Energy and Life. Energy = the ability to do work –Life on earth depends on a flow of energy...
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Transcript of Energy and Life. Energy = the ability to do work –Life on earth depends on a flow of energy...
![Page 1: Energy and Life. Energy = the ability to do work –Life on earth depends on a flow of energy –Cells need energy constantly to continue functioning.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ebc5503460f94bc5b74/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Energy and Life
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Energy = the ability to do work
– Life on earth depends on a flow of energy
– Cells need energy constantly to continue functioning.
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• Energy comes in many forms
– Examples:• Light• Heat• Energy stored in chemical compounds (like
glucose)
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Most cellular processes require the input of energy.
Like what?
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Examples:– Synthesis of new molecules
• proteins, enzymes, DNA etc.
– Breakdown of molecules • chemical digestion
– Build new structures • membranes, organelles, etc.
– Maintain Homeostasis • eliminate wastes, maintain body temp., active transport,
cell movement etc.
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• Where do cells get this energy?
– From food we eat
– We measure the energy content of food in calories.
– Certain reactions break down these molecules to release energy.
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• Energy released from a Gummy Bear
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uj9D3mc7tVg&feature=related&safe=active
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– Can’t use energy directly from food
– Need to store it and release it gradually.
– Store it in molecules of ATP.
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)– Source of cellular energy
– Stores energy as food is broken down so that it can be released slowly to cell when needed rather than all at once.
– A type of energy “currency”, that can be “paid out” as the cell needs it.
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Structure of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)– 1 adenine (type of nitrogenous base)– 1 ribose sugar (5 carbon ring)– 3 phosphate groups
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How is ATP Formed?
– Energy is stored in high energy phosphate bonds
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– Cells bond a third phosphate group to ADP
– ADP • (adenosine “di”phosphate)
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– To release this energy again, the cell breaks off the 3rd phosphate group and energy is released.
– Can happen over and over again.
– Like recharging a battery!
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IMPORTANT TO KNOW!!
• How does ADP and ATP differ?
• How is this related to energy?
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Storing Energy
Add a phosphate to ADP
ADP + phosphate + energy → ATP
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Releasing Energy
Remove a phosphate from ATP
ATP → ADP + phosphate + energy
Note:
The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is called ATPase.
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• Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose.
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ATP/ADP Cycle
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How do organisms obtain food to make ATP?
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• They eat it…
– Heterotrophs: obtain food
from consuming other living things.
• Ex: – Animals: herbivores, carnivores and omnivores– Fungi– Some protists– Some bacteria
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• They make it themselves…
– Autotrophs: use light energy from the sun to make their own food through photosynthesis.
• Ex: – Plants– Algae– Some bacteria
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Photosynthesis
• Process by which light energy is converted into the chemical energy of organic compounds (glucose).
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• Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells (as wells as some single celled organisms, that can carry out photosynthesis.)
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Chloroplast Structure• Stroma: protein containing fluid
• Grana: stacked membranes containing enzymes and chlorophyll.
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Chlorophyll: – green pigment
necessary for photosynthesis.
– Absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light and reflects green light. (that’s why most plants look green)
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• Note: – Other photosynthetic pigments exist besides
chlorophyll, but it is the main one used by autotrophs
• Ex: Carotenoids (orange/red colored pigment)
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Equation for Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis Overview
• Plants Take In:– Carbon Dioxide Gas– Water– Sunlight (energy)
• Plants Produce:– Glucose (form of stored energy)– Oxygen Gas
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The Process of Photosynthesis
• How Does the Chloroplast Work?– Light Dependant Reactions (Photochemical)– Light Independent Reactions (Carbon Fixation)
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Light Reactions
Light Dependant Reactions (Photochemical)– Happen in the thylakoid membranes of grana– Directly involve chlorophyll and sunlight
– Produces oxygen– Converts ADP to ATP– Converts NADP+ to NADPH
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• Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight– Creates high energy electrons– Electrons enter the electron transport chain– Eventually produce some ATP
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• Photolysis– Water gets split inside grana
• Breaks into:– One oxygen atom– Two H+ ions– 2 electrons
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• The Oxygen produced by splitting water gets released into the air
– Source of nearly all the oxygen in Earth’s atomosphere!
Thank you plants!!!
You make our lives possible.
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• The H+ ions and electrons
– Join up with NADP+ an “electron carrier”
– It becomes NADPH
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Making ATP
• H+ ions build up and cross the thylakoid membrane causing ATP to form as ATP synthase (an enzyme) turns ADP into ATP
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Dark Reactions
Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)– Does not require light– Happens in stroma
– Carbon Fixation: • Carbon gets “Fixed” from a simple 1 carbon molecule
(CO2) to a complex 6 carbon one that holds stored energy (glucose/C6H12O6)
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• Carbon Dioxide Molecules: (CO2)
– enters from atmosphere (through stomata)
– Combine to make PGAL a 3-carbon molecule– 2 PGAL combine to produce a 6-carbon
glucose
– Energy for these reactions to take place is provided by ATP and NADPH (from light reactions)
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Photosynthesis Summary
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Light vs. Dark Reactions
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• Video Overview of Photosynthesis (5min)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYbMPwmwx88&safe=active
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• Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
– Temperature– Light Intensity– Water and Carbon Dioxide Availability
Tutor Vista:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmmWiJ3g9Cg&safe=active
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• Temperature: – Enzymes are needed for photosynthesis– Function best between 0°C and 35°C.– Too hot or too cold and photosynthesis stops
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• Intensity of Light:– More intensity = more photosynthesis– Remember blue and red wavelengths are
most useful for photosynthesis
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• Availability of Water and CO2:
– One of the raw materials for photosynthesis– Split during photolysis reaction
– Water loss can kill plants– They have evolved strategies
• Waxy coatings on leaves
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• Stomata: – small openings in plant
leaves that normally admit carbon dioxide
– Water can also escape through opening
• Guard Cells:– Can open or close
stomata to help prevent excess water loss from plant
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Stomata and Guard Cells Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFX4JrsPaUs&safe=active
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