Energy Consumption since 1820

gailtheactuary.files.wordpress.com

World Energy 2010

Wind Power Facts• One of the Oldest Forms of Energy• Wind Power is Solar Power• Wind Farms Pose no Threat to Birds (NSA 2007)• • US Wind Turbines Could Power Colorado as of 2008• • 1.9 % of U.S. Electricity Production in 2009• • 38 US States Have Wind Farms• World Wind Power 4x higher, 2000 to 2006

http://science.howstuffworks.com

Turbine Types

www.darcorp.comwindturbinezone.com

Windy II Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Vertical Axis – More Types

A FloWind 19m Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine

www.symscape.com

2 kw

image.made-in-china.com

Wind Turbine Parts www.bls.gov

Wind Farmupload.wikimedia.org

Wind Farms

staff.fcps.net

blog.oregonlive.com

On a Farm

Aerial Viewwww.masterresource.orgGoogle map farms

Size www.appstate.edu

Sizetheforestvoice.org

Size upload.wikimedia.org

Sizegallery.usgs.gov135-ft blade

US Wind Map

www.windpoweringamerica.gov

80-meter (m) height

US Wind Map & Transmissionmocoalliance.org

NJ Wind Map

www.rowan.edu

US DOE Map

30 m Wind Height

Measuring Wind Speed

www.umass.edu

Tower

SODAR

www.envirotech-online.comwww.erh.noaa.gov

Anemometer

Wind Speed & Height• U = Ur (Z/Zr) – Where U = wind speed, m/s, at wind height Z, m;

Ur & Zr are a known reference wind speed & height, = wind power law exponent• = 0.11 often used for open water• = 0.143 often used for open land

www.accessscience.com

Wind Example 1: Height

• An Anemometer tower is used to measure the wind speed at 15 m– The wind speed is 5 m/s

• Estimate the wind speed at 30 m– Assume = 0.143

Wind Power• Pw = 0.5 A V3 – Where Pw = power of wind, W; = air density kg/m3; A =

Area of wind flow, m2; V = wind velocity, m/s • W = Watts = N m / s (Newton meter per second)

• Theoretical maximum efficiency of wind turbine is 0.59– Cannot extract all power from wind or it would stop! – Commercial horizontal axis turbines: 0.3 to 0.4 efficiency

• 0.1 to 0.3 if electricity generation & distribution considered

– So Electrical Power from Turbine = ~0.2 Pw

Wind Example 2: Wind Power

• Given:– Wind speed, V = 5 m/s– Blade radius, R = 50 m– Air density, = 1.1839 kg m-3

• What wind power passes through area swept by blades?

Wind Rosewww.eolos.umn.edu

Yearly Wind Distribution

Sea Girt Wind Study, Rowan University

Wind Turbine Power Curvewww.wind-power-program.com

Wind Speed Bin (m/s)

Hours/Year (From Anemometer Tower)

Power Curve (kW) (Skystream 3.7) Electricity (kWh)

0 170 0 01 564 0 02 1122 0 03 1680 0 04 1747 0.111 1945 1253 0.255 3206 834 0.468 3907 598 0.757 4538 349 1.140 3989 188 1.588 299

10 143 1.990 28511 54 2.250 12212 36 2.386 8613 7 2.430 1714 12 2.423 2915 3 2.370 716 0 2.308 017 0 2.252 018 0 2.202 019 0 2.154 020 0 2.120 0 = 8760 hrs = 2598 kWh

Wind Example 3: Electricity Generation

Wind Speed Bin (m/s)

Hours/Year (From Anemometer Tower)

Power Curve (kW) (Skystream 3.7) Electricity (kWh)

0 170 0 01 564 0 02 1122 0 03 1680 0 04 1747 0.111 1945 1253 0.255 3206 834 0.468 3907 598 0.757 4538 349 1.140 3989 188 1.588 299

10 143 1.990 28511 54 2.250 12212 36 2.386 8613 7 2.430 1714 12 2.423 2915 3 2.370 716 0 2.308 017 0 2.252 018 0 2.202 019 0 2.154 020 0 2.120 0 = 8760 hrs = 2598 kWh

Wind Example 3: Electricity Generation

Column 1 = Wind Speed Bins (0-1 m/s, 1-2 m/s, etc.)Column 2 = Hours / year wind is within a given Bin (from wind assessment)Column 3 = Power Curve of Turbine (from Manufacturer or independent study)Column 4 = Electricity Produced by turbine for each Bin

Wind Example 4: Sea Girt-Skystream 3.7 Economics

• Cost of Skystream 3.7 = $13,300– Electricity (Skystream at Sea Girt) = 2,600 kWh/yr– NJ CEP $3.20/kWh rebate = 2,600 kWh · $3.20/kWh = $8,320– Net cost = $13,300 - $8,320 = $4980

• Revenue– Electricity = $0.12/kWh

– WRECs = $0.05/kWh

– Net Revenue =

• Simple payback =

Turbine Siting - Turbulencewww.inforse.org prod-http-80-800498448.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com

Wake Turbulencewww.nrel.gov

Turbine Spacing - Shadowingwww.planningni.gov.ukars.els-cdn.com

Environment / Safety Issues

• Habitat Disruption• Bird Mortality• Bat Mortality• Noise• Flicker• Blade Throw, Ice Throw, Tower collapse

Habitat Destructionjohnrsweet.combetterplan.squarespace.com

Birdswww.earthtimes.org

www.rspb.org.uk

UK sensitive bird areas

Birdswww.abovetopsecret.com

Batsbetterplan.squarespace.com

Noisemikechristie.files.wordpress.com

Shadow Flickerquixoteslaststand.com

Ice Throwwpcore.wpe.s3.amazonaws.com www.wind-watch.org

Bufferswww.thumbpower.net

Buffer Zones• Ice Throw

– 1.5 * (hub height + rotor diameter)• Tower Collapse

– 110 % of max height (to tip of blade pointing straight up)• Rotor Fragmentation• Noise (Germany)

– “quiet regions” [35 dB(A)]: 1,000-1,500 m (3,281-4,921 ft)– “middle regions” [(40 dB(A)]: 600-1,000 m (1,969-3,281 ft)– “standard region” [(45 dB(A)]: 300-600 m (984-1,969 ft)

• Flicker– Typical Buffers, Vegetative Buffers– Site specific determination of incidence of flickering

• Birds & Bats– 0.25 to 0.5 miles from nesting areas?– 500 m? 800 m?

Wind Farm Site Planwww.building.co.uk