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Energy and Economy
Energy Modelling Lab.Department of Energy Studies,
Energy Systems Division, Ajou University Prof. Suduk Kim
CHP continued…
How Fuel Cells Work? How electrolysis works How Fuel Cells Work (1)
Advantages of Direct FuelCell® (DFC®) stationary power plants
FuelCell Energy’s DFC power plants offer numerous advantages over conventional and alternative power generation sources: Ultra-clean due to their virtual absence of pollutants which supports sustainability
goals, facilitates clean air permitting during installation, and benefits public health throughout the lifecycle of the power plant
Economical because high efficiency reduces fuel costs Reliable baseload power provides continuous electricity and heat around-the-clock On-site distributed generation improves power reliability and energy security Fuel flexible DFCs can be operated on clean natural gas, renewable biogas or
directed biogas Combined heat and power (CHP) further drives economics and efficiency — as
high as 90 percent, depending on the application Avoid investment and maintenance in costly, difficult to site transmission &
distribution (T&D) infrastructure Versatile DFC power plants convert biogas waste disposal problems into ultra-
clean power generation solutions for operations that generate biogas High efficiency minimizes the carbon footprint of DFC plants operating on natural
gas; DFC plants are generally classified as carbon neutral by regulatory bodies when operating on biogas due to its renewable nature
Source: Fuel Cell Energy, also available at http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/why-fuelcell-energy/benefits/
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- the need to have a framework to facilitate the Demand Response in power market- the Importance of the bilateral information exchange
Economics of Smart Grid (Demand Response)
Software CD Design
Hourly Power Consumption Analysis (KEPCO)
--66--
Program Initiation
Hourly Power Consumption Analysis (KEPCO)
Main Menu
Hourly Power Consumption Analysis (KEPCO)
--88--
Data
Raw Data on Customer Information
KEPCO Affilate Data Points(’05-’09)
NumberCustomer
경기북부 72,923 2,081
충북 60,664 1,271
충남 129,646 3,153
인천 141,233 2,743
전북 47,882 976
제주 14,012 214
전남 100,644 1,965
경기 257,011 5,774
경남 81,056 1,714
강원 48,538 1,193
부산 199,026 4,213
대구 & 경북 124,698 2,940
서울 236,798 5,969
총합계 1,514,131 34,206
Raw Data on Customer Load Profile
KEPCO Affilate Number of Days (’05-’09)
NumberCustomer
경기북부 1,041,137 764
충북 269,208 182
충남 402,621 248
인천 1,723,160 1,209
전북 930,248 630
제주 298,976 230
전남 1,594,857 1,148
경북 123,928 85
경기 5,095,058 3,460
경남 1,516,664 1,055
강원지사 312,906 235
강원 249,733 239
부산 3,668,584 2,291
대구 573,901 370
남서울 & 서울 2,903,737 2,003
총합계 20,704,718 14,149
1. Raw Data Summary
99
Data Cleaning Process
Customer Profile
Data Points(’05-’09)
NumberCustomer
Total 1,514,131 34,206
가공된 고객정보 데이터
Data Points(’05-’09)
NumberCustomer
총합계 435,398 8,645
Load Profile
Number of Days(’05-’09)
NumberCustomer
Total 20,704,718 14,149
가공된 전력부하 데이터
Number of Days(’05-’09)
NumberCustomer
총합계 12,354,287 8,645
# Elimination of Duplicates# Choose in between the period of 2005.01 - 2009.12 # Elimination of Data Recording Error 2005.02.30/31# Final Sample selection in conjunction with load profile
# Elimination of Daily Duplicates# Elimination of Duplicate Errors at the KEPCO Affiliate (South Seoul/Seoul)# Final Sample selection in conjunction with load profile
1010
데이터 현황
분류 1 분류 2 분류 3 코드 기업수 비고
주택용 저압 100 199
일반용
갑
저압 211 87
고압 A 221 2,119
고압 B 231 1
을고압 A 226 844
고압 B 236 7
임시 ( 을 ) 2X8 696
교육용저압 213 3
고압 A 223 16
농사용갑 410 1
병 430 43
3. 모형적용을 위한 고객정보 및 전력부하 데이터 현황 (1)
1111
데이터 현황
분류 1 분류 2 분류 3 코드 기업수 비고
산업용
갑
저압 311 51
고압 A 321 483
고압 B 331 2
을고압 A 721 2,428
고압 B 731 4
병
고압 A 726 1,399
고압 B 736 161
고압 C 746 1
가로등 을 610 35
심야갑 905 16
을 915 68
3. 모형적용을 위한 고객정보 및 전력부하 데이터 현황 (2)
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=> 위 것과 함께 하나로
KSIC ( Korean standard industrial classification) and KEPCO Data
1313
Panel Type of Regression Equation
1414
Fitted Load Pattern (Chemical Industry C, High Voltage A)
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- Customer Number [726-0305] - Actual and Fitted load pattern
480Hours after Jan. 1st
Simulation Result(Chemical Industry C, High Voltage A)
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- Customer Number [726-0305]- With the 20% Price Increase, following gives the expected impact on power consumption
480Hours after Jan. 1st
Smart Grid Taxonomy—Dividing the System
Source: Leeds, DJ, The Smart Grid in 2010: Market Segments, Applications and Industry Players, GTM Research, 2009
Telco, Manufacturers Companies
Power, Energy Companies
Telco, Energy, Computer, Consultant, Software, Hardware Companies
Taxonomy of Smart Grid: Players
Source: Leeds, DJ, The Smart Grid in 2010: Market Segments, Applications and Industry Players, GTM Research, 2009
Consumer Portal—Future Concept of Energy Management (Costumer Side)
Electric Power Research Institute, Consumer Portal Stakeholder FAQ and Survey, IntelliGrid EPRI, 2005
Costumer portal is “a combination of hardware and software that enables two-way communication between energy service organizations and equipment within the consumers’ premises”
1. Google Power Meter ProjectEight utilities representing over 10 million customers from 3 countries and 6 different US states have become the first partners of the Google PowerMeter project. They are offering these smart meters to their customers to enable them to access detailed information on their home energy use. To assist the utility partners with the integration to Google PowerMeter, the group is also joined by Itron, one of the world's largest meter manufacturers. Here are the first 9 partners:
Glasgow EPBLocation: Glasgow, KentuckyCustomers: 7,000
JEALocation: Northeast FloridaCustomers: 417,000
Reliance EnergyLocation: Mumbai, Delhi & Orissa, IndiaCustomers: 6.8 million
San Diego Gas & Electric ®Location: San Diego County and Southern Orange County, CaliforniaCustomers: 1.4 million
Toronto Hydro–Electric System Limited Location: Toronto, Ontario, CanadaCustomers: 684,000
TXU EnergyLocation: TexasCustomers: 2.2 million
White River Valley Electric CooperativeLocation: Portions of Christian, Douglas, Ozark, Stone and Taney counties in MissouriCustomers: 40,000
Wisconsin Public ServiceLocation: Northeast and Central Wisconsin and an adjacent portion of Upper MichiganCustomers: 450,000
Yello Strom Location: Germany Customers: 1.4 million
EUROPENo Telecom
companiesPower companies Main activities
1 Metering data center, M2M communication network
2 UTILIS’s smart metering, integrated solution with billing systems
3 NES meters, meter management software
4 Management of metering information, reporting, maintenance and support of all devices
5 System to manage the deployment of Linky smart meters
6 T connect Elecktro-Kraft and Jeppo Kraft
ADDAX remote reading electric meters
7 AiMiR system Deployment
8 Low cost PLC Automatic/Remote Meter Reading, Home/Building Automation, Switching and Lighting, HVAC Control
9 Turn-key solutions, services for the BPL/PLC
10 Advanced Automated Meter management (AMM) system solutions
North AmericaNo Telecom companies Power companies
1 Open standards-based, secure wireless network communications
2 Motorola Motorola’s Harmony system
3 Advanced Metering System, Utility of the Future Project
4 Intelligent communications infrastructure, smart meters
5 Motorola Wireless communication systems and services
6 Customer care and Billing, Pecan Street Project
7 Google Smart Meters “Google Powermeter Project”
8 intelligent communication platform , home energy management information and controls
9 Smart metering and Smart Grid engagements
Australia and New Zealand case
No Telecom companies Power companies
1 Turn-key metering, installation of AMM
2 Network infrastructure, communications
3 Advanced metering technology, operational services
No Telecom companies Power companies
1 AiMiR system Deployment
2 Motorola Motorola MOSCAD system
ASIA and South America
Task I : SGMM and KUL
SGMM Architecture and Matrix
6 Levels x 8 Domains
Source: SEI, 2011, SGMM Model Definition: A framework for smart grid transformation
Smart Grid Compass: SurveyFirst 4 sections: Non-Specific Questions on Surveyee
Sections 1 and 2 capture contact information for the responding utility and the person completing the survey.
Section 3 collects key data about the responding organization.
Section 4 collects grid performance data that is used to correlate the impact of increasing smart grid maturity with overall grid performance.
8 Domain-Specific QuestionsSections 5-12 present multiple choice questions
organized by SGMM domain that address each expected characteristic in the model.
Source: SEI, 2011, SGMM Compass Assessment Survey: A survey based assessment of smart grid maturity
KUL : Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Benjamin Dupont, Student Member, IEEE, L. Meeus, and R. Belmans, Fellow, IEEE, Measuring the “Smartness” of the Electricity Grid, 978-1-4244-6840-9/101, IEEE, 2010, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5558673&isnumber=5558663&tag=1
Ronnie Belmans, SmartGrids A Vision For Intelligent Electrical Grids Serving the Energy
User, CEER Smartgrids, June 29, 2009 SmartGrids A Vision For Intelligent Electrical Grids, Smart Grids
Presentatie, IEEE, 12 mei 2009 SmartGrids SRA 2035, Strategic Research Agenda Update of the SmartGrids
SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035, March 2012
Both at the same department!!
Ageing AssetsInstallation wave in European distribution systems in the 60s & 70s-> Replacement wave with business-as-usual approach-> Opportunity for new system architecture and operation schemes
EU SmartGrid Vision Proper Measurement of ‘Smartness’ of SmartGrid will be an essential part!
JRCEU SmartGrid Vision
But JRC has publications onBCA!
Source: SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda, Update of the SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035, EU, March 2012
Characteristics of SG (EPRI, DOE, KUL)
Source: EPRI, Methodological Approach for Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Smart Grid Demonstration Projects, Final Report, January 2010 U.S. Department of Energy, Smart Grid System Project, January 2009 Dupont, et al, 2010, Measuring the “Smartness” of the Electricity Grid
Characteristics* Dupont. et al .(KUL) DOE EPRI
1Enables informed participation by customers
Advanced Meters
Dynamic Pricing SignalsGrid related signal
Load ManagedCustomers
Customer potalsEnergy Savings
Smart Appliances
Demand Side Management Load Participation
Prosumer
2Accommodates all generation and storage options
Distributed Generation and Storage
PHEVs Load Factor
DER interconnection
3Sell more than kWhs**
New Energy Services Regulatory Policy
Flexibility Open Architecture/Stds
Customer Choice Electric Vehichles Plug-in Electric
Support Mechanisms Venture Capital Ancillary Service
Interoperability Maturity Level Interoperability certification
4Provide power quality for the 21st Century
Required Power Quality
Power Quality
Microgrids
5Optimise assets and operate efficiently
T&D Automation Deferred gneration, project
Dynamic Line Rating
Capacity Factors
Efficiencies
6Operate resiliently to disturbances, attacks and natural disasters***
Advanced Sensors
information Exchange Grid Response Load DER penetration
T&D Reliability (Improvement in reliability and outage restoration)
Standards in telecommunication infrastructure Cyber Security
Outage restoration improvement
Sub total 59 20 46
•*Each characteristics have similar name for each organization, the name of Characteristics are mainly based on Dupont et. Al.•**EPRI and DOE use ‘Enables new products, services and markets’•*** In EPRI, he has two Charateristics for #6, but we integrated those in one because of those similarity.
Task II : BCA
BCA Comparison from Various ReportsBenefits (EPRI 2010)
BCA REPORTS
EPRI 2004 EPRI 2011 FERC 2006 FSC 2008 IEE 2011
Economic
Improved Asset Utilization
Optimized Generator Operation
Deferred Generation Capacity Investments X X X
Reduced Ancillary Service Cost X X X
Reduced Congestion Cost X X
T&D Capital Savings
Deferred Transmission Capacity Investments X X X X
Deferred Distribution Capacity Investments X X X X
Reduced Equipment Failures X X
T&D O&M Savings
Reduced T&D Equipment Maintenance Cost X X
Reduced T&D Operations Cost X X X
Reduced Meter Reading Cost X X X X
Theft Reduction Reduced Electricity Theft
Energy Efficiency Reduced Electricity Losses X X
Electricity Cost Savings Reduced Electricity Cost X X X X
Reliability
Power Interruptions
Reduced Sustained Outages X X X X X
Reduced Major Outages X X X X X
Reduced Restoration Cost X X X X X
Power QualityReduced Momentary Outages X X X X
Reduced Sags and Swells X X
Environmental Air EmissionsReduced CO2 Emissions X X X X
Reduced SOx, NOx, and PM-10 Emissions X X
Security Energy SecurityReduced Oil Usage (not monetized) X
Reduced Wide-scale Blackouts X X
Source:
EPRI_2004 Power Delivery System of The Future: A Preliminary Estimate of Costs and Benefits (EPRI 1011001)
EPRI_2010 Methodological Approach for Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Smart Grid Demonstration Projects (EPRI 1020342)
EPRI_2011a Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid: A Preliminary Estimate of the Investment Requirements and the Resultant Benefits of a Fully Functioning Smart Grid (EPRI 1022519)
FERC_2006 Assessment of Demand Response & Advanced Metering (AD-06-2-000)
FSC_2008 Benefit-Cost Analysis of Advanced Metering and Time Based Pricing
IEE_2011 The Costs and Benefits of Smart Meters for Residential Customers
국내 BCA 사례 ( 한국전력 , 2011.7)
고객측면의 BCA 결과
Utilities 측면의 BCA 결과
Source: AMI 구축과 RTP 시행에 따른 경제성 분석 , 기획본부 , 경영연구소 , 한국전력 , 2011.7
Previous Researches
Source: EPRI 1020342, Methodological Approach for Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Smart Grid Demonstration Projects, January 2010
Other BCA ResearchesFSC, 2007, Benefit-Cost Analysis for Advanced Metering and Time-Based Pricing, Stephen S. George, Michael Wiebe, Workshop, Freeman Sullivan & Co., November 13, 2007 - (Short, ppt)
FSC, 2008, Benefit-Cost Analysis for Advanced Metering and Time-Based Pricing, Stephen S. George, Josh Bode, Michael Wiebe, Freeman Sullivan & Co., Jan., 2008 - (Full Document)
ESC, 2002a, Installing Interval Meters for Electricity Customers – Costs and Benefits - Position Paper, November 2002
ESC, 2002b, Installing Interval Meters for Electricity Customers – Costs and Benefits - Position Paper, November 2002, pp. 79-87
ESC, 2002c, Installing Interval Meters for Electricity Customers – Costs and Benefits - Position Paper, November 2002, pp 62-66
ESC, 2002d, Installing Interval Meters for Electricity Customers – Costs and Benefits - Position Paper, November 2002, pp.62-66
ESC, 2002e, Installing Interval Meters for Electricity Customers – Costs and Benefits - Position Paper, November 2002, pg. 85
CRA and Impaq Consulting, 2005, Advanced Interval Meter Communications Study, Draft Report, 23 December 2005, pg. 60.
Institute for Electric Efficiency, 2010, “ Utility Scale Smart Meter Deployment, Plans and Proposal (September, 2010)
IEE, 2011, The Costs and Benefits of Smart Meters for Residential Customers, IEE Whitepaper, Institute for Electric Efficiency July 2011
Greentech Media report, 2011, “ Smart Grid HAN Strategy Report 2011: Technologies, Market Forecast, and Leading Players, “2011
EPRI, 2004, “Power Delivery System of the Future: A Preliminary Estimate of Costs and Benefits,” Palo Alto, CA: 1011001.
EPRI, 2008, “Characterizing and Quantifying the Societal Benefits Attributable to Smart Metering Investments,” Palo Alto, CA: 1017006.
EPRI, 2008, “The Green Grid: Energy Savings and Carbon Emissions Reductions Enabled by a Smart Grid,” Palo Alto, CA: 1016905.
EPRI, 2010, “Methodological Approach for Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Smart Grid Demonstration Projects,” Palo Alto, CA: 1020342.
EPRI, 2011, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid: A Preliminary Estimate of the Investment Requirements and the Resultant Benefits of a Fully Functioning Smart Grid,” Palo Alto, CA: 1022519.
The Brattle Group , 2008, “Transforming America’s Power Industry: The Investment Challenge 2010- 2030,” prepared by The Brattle Group for The Edison Foundation, November 2008.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission(FERC), 2006, Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering, Staff Report, February 2006
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission(FERC),2008, Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering, Staff Report, December 2008
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission(FERC), 2009, A National Assessment of Demand Response Potential, Staff Report, June 2009
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission(FERC), 2010, National Action Plan on Demand Response, Docket No. AD09-10, June 17, 2010
JRC, 2012, Guidelines for conducting a cost-benefit analysis of Smart Grid projects
Modern Grid Initiative, http://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid.
Task III : JRC & DOE, EPRI
EPRI: The Concept of BenefitDefinition: an impact (of a Smart Grid project) that has value to a firm, a household, or society in general.
Types: Four fundamental categories of benefits Economic – reduced costs, or increased production at
the same cost, that result from improved utility system efficiency and asset utilization
Reliability and Power Quality – reduction in interruptions and power quality events
Environmental – reduced impacts of climate change and effects on human health and ecosystems due to pollution
Security and Safety – improved energy security (i.e., reduced oil dependence); increased cyber security; and reductions in injuries, loss of life and property damage
Perspectives: Three basic groups of beneficiaries Utilities are the suppliers of power and include electric
utilities that generate power as well as the transmission and the load serving entities that deliver it (and integrated utilities that do all three)
Customers are the end-users or consumers of electricity Society in general is the recipient of externalities of the
Smart Grid – effects on the public or society at large – which can be either positive or negative in nature.
Source: EPRI 1020342, Methodological Approach for Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Smart Grid Demonstration Projects, January 2010
Precision: represents the level ofprecision in the estimated magnitudes of these benefits and costs. A reasonable way of characterizing the general level of precision is to use broad categories such as:
1. Modest level of uncertainty in quantitative estimates and/or in monetization (the project might specify percentile values)
2. Significant uncertainty in quantitative estimates and/or in how to monetize
3. Highly uncertain4. Cannot be quantified
Map Functions to Benefits (EPRI)
Source: EPRI 1020342, Methodological Approach for Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Smart Grid Demonstration Projects, January 2010
Utility
Utility
Consumer
Society
Ten-Step Approach for Cost-Benefit Analysis (EPRI)
Source: EPRI 1020342, Methodological Approach for Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Smart Grid Demonstration Projects, January 2010
JRC Application of BCA (InovGrid)
Source: JRC, 2012, Guidelines for conducting a cost-benefit analysis of Smart Grid projects
Step 2 Identify Functionalities
Step 1: Identify Project and Its Technologies
Step 3 Map each functionality to standardized benefit
Step 4-5: Quantify Benefit
40
Characterization Module Screenshots (Example: Phase I)
INITIAL APPROACH TO QUANTIFY AND MONETIZE BENEFITS
Source: EPRI 1020342, Methodological Approach for Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Smart Grid Demonstration Projects, January 2010
Table C-2
In general,Benefit = Baseline - Project
Benefit Calculation Input Data
Optional Inputs: Alternative Formula of Benefit Calculation (usually more detailed) can be conducted at the right hand corner of new row of data input. Default: Default Input for Benefit Calculation
Baseline ~2016, Project 2012-2016
Cost Representation (Too Simple Process!)
1. Yearly Cost Input: the capital cost for each year along the project year
2. Amortized Cost Input: Initial and final year of spending, Total capital cost, and
Interest rate Yearly amortized cost is calculated
Amortized Cost
Yearly Cost
Task I,II,III and Comparison and Proposition
Relationships Among the Tasks
EPRI
DOE
SGCT
JRCBCA
SEISGMM
Tool Kit DevelopmentTASK III
EU SmartGrid Enhancement
Smartness
Performance Mesurement
Smartness, MaturityTASK I
EPRI Guideline
BCA-Benefit Cost AnalysisTASK II
Other Tool Kit Development Experiences of EML
Wind (REVAP v0.9) & PV
Solar - REVAP v0.9
4949
KNOC(Korea National Oil Comapany)