Cooling

International Energy Agency

Paris, France – 17th May 2016

www.ise.fraunhofer.de

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CONTENT

Energy demand for cooling in the building sector: Situation today and predicted development

Influence of micro/macro climate on energy demand for space cooling

Thermal comfort and user satisfaction

Energy efficient concepts and technologies for cooling

The transformation of the energy system requires “energy-flexible” buildings

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Energy demand for cooling buildings in the private and commercial sector

Situation today and predicted development

1

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Cooling and Air Conditioning in Germany Sectors

TWh

Source: Statusbericht des Deutschen Kälte- und Klimatechnischen Vereins Nr. 22, ISBN: 3-932715-06-3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

food products industry space cooling miscellaneous

total energy demand

primary energy demand

cooling energy demand

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Cooling and Air Conditioning in Germany Sectors

TWh

Source: Statusbericht des Deutschen Kälte- und Klimatechnischen Vereins Nr. 22, ISBN: 3-932715-06-3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

food products industry space cooling miscellaneous

total energy demand


cooling energy demand

67%9%

22%

2%

food products

miscellaneousspace cooling

industry


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Cooling and Air Conditioning in Germany Cooling energy use

Final energy use for space cooling [TWhfinal]

residential buildings non-residential buildings

Source: Bettgenhäuser et al. (2011) Klimaschutz durch Reduzierung des Energiebedarfs für Gebäudekühlung

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Cooling and Air Conditioning Europe and Germany

Electricity use for cooling and AC [TWhel]

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

2500

2005 2020 2035 2050

NorthSouthEastWest

Area conditioned / cooled [million m²]

Source: Jochem and Schade 2009:Electrical‐energy demand for cooling in four European regions (EU‐27+2) [TWhel]

Source: JARN 2011: Total global air conditioner market in 2010 was 81.06 million units, a year-on-year increase of 9.6%. Figures shows global market share.

EUROPE GERMANY

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02

DEN FIN FRA GER GRE ITA CZE ROU

Germany

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Cooling and Air Conditioning in Germany today and 2030

Final energy use for space cooling [TWhfinal]

residential buildings

non-residential buildings

Source: Energy Efficiency and Certification of Central Air Conditioners (EECCAC) Final Report, April 203

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Cooling and Air Conditioning in Germany Installed cooling capacity [MW], 2002

technology industry offices service sports hotels gastro-nomy

window units 0 0 893 0 0 383

split units 0 2,871 883 0 0 663

mobile units 0 390 0 0 0 0

absorber 233 100 226 0 47 0

chiller 9,900 6,500 8,250 1,650 6,600 0

condenser 1,548 387 1,548 387 0 0

Chiller w/ piston, scroll or screw compressor have a high share in the market

Source: Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Unternehmen für Ressourcenschutz, 2010

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Cooling and Air Conditioning in Germany today and 2030

Cooling capacity [kWtherm]

pri

vate

off

ice

com

merc

ial

pri

vate

off

ice

com

merc

ial

pri

vate

off

ice

com

merc

ial

mobile units rev. cooling units split units

2005

2030

Source: Bettgenhäuser et al. (2011) Klimaschutz durch Reduzierung des Energiebedarfs für Gebäudekühlung

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Micro and macro climate

Influence on energy demand for space cooling

2

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Influence of the weather conditions Warmer summers with persistent heat waves

Source: IEA 2008, BFE 2007.

index [-]

cooling degree days

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Influence of the weather conditions Warmer summers with persistent heat waves

Average daily ambient air temperature in summer season [°C]

Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de

single value

linear trend

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Thermal comfort and user satisfaction

Requirements for workplaces in the summer season

3

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Building: with cooling

Room temperature independent of ambient air temperature

Adaptive Model PMV Model

Operative room temperature [°C]

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30running mean ambient air temp. [°C]

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Operative room temperature [°C]

running mean ambient air temp. [°C]

ORT = 24.5°C + 1 | 1.5 | 2.5K (I, II, III) ORT = 18.8 + 0.33*ATrm (+2 | 3 | 4 K) (I, II, III)

Building: without cooling

Room temperature independent of ambient air temperature

Source: Fraunhofer ISE.

Cooling concepts in office buildings Influence of user satisfaction: Guideline DIN 15251

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14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

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32

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

satisfieddissatisfied

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

satisfied

dissatisfied

SATISFACTION WITH ROOM TEMPERATURE

running mean ambient air temperature [°C]

op

era

tive

ro

om

tem

pe

ratu

re [

°C]

2009 2010

water-based cooling, SCF air-based cooling, SIC

User satisfaction and user expectations Depends on the cooling concept employed


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12

15

18

21

24

27

30

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Stockholm Hamburg Stuttgart Milano Rome Palermo

mean

temp

erature in

Au

gu

st [°C]

use

ful c

oo

ling

en

erg

y d

eman

d [

kWh

/m²a

]

ISO 7730

EN15251

ambientair temp.

cooling load calculation

based on comfort class B

according to

Comparison of cooling concepts: useful energy Different climate zones

Use

ful co

olin

g e

ne

rgy d

em

an

d [kW

h/m

²a]

Comfort class II

PMV-Model

adaptive Model

Ave

rag

e a

mb

ien

t a

ir te

mp

era

ture

in A

ug

ust [°

C]


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Energy efficient concepts and technologies for cooling

Passive measures, environmental heat sinks and reversible heat pumps

4

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ventilation

cooling

heat s ink

NO aux. energy

ONLY aux. energy

aux. energy and final energy (thermodynamic process)

AC

cooling and dehumidification

type of heat transfer (air/

water)

Type of cooling generation

Space cooling Common concepts and systems


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Space cooling Concepts and systems

ventilation

cooling

heat s ink

NO aux. energy

ONLY aux. energy


AC



water)



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Free and mechanical night ventilation

Abluft

Außenluft

Lüftungs- öffnung

Lüftungs- schlitz Fenster

Kontrollierte Bürolüftung : 1 ach

Var. Lüftung: Labor

Labor

Büro

Flu

r

Sch

ach

t

Wärm

erü

ckg

ew

inn

un

g

Sommer/Winter Bypass

Oberlicht

Lüftung NACHT : 5 ach


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Reduction of useful cooling energy demand by night ventilation [%]

heavy weight building g 0.25

heavy weight building g 0.5

light weight building g 0.25

light weight building g 0.5

Source: Schiller and Mai. Final Report: Berechnungs-Algorithmen für freie und regenerative Kühltechnologien in Nichtwohngebäuden.

monthly calculation simulation

Free and mechanical night ventilation Supportive cooling

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+ Saving of energy costs and operation costs for ventilation and cooling system

+ In retrofit projects, no complex / extensive ducts

+ Auxiliary energy use is reduced

+ Thermal mass of the building is used

Cooling capacity is reduced and depends significantly on user behavior, ventilation effectivity, ambient air temperature, thermal building mass

Certain room temperature cannot be guaranteed

Elevated room temperatures during long and persistent heat waves

In combination with water-based cooling

Energy efficiency varies: SPF 2 - 12 (derived from monitoring campaigns)

Free and mechanical night ventilation Performance


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Space cooling Concepts and systems

ventilation

cooling

heat s ink

NO aux. energy

ONLY aux. energy


AC



water)


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Water-based cooling and environmental heat sinks Function

WÄRMESENKE

KÄLTEÜBERGABE

KÄLTEVERTEILUNG


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Water-based cooling Radiant cooling with higher temperatures

CAPILLARY MATS

CONCRETE CORE

CONDITIONING

FLOOR

CONDITIONING

SUSPENDED

PANELS

RETROFIT NEW CONSTRUCTION


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Water-based cooling with rev. heat pumps Performance: Energy and Efficiency

Efficiency of rev. heat pumps

EER 2.5 to 6.6

Share of active cooling 16 to 58%

Efficiency of rev. Heat pump system (incl. auxiliary systems)

EER 2.1 to 6.0


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+ Integrated in construction, no additional space required

+ Low auxiliary energy use, high energy efficiency can be achieved

+ Thermal building mass is used, load shifting is possible

+ Combination of integrated and suspended systems

+ Systems can be used for heating and cooling purposes

+ High thermal comfort and user satisfaction

Hydraulic in the secondary and primary circuits determines the efficiency

Cooling capacity limited 40 W/m² (concrete core conditioning) to 70 W/m² suspended panels, dew point temperature and condensation need to be considered

Individual control of ORT per room required combination of systems (slow and quick response)

No treatment of air (de-/ humidification)

Water-based cooling Radiant cooling with higher temperatures


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Outlook: The transformation of the energy system requires “energy -flexible” buildings

Load shifting, integration and management of storage systems and adjusted control

5

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Analysis of monitoring data from long-term campaings of heta pumps and chillers

8 heat pumps in office buildings (4,5 – 58 kWel)

4 chillers in office buildings (14,9 – 29 kWel)

2 co-generation in multi-family houses (5,5 kWel)

37 heat pumps in single family houses (heating and DWH; 1,3 – 6,1 kWel)

Electricity consumption of heat pumps and chillers as they are installed and operated today

Heat pumps and chillers Long term monitoring campaigns


© Fraunhofer ISE

32 Source: Klein K, et al (2015) Grid support coefficients for electricity-based heating and cooling and field data analysis of present-day installations in Germany. Applied Energy 162:853-867.

Stunde des Tages [h]

An

teil

de

s g

esa

mte

n S

tro

mve

rbra

uch

es [

%]

2468

1012

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

HC03 [E/2]

2468

1012

HC02

2468

1012

HC01

2468

1012

C01 [E/3]

Tageszeit [h]

Mittle

re W

P V

erd

ich

ter

Le

istu

ng

sa

ufn

ah

me

[kW

]

0

1

2

3

4

5

C01 [E/3]

0

1

2

3

4

5

HC01

0

1

2

3

4

5

HC02

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 6 12 18 24

HC03 [E/2]

use when share of wind and PV is high

use when share of wind and PV is low

22%

9%

32%

26%

30%

40%

23%

25%

Hour of a day [h]

Avera

ged p

ow

er

consum

ption [kW

]

012345

HC03

012345

HC02

012345

H02

012345

0 6 12 18 24

H01

2011 2012

Operation of heat pumps in summer in cooling mode

Consumption of electricity with high share of wind and PV in the grid

Operation during daytime lower efficiency with cooling tower

Requires supply systems with quick response

share of daily consumption [%] Average compressor capacity [kWel]

Gebäude G13

Gebäude G06

Gebäude G09

Gebäude W03

Monitoring data analysis of reversible heat pumps Daily electricity consumption for cooling

hour of the day hour of the day

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How grid-supportive are buildings today? Relative grid support – comparison of technologies

100 (Optimum)

Building type GSCrel

heat pumps (non-residential buildings)

compression cooling (non-residential buildings)

Co-generation (multi-family houses)

heat pumps (residential buildings; heating only)

heat pumps (residential buildings; generation of DHW)

number

-100 (Pess imum)

0 50 -50

7

4

2

40

40

⌀ -8

⌀ -16

⌀ -22

⌀ -2

⌀ +66

⌀ -2

⌀ 48

⌀ -26

⌀ -24

⌀ -18

range of values GSCrel (residual load)

range of values GSCrel (fraction of wind and PV in the system

grid-friendly grid-unfriendly

Source: Klein K, et al (2015) Grid support coefficients for electricity-based heating and cooling and field data analysis of present-day installations in Germany. Applied Energy 162:853-867.

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Conclusion

Share of energy for cooling is low compared to the overall energy consumption

BUT

Thermal cooling demand for space cooling is increasing in both residential and commercial/service sector

Persistent heat periods in summer, heat island effect in bigger cities, elevated building standard (high quality building shell)

Requirements of user on thermal comfort is higher: individual room control, cooled spaces

Technologies

Night ventilation additional to cooling concept

Use of environmental heat sinks

Water-based cooling approx. in every second to third new construction

Additional requirements on cooling systems due to “energy-flexible” buildings

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Thank you for your attention!

Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE

Dr.-Ing. Doreen Kalz

www.ise.fraunhofer.de

[email protected]

ENERGY DEMAND FOR SPACE COOLING IN GERMANY€¦ · Source: JARN 2011: Total global air conditioner...

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Transcript of ENERGY DEMAND FOR SPACE COOLING IN GERMANY€¦ · Source: JARN 2011: Total global air conditioner...