Energy Concept to Providing the German Road Transport ......Institut für Elektrochemische...
Transcript of Energy Concept to Providing the German Road Transport ......Institut für Elektrochemische...
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Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3)
Energy Concept to Providing the German Road Transport Sector with Hydrogen
Thomas Grube, Martin Robinius, Detlef Stolten [email protected]
11. Master Class Course Conference “Renewable Energies” - Herbstakademie
December 07, 2016
Conference venue: Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Berlin
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 2
Head of Institute: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Detlef Stolten Employees: > 120
Areas of Expertise: Process & Systems Engineering Fabrication Engineering
Departments: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Low Temperature Electrolysis Physicochemical Fuel Cell Laboratory
Electrochemistry Modeling & Simulation
Process and Systems Analysis (VSA) Head of Department: Dr.-Ing. Martin Robinius
High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Fuel Processing and Systems Low Temperature Electrolysis - Process Engineering
Catalysis & Reaction Engineering Process & Systems Analysis
Renewable Energies, and
Storage
Infrastructure Mobility
Residential Sector Industry
VSA’s areas of expertise:
Who we are
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 3
Outline
Status Germany
IEK-3’s Energy Concept 2.0 for 2050
− Hydrogen production capacity; in detail: wind power modelling
− Hydrogen demand and supply; in detail: hydrogen pipeline modelling
− Economics of hydrogen provision
Conclusion
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Status for Germany
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GHG Emissions in Germany since 1990 [1] German Government ‘s goals compared to 1990 levels [2]
60%
45%
30% 5-15%
2020 2030 2040 2050
[1] BMWi, Zahlen und Fakten Energiedaten - Nationale und Internationale Entwicklung. 2016, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie: Berlin. [2] BRD, Energiekonzept für eine umweltschonende, zuverlässige und bezahlbare Energieversorgung, Bundeskabinett. 2010: Berlin. [3] UN, Paris Agreement - COP21, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015: Paris.
COP21 Paris [3]
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GHG emission reduction per sector 1990 to 2013 [1] Transport sector with lowest GHG emissions reductions
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Second largest hydrogen pipeline in Germany (150 km) Cavern and distribution station nearby High potential of PV and wind power
[1] HYDROGEN POWER STORAGE & SOLUTIONS EAST GERMANY. URL: http://www.hypos-eastgermany.de/sites/default/files/anhang/aktuelle_hypos_musterpraesentation_2.pdf [05.10.2016] [2] Bundesnetzagentur: Quartalsbericht zu Netz- und Systemsicherheitsmaßnahmen. Bundesnetzagentur für Elektrizität, Gas, Telekommunikation, Post und Eisenbahnen, Bonn, 2016
Affected grid elements Duration [h] in the 1st quarter
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Power-related re-dispatch measures in the 1st quarter of
2015 in the 50 Hertz region
Feed-in management measures in Brandenburg 2015
Hydrogen Infrastructure Assets and Feed-in Management in the Electricity Grid
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Hydrogen Production Capacity in 2050 IEK-3’s Energy Concept 2.0
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Energy Concept 2.0 Assessment based on municipality level | hourly resolution of grid load and RES feed-in
RES power [GW | TWh]: onshore: 170 | 350; offshore: 59 | 231; PV: 55 | 47; hydro: 6 | 21; bio: 7 | 44 Further assumptions: grid electricity: 528 TWh; imports: 28 TWh; exports: 45 TWh; pos. residual: natural gas Excess electricity and hydrogen production: „Copper plate“ & 40 GWh pumped hydro: 191 TWh → 4.0 million tH2 Grid capacity constraints considered: 293 TWh → 6.2 million tH2 H 2
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All values after Robinius, M. (2016): Strom- und Gasmarktdesign zur Versorgung des deutschen Straßenverkehrs mit Wasserstoff. Dissertation RWTH Aachen University, ISBN: 978-3-95806-110-1
Additionally: imports and exports
Electrical grid Conventional power plants
Residual load (RL) Year 2050 Load RES
for example PV = –
Neg. RL (surplus)
Pos. RL
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In Detail: Wind Power Modelling
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Interpretation of results
DWD weather data
Energy yield assessment
WPP specifications
Area investigation for potential locations
Potential locations map of wind power plants
4 WPP types so far Enercon E-126 | 7.6 MW Enercon E-115 | 3.0 MW Vestas V-90 | 2.5 MW Nordex N-100 | 2.5 MW
WPP Location optimization
Selection of WPP using following criteria:
1. Minimum LCOE [€/MWh] 2. Maximum peak power hours [h/a] 3. Maximum area specific energy yield
[MWh/m2]
Locations map selected wind power plant
Technical characteristics Power characteristics Specific investment Shaft height Lifetime Etc.
Weibull-Distribution Average wind speed C parameter K parameter Roughness factor
Annual energy yield Installed capacity Local LCOE Equipment type
distribution Strong wind &
weak wind zones Full load hours
Optimized Location of Wind Power Plants in Germany
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Hydrogen Demand and Supply in 2050 IEK-3’s Energy Concept 2.0
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Energy Concept 2.0 Assessment based on counties level
FCV [kg/100 km]: 0.92 (2010) → 0.58 (2050) [1], linear decrease FCV fleet: curve fit; until 2033 according to [2]; 2050 market share: 75 % of German fleet Further assumptions: 14,000 km annual mileage 12 years lifetime; total vehicle stock: 44 million cars Peak annual H2 demand: 2.93 million tH2 (2052; 4.2-6.0 available in 2050) H 2
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All values after Robinius, M. (2016): Strom- und Gasmarktdesign zur Versorgung des deutschen Straßenverkehrs mit Wasserstoff and Tietze, V.: Techno-ökonomische Bewertung von pipelinebasierten Wasserstoffversorgungssystemen für den deutschen Straßenverkehr, to be published except: [1] GermanHy (2009), Scenario “Moderat” [2] H2-Mobility, time scale shifted 2 years into the future [3] Krieg, D. (2012), Konzept und Kosten eines Pipelinesystems zur Versorgung des deutschen Straßenverkehrs mit Wasserstoff.
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High hydrogen demand
0 - 3 3 - 4 4 - 5 5 - 6 6 - 8 8 - 11 11 - 19 19 - 30 30 - 45 45 - 148
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Startup regions according to assumptions of the H2 Mobility Initiative: • Hamburg • Berlin • Düsseldorf • Frankfurt • Stuttgart • München
[1] V. Tietze: Techno-ökonomischer Entwurf eines Wasserstoffversorgungssystems für den deutschen Straßenverkehr. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH – Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2016
Region Specific Hydrogen Startup Years
Legend
Startup Year
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 14
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
2040 2045 2050 2055 2060
Regional Spread of FCVs
[1] V. Tietze: Techno-ökonomischer Entwurf eines Wasserstoffversorgungssystems für den deutschen Straßenverkehr. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH – Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2016
Legend
Number of FCEVs
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Energy Concept 2.0 Pipeline network design based on residual load and H2 demand analysis
H2 sources: 28 GW electrolysis power in 15 districts in Northern Germany, 15 billion € H2 sinks: 9,968 refueling stations with averaged sales of 803 kg/d, 20 billion € H2 storage: 48 TWh (incl. 60 day reserve), 8 billion € Pipeline invest [3]: 6.7 billion € (12,104 km transmission grid); 12 billion € (29,671 km distribution grid) Electricity cost: LCOE Onshore: 5.8 ct/kWh; WACC: 5.8 % H2 cost distribution (pre-tax) [ct/kWh]: Energy: 8.5; invest: 3.4; capital charge: 2.3; OPEX: 2.3 Total H2 cost (pre-tax): 17.5 ct/kWh (5.83 €/kg)
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All values after Robinius, M. (2016): Strom- und Gasmarktdesign zur Versorgung des deutschen Straßenverkehrs mit Wasserstoff. Dissertation RWTH Aachen University, ISBN: 978-3-95806-110-1; except: [3] Krieg, D. (2012), Konzept und Kosten eines Pipelinesystems zur Versorgung des deutschen Straßenverkehrs mit Wasserstoff. Forschungszentrum Jülich IEK-3 [4] Tietze, V.: Techno-ökonomische Bewertung von pipelinebasierten Wasserstoffversorgungssystemen für den deutschen Straßenverkehr, to be published
Neg. RL (Surplus)
High Hydrogen Demand
Electrolyzer Node Electrical line County with surplus
Transmission Hubs Distribution
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In Detail: Pipeline Design Options
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Approach H2 production model
Input: Residual load data of REMP (M. Robinius) H2 demand model
Input: exogenous national FCV target value
Infrastructure model
Dependency: demand production
Cost optimization models Network-topology-flow-model, FS-selection-connection-model, Diameter-pressure-model
Techno-economic component models Compressor, storages, pipelines, electrolysers, fuelling stations (FS), power lines
( )production , ,m t X Y ( )demand , ,m t X Y
GIS data Geological und geographical data
Component data Technical und economic data
Physical properties models Real gas (and ideal gas)
[1] V. Tietze: Techno-ökonomischer Entwurf eines Wasserstoffversorgungssystems für den deutschen Straßenverkehr. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH – Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2016
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 18
Topology Design Options
Placement of the components within the system including the resulting mode of operation affects their design and life expectancy, thus leading to different investment and operating costs.
Electrical grid node Electrolyser Salt cavern Fuelling station without onsite storage vessel for balancing demand fluctuations
Power line Pipeline with fluctuating mass flow Pipeline with constant mass flow
Design I: Electrolyser placed at electrical grid node and demand balancing via salt cavern
Design II: Electrolyser placed at salt cavern and demand balancing via salt cavern
Design III: Electrolyser placed at electrical grid node and demand balancing via local onsite storage
Design IV: Electrolyser placed at salt cavern and demand balancing via local onsite storage
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Fuelling station with onsite storage vessel for balancing demand fluctuations
[1] V. Tietze: Techno-ökonomischer Entwurf eines Wasserstoffversorgungssystems für den deutschen Straßenverkehr. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH – Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2016
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 19
Pipeline Route and Storage Location Design II Design IV
Pipeline length: 3,135 km
[1] V. Tietze: Techno-ökonomischer Entwurf eines Wasserstoffversorgungssystems für den deutschen Straßenverkehr. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH – Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2016
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 20
Topology Design Options
Placement of the components within the system including the resulting mode of operation affects their design and life expectancy, thus leading to different investment and operating costs.
Electrical grid node Electrolyser Salt cavern Fuelling station without onsite storage vessel for balancing demand fluctuations
Power line Pipeline with fluctuating mass flow Pipeline with constant mass flow
Design I: Electrolyser placed at electrical grid node and demand balancing via salt cavern
Design II: Electrolyser placed at salt cavern and demand balancing via salt cavern
Design III: Electrolyser placed at electrical grid node and demand balancing via local onsite storage
Design IV: Electrolyser placed at salt cavern and demand balancing via local onsite storage
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Fuelling station with onsite storage vessel for balancing demand fluctuations
[1] V. Tietze: Techno-ökonomischer Entwurf eines Wasserstoffversorgungssystems für den deutschen Straßenverkehr. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH – Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2016
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 21
Design II Design II Low hydrogen demand at fuelling stations Maximal hydrogen demand at fuelling stations
Operational Pressure Variations
FS,minm FS,maxm
[1] V. Tietze: Techno-ökonomischer Entwurf eines Wasserstoffversorgungssystems für den deutschen Straßenverkehr. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH – Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2016
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Economics
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Gasoline(70 ct/l)
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Wind power(5,9 ct/kWh)ElectrolysisGrid feed-in
Wind power(5,9 ct/kWh)ElectrolysisMethanation
Cost
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OPEXInterest costDepreciation costEnergy costH2 appreciable costGasoline/NG, pre tax
22(0,7 kg/100km)
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CAPEX via depreciation of investment plus interest 10 a for electrolysers and other production devices 40 a for transmission grid 20 a for distribution grid and refueling stations Interest rate 8.0 % p.a.
Other Assumptions: 2.9 million tH2/a from renewable power via electrolysis Electrolysis: η = 70 %LHV, 28 GW; investment cost 500 €/kW Methanation: η = 80 %LHV
* Appreciable cost @ half the specific fuel consumption
Hydrogen for Transportation Hydrogen or Methane to be Fed into Gas Grid
Cost Comparison of Power to Gas Options – Pre-tax
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 24
Conclusion
A massive extension of renewable energy sources (RES) is mandatory for achieving 2050 GHG emissions targets
Wind energy will be the backbone
Seasonal fluctuations make storage systems in the terawatt hours range necessary
Only chemical storage systems can comply with this requirement
All energy sectors – mobility, industry, power... – have to be coupled
Electrolyzers are one major technology for sector coupling
A comparison of the different use options of hydrogen showed that:
Feed-in of hydrogen or synthetic methane in the natural gas grid are by a factor of 4 to 6 more expensive than conventional natural gas
Hydrogen from RES as a fuel for fuel cell vehicles allows fuel costs in the same range as gasoline or diesel powered vehicles
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 25
Thank you for your attention Department of Process and Systems Analysis (VSA)
Dr. Thomas Grube Transport
Dr. Martin Robinius Head of VSA
Prof. Dr. Detlef Stolten Head of IEK-3
Dr. Alexander Otto Energy in the Industry
Dr. Bernd Emonts Deputy Head of IEK-3
Dr. Peter Markewitz Stationary Energy Systems
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 26
Introduction Phase The Value of “Mobile Fueling Stations”
[1] J. Wild, R. Freymann und M. Zenner: Wasserstoff - Schlüssel zu weltweit nachhaltiger Energiewirtschaft - Beispiele aus Nordrhein- Westfalen von der Produktion zur Anwendung. EnergieRegion.NRW, 12/2009.
[2] A. Huss und M. Corneille: Wasserstoff-Tankstellen - Ein Leitfaden für Anwender und Entscheider. Hessisches Ministerium für Umwelt, Energie, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, 04/2013
[3] A. Elgowainy, K. Reddi, E. Sutherland, et al.: Tube-trailer consolidation strategy for reducing hydrogen refueling station costs. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39. 2014. S. 20197-20206
[4] A. Niedwiecki, N. Sirosh und A. Abele: TRANSPORTABLE HYDROGEN REFUELING STATION. USA Patent, 2004 [5] I. A. Richardson, J. T. Fisher, P. E. Frome, et al.: Low-cost, transportable hydrogen fueling station for early market adoption of fuel cell
electric vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40. 7/6/. 2015. S. 8122-8127 [6] J. Ogden und M. Nicholas: Analysis of a ‘cluster’ strategy for introducing hydrogen vehicles in Southern California. Energy Policy,39. 2011. [7] K. Sun, X. Pan, Z. Li, et al.: Risk analysis on mobile hydrogen refueling stations in Shanghai. Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39. 2014. [8] J. Hongo: First Mobile Hydrogen Fueling Station Opens in Tokyo. Wall Street Journal - Japan Real Time, 24.05.2015 [9] Hydrogen Tube Trailer. Verfügbar unter: http://pimg.tradeindia.com/02724430/b/1/Hydrogen-Gas-Storage-Tube-Trailer.jpg [14.09.2016]
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 27
Placement Optimization for Hydrogen Fueling Stations
Input parameters Placement optimization Output parameters
[1] P. Lopion: Standortoptimierung und Konzeptionierung des Einsatzes mobiler Wasserstofftankstellen. Masterarbeit. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH – Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2016
Simulation of customer data
Optimal placement of hydrogen fueling
stations
Forecast of the hydrogen demand development
Site assessment
Hydrogen fueling station demand
Supplied customers
Profitability analysis
Probability distribution based on:
Allocation criteria on the district level: − Disposable monthly household
income/ Rent index − Number of inhabitants − Population density − Registered cars − Car density
Scientific analysis:
Possible application for the Industry:
Mobile App for FCEV Costumer − Information about fueling stations − Information about daily trips to work − ….
− Business density − Population density
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 28
Wasserstofftankstellen Berlin
2017 2018 2019 2020 2016
Fueling station w/o H2-distribution Fueling station w/ H2-distribution FCEV-Owner (Place of residence) FCEV-Owner (Workplace)
[1] P. Lopion: Standortoptimierung und Konzeptionierung des Einsatzes mobiler Wasserstofftankstellen. Masterarbeit. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH – Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2016
Existing H2-fueling station
Recommended location for mobile H2-fueling station
Relocation of a mobile H2-fueling station
New mobile H2-fueling
station
Expansion of customer base
Opening of a additional mobile
H2-fueling station
Institut für Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3) 29
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Cumulated infrastructure cost whenexclusively utilizing stationary fuelingstationsCumulated infrastructure cost whenallowing the utilization of mobile fuelingstations
The Value of “Mobile Hydrogen Fueling Stations” in Berlin
Potential cost savings over 15 years
[1] P. Lopion: Standortoptimierung und Konzeptionierung des Einsatzes mobiler Wasserstofftankstellen. Masterarbeit. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH – Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik, 2016
∆ 44
Without mobile hydrogen fueling stations
With mobile hydrogen fueling stations
The Value of „Mobile Hydrogen Fueling Stations“ in Berlin is
€44 Mio.