Endomycorrhizae - KPUhorticulturebc.info/labreviews/pdfpests/Ectomycorrhizae.pdf · Ectomycorrhizae...

http://www.microbiologyprocedure.com/mycorrhizae/ectomycorrhizae.html

Arbuscular mycorrhizae Ectomycorrhizae

Ericoid mycorrhizae

Endomycorrhizae

Orchid

mycorrhizae

Ectendomycorrhizae

Ectomycorrhizae (ECM)

• “Ecto-” means outside and in the case of ECM it

means the fungal hyphae do not normally penetrate

into healthy cortical cells of the plant

• Mantle (m): fungal sheath on the root surface like a

glove

• Hartig net (n): hyphae between root epidermal and

cortical cells (c)

Ectomycorrhizae © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Mantle

Hartig net

Primary phloem

Primary xylem

Endodermis

Cortical cell

Hypha

(non-mycorrhizal “textbook” root c.s.)


Ectomycorrhizae are morphologically distinctive

http://cropsoil.psu.edu/sylvia/morpho Ectomycorrhizae © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Most ECM fungi are Basidiomycota

(e.g. Amanita, Amanita, Boletus, Cantharellus, Cortinarius, Entoloma, Entoloma, Gomphidius, Hebeloma, Hygrophorus, Inocybe, Lactarius, Paxillus, Rhizopogon, Russula, Scleroderma, Scleroderma, Suillus, Thelephora, Tomentella)

Ectomycorrhizae Peterson, R.L., et. al. 2006 , Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

And a few ECM fungi are Zygomycota

(in the genus Endogone and Glomus)

Some ECM fungi

are Ascomycota

(e.g. Cenococcum,

Muciturbo,

Sphaerosporella,

and, as shown,

Tuber)


Peterson, R.L., et. al. 2006

ECM predominantly occur on the roots of tree species in the

Pinaceae (ECM only), Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Salicaceae (may

also form AM, a type of endomycorrhizae).


• Hyphae emanating from the mantle may extend

several centimeters in to the surrounding soil

• Hyphae are small diameter and long and therefore

have a much greater surface area than do roots or

root hairs

• Hyphae access soil micropore space to reach more

water and nutrients in dry conditions

• Hyphae may also maintain hydraulic conductivity

with the soil as it dries and shrinks


Hypha of Cenococcum geophyllum

Root hair

>2000 hyphae

may emanate

from one

mycorrhiza

4 m of hyphae

in 1 mL of soil

Trappe and

Vogel, 1977


Peterson, R.L., et. al. 2006

Hyphae may combine to from mycelial strands or rhizomorphs

May grow several meters and transport water and nutrients (especially Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) to the roots


ECM may protect against root pathogens

• Species of certain ECM fungi (e.g. Lactarius,

Cortinarius, and Hygrophorus) produce antibiotic

substances

• Some of these antibiotics are antifungal on

Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium debaryanum and

Fusarium oxyporum

• The mantle may exclude nematodes

http://www.microbiologyprocedure.com/mycorrhizae/resistance-to-plant-diseases-by-ectomycorrhiza.html


Pratylenchus

penetrans

http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu Peterson, R.L., et. al. 2006

Abiotic Disorders & ECM

Nutrient deficiency symptoms less likely on

ECM plants

Leaf scorch symptoms less likely as many

ECM fungi can grow at water potentials well

below the permanent wilting point of the plant

Toxic metals (Fe, Al, Mn, S) or excessive

nutrients are more likely filtered out on ECM

plants Smith, S.E. and. D.J. Read. 1997

Trappe, 1977; Marx and Artman , 1979; Bowen, 1973; Theodorou, 1978


Photo Credits (images with no URL shown)

Peterson, R.L., et. al. 2006. Mycorrhizas: Anatomy and

Cell Biology Images. NRC Research Press.

Roth, A.L. 1990. Mycorrhizae of Outplanted Conifers.

M.Sc. Thesis. University of British Columbia. 298 p

Roth, A.L. Kwantlen Plant Database

(www.Kwantlen.ca/Hort)


Selected References

Smith, S.E. and. D.J. Read. 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (2nd Ed.). 605 pp. Academic Press, San Diego and London

Whipps, J.M. 2000. Microbial Interactions in the Rhizosphere. J. Exp. Botany. V. 52: 487-511

Zhang, R.Q. et. al. 2010. Forest Pathology (on-line) 28 JUL 2010


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