Energetics - · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of...

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Energetics Topic 5.1 – 5.2

Transcript of Energetics - · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of...

Page 2: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Topic 5.1Exothermic and Endothermic

Reactions

? ?

Page 3: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

• total energy of the universe is a constant

• if a system loses energy, it must be gained by the surroundings, and vice versa

Page 4: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

• a measure of the heat content (not temp)

• you cannot measure the actual enthalpy of a substance

– but you can measure an enthalpy CHANGE because of energy it takes in or releases

• = Greek letter ‘delta’ meaning change

• H = heat.

• so, H means ‘heat change’.

HEnthalpy

Page 5: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

• Why a standard?

– enthalpy values vary according to the conditions

• a substance under these conditions is said to

be in its standard state

– pressure: 100 kPa (1 atmosphere)

– temperature: usually 298K (25°C)

• if these were not standardized, then energy

could be leaving or entering the system

• modify the symbol from

Enthalpy Change Standard Enthalpy Change

(at 298K)

Page 6: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Enthalpy (Heat) of Reaction

• H = Hproducts − Hreactants

• lower energy is more stable

Page 7: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

• heat energy is given out by the reaction hence the surroundings increase in temperature (feels hot)

• occurs when bonds are formed– new products are more stable and extra energy is

given off

• Hproducts < Hreactants

– H is negative

• examples– combustion of fuels

– respiration

– neutralization reactions (acid reacts with something)

Exothermic reactions

Page 8: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

REACTION CO-ORDINATE

EN

TH

AL

PY

energy given out, ∆H is negativereactants

products

activation energyenergy necessary

to get the reaction going

Page 9: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

H2 + Cl2 2HCl

energy

H-H, Cl-Cl

Reactants

H, H, Cl, Cl (Atoms)

H-Cl, H-ClProducts

Energy taken in to break bonds.

Energy given out when bonds are made.

Overall energy change, H

Page 10: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

H2 + Cl2 2HCl

energy H-H, Cl-Cl

Reactants

H, H, Cl, Cl (Atoms)

H-Cl, H-ClProducts

Energy out = -862kJ

Overall energy change,H = -184kJ

Energy in= +678kJ

Page 11: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

• heat energy is taken in by the reaction mixture hence the surroundings decrease in temperature (feels cold)

• occurs when bonds are broken– the reactants were more stable (bonds are

stronger)• therefore, took energy from the surrounding to break

bonds

• Hreactants < Hproduct

H is positive

• examples

Endothermic reactions

Page 12: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

REACTION CO-ORDINATE

EN

TH

AL

PY

reactants

productsenergy taken

in, ∆H is positive

activation energyenergy necessary

to get the reaction going

Page 13: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion
Page 14: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

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Page 15: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Summary Table

Exothermic reactions

Endothermic reactions

Energy is given out to the surroundings

Energy is taken in from the surroundings

∆H is negative ∆H is positive

Products have less energy than reactants

Products have more energy than reactants

Page 17: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

• calorimetry– measurement of heat flow

• calorimeter– device used to measure heat flow

• heat– energy that is transferred from one object to

another due to a difference in temperature– measures total energy in a given substance

• temperature– a measure of the average kinetic energy of a

substance regardless how much is there

Page 18: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Temperature vs. Heat

• 50 ml water

• 100 C

100 ml water

100C

100ml of water contains twice the

heat of 50 ml.

Page 19: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Heat Capacity/Specific Heat• the amount of energy a substance absorbs depends on:

– mass of material– temperature– kind of material and its ability to absorb or retain heat.

• heat capacity– the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of

a substance 1 oC (or 1 Kelvin)• molar heat capacity

– the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole 1 oC (or 1 Kelvin)

• specific heat – the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of

1 gram of a substance 1 oC (or 1 Kelvin)

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Page 20: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Substance J g-1 K-1

Water (liquid) 4.184

Water (steam) 2.080

Water (ice) 2.050

Copper 0.385

Aluminum 0.897

Ethanol 2.44

Lead 0.127

Specific Heat (c) values for Some

Common Substances

20

orkJ kg-1 K-1

if multiply by 1000

Page 21: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Heat energy change

q = m c T

• q = change in heat (same as H if pressure held constant)

• m = mass in grams or kilograms

• c = specific heat in J g-1 K-1 or kJ kg-1 K-1

(or Celsius which has same increments as Kelvin)

• T = temperature change (final –initial)

Page 22: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Measuring the temperature change in a calorimetryexperiment can be difficult since the system is losing heat to the surroundings even as it is generating heat.

By plotting a graph of time vs. temperature it is possible to extrapolate back to what the maximum temperature would have been had the system not been losing heat to the surroundings.

Page 23: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Heat Transfer Problem 1Calculate the heat that would be required to heat an aluminum cooking pan whose mass is 402.5 grams, from 20.5oC to 201.5oC. The specific heat of aluminum is 0.902 J g-1 oC-1.

q = mcT

= (402.5 g) (0.902 J g-1 oC-1)(181.0oC)

= 65,712.955 J

= 65,710 J with correct sig. figs.

only 4 sig. figs.

Page 24: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Heat Transfer Problem 2What is the final temperature when 50.15 grams of water at 20.5oC is added to 80.65 grams water at 60.5oC? Assume that the loss of heat to the surroundings is negligible. The specific heat of water is 4.184 J g-1 oC-1

Solution: q (Cold) = q (hot) so… mCT = mCT

Let T = final temperature

(50.15 g) (4.184 J g-1 oC-1)(T- 20.5oC)

= (80.65 g) (4.184 J g-1 oC-1)(60.5oC- T)

(50.15 g)(T- 20.5oC) = (80.65 g)(60.5oC- T)

50.15T -1030 = 4880 – 80.65T

130.80T = 5830

T = 44.6 oC

Page 25: Energetics -  · PDF fileOn complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion

Heat Transfer Problem 3On complete combustion, 0.18g of hexane raised the

temperature of 100.5g water from 22.5°C to 47.5°C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion.

• Heat absorbed by the water…

• q = mcT

• q = 100.5 (4.18) (25.0) = 10,500 J which is same as 10.5 kJ

• Moles of hexane burned = mass / molar mass

= 0.18 g / 86 g/mol

= 0.0021 moles of hexane

• Enthalpy change means find heat energy / mole

= 10.5 kJ/ 0.0021 mol

= 5000 kJ mol -1 or 5.0 x 103 kJ mol -1

hexane is C6H14