Energy Changes in Reactions - todhigh.comtodhigh.com/.../03/Energy_Changes_in_Reactions.pdf · The...
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Energy Changes in Reactions
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Energy Changes in Reactions
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Chemical reactions
When does a chemical reaction take place?
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Reactions, particles and collisions
Reactions take place when particles collide with each other
with a certain amount of energy.
The minimum amount of energy needed for the particles to
react is called the activation energy and is different for
each reaction.
If particles collide with less
energy than the activation
energy, they will not react.
The particles will just bounce
off each other.
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All reactions need a certain amount of energy to get started.
This is called the activation energy (Ea).
Activation energy is needed to start breaking the bonds of
the reactants. In most chemical reactions, some existing
bonds need to be broken before new bonds can be made.
What is activation energy?
Ea
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Making and breaking chemical bonds
Most chemicals will break up (decompose) if they are
heated strongly enough. This means that energy is needed
to break chemical bonds – an endothermic process.
energy
absorbed
Bond-breaking is endothermic so bond-making must
therefore be exothermic. This means that energy is
released when chemical bonds are made.
energy
released
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Exothermic reactions release energy – they get hot:
Endothermic reactions absorb energy – they get cold:
ex = out (as in ‘exit’)
en = in (as in ‘entrance’).
Most chemical reactions are exothermic.
thermic = relating to heat.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
When a chemical reaction takes place, energy is also
transferred to or from the surroundings.
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Endothermic reactions absorb thermal energy, and so
cause a decrease in the temperature of the surroundings.
sherbet!
Endothermic reactions
What are some examples?
thermal decomposition, e.g.
calcium carbonate in a blast
furnace
photosynthesis
some types of electrolysis
some sports injury packs
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Endothermic reactions: summary
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Exothermic reactions
Exothermic reactions release thermal energy (heat) and so
cause an increase in the temperature of the surroundings.
Exothermic reactions can happen spontaneously.
What are some examples?
combustion
respiration
neutralisation of acids with
alkalis
reactions of metals with acids
everyday uses such as self-
heating cans and hand
warmers.
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Exothermic reactions: summary
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Energy Changes in Reactions
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Energy level diagrams
Energy level diagrams (reaction profiles) are useful for
analysing chemical reactions. How to draw them:
1. Draw and label the axes.
2. Draw a line for the
reactants starting at x=0.
3. Draw a line for the
products at x>0.
ene
rgy (
kJ)
reaction (time)
reactants
products
Compared to the reactants,
the y-coordinate of the
product line can be:
lower (exothermic
reaction)
higher (endothermic
reaction)
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Energy curvee
ne
rgy (
kJ)
reaction (time)
reactants
products
The energy of the reactants and products is now shown on
the energy level diagram. How do we represent the energy
change during the reaction?
However, most reactions
require an energy input.
This is shown on an
energy level diagram by
drawing a curve upwards
before the energy drops
down to the products.
The overall energy change
is negative as this is an
exothermic reaction.
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What does the energy curve represent?
What sort of information can be gained from an energy
level diagram?
The energy needed for a
reaction to take place is
known as the activation
energy, Ea. It is represented
by the ‘bump’ in the curve.
The overall energy change
of this reaction is negative.
What is the key feature
that shows that this is
an exothermic reaction?
ene
rgy (
kJ)
reaction (time)
reactants
products
Ea
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Energy level diagram - exothermic
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Bonds and exothermic reactions
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Energy level diagram - endothermic
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Bonds and endothermic reactions
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Energy Changes in Reactions
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Bond energies
The energy changes in a reaction can be calculated from
the bond energies of the reactants and the products.
The amount of energy needed to break or make a bond is
called the bond energy.
Different chemical bonds have different bond energies.
For example:
432
240
428
H–H
Cl–Cl
H–Cl
bondbond energy
(kJ/mol)
Bond energies are
given per mole.
This is the energy
needed to break
the bonds in one
mole of H2.
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Reaction energy
The overall reaction energy can be calculated from the
bond energies of the products and reactants:
energy needed
to break the
reactant bonds
energy released
from making the
product bonds
overall energy
change of the
reaction
=
This could also be written as:
Total energy change
= energy in
(endothermic)
energy out
(exothermic)-
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Calculating reaction energy
What are the energy changes in the reaction between
hydrogen and chlorine?
H2 2HCl+ Cl2
hydrogen hydrogen chloride+ chlorine
energy for bond-breaking
= H–H + Cl–Cl
= 432 + 240
= 672kJ/mol
= H–Cl + H–Cl
= 428 + 428
= 856kJ/mol
energy from bond-making
= energy in - energy out
= 672kJ/mol - 856kJ/mol
= -184kJ/mol
total energy change
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Energy level diagram for H2 + Cl2
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Calculating the energy
432
498
463
H–H
O=O
O–H
bond bond energy (kJ/mol)
Bond energies can be used to calculate the amount of energy
given out by the reaction in a hydrogen fuel cell.
energy for bond-breaking
= 2H–H + O=O
= 2 × 432 + 498
= 1362kJ/mol
= 4H–O
= 4 × 463
= 1852kJ/mol
energy from bond-making
= energy in – energy out
= 1362kJ – 1852kJ = –490kJ/mol
total energy change
2H2 + O2 2H2O
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Energy Changes in Reactions
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Glossary
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True or false?
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Calculating reaction energy
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Multiple-choice quiz