Endocrine system Pathology Dr.Motilal Godara
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Transcript of Endocrine system Pathology Dr.Motilal Godara
KARAGANDA STATE MEDICAL
UNIVERCITY
STUDENT INDIVIDUAL WORK
SUBMITTED TO - KAMYSHANSKIY Y.K.
SUBMITTED BY – GODARA MOTI LAL
GROUP NO. 3003
SUBJECT- Pathological Anatomy
Topic- Disorders of hypothalamic pituitary system
Disorders of hypothalamic pituitary system
HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
The hypothalamus-pituitary unit is the mostdominant portion of the entire endocrinesystem.
The output of the hypothalamus-pituitaryunit regulates the function of the thyroid,adrenal and reproductive glands and alsocontrols somatic growth, lactation, milksecretion and water metabolism.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Pituitary function depends on the hypothalamusand the anatomical organization of thehypothalamus-pituitary unit reflects thisrelationship.
The pituitary gland lies in a pocket of bone at thebase of the brain, just below the hypothalamusto which it is connected by a stalk containingnerve fibers and blood vessels. The pituitary iscomposed to two lobes-- anterior and posterior
Posterior Pituitary: neurohypophysis
Posterior pituitary: an outgrowth of the hypothalamus composed of neural tissue.
Hypothalamic neurons pass through the neural stalk and end in the posterior pituitary.
The upper portion of the neural stalk extends into the hypothalamus and is called the median eminence.
Anterior pituitary: adenohypophysis
Anterior pituitary: connected to the hypothalamus by the superior hypophyseal artery.
The antererior pituitary is an amalgam of hormone producing glandular cells.
The anterior pituitary produces six peptide hormones: prolactin, growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Regulation of Hypothalamus
Anatomical and functional organization
DISORDERS OF THE PITUITARY
GLANDDr. Belal M. Hijji, RN. PhD
May 2nd, 2012
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Endocrine glands in the human head and neck and their hormones
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Hypopituitarism
It is hypofunction of the pituitary gland.
It results from disease of the pituitary gland itself (destruction
of the anterior lobe) or of the hypothalamus.
Panhypopituitarism is total absence of all pituitary secretions
and is rare. Postpartum pituitary necrosis is more likely to
occur in women with severe blood loss, hypovolemia, and
hypotension at the time of delivery.
Is a complication of radiation therapy. The total destruction of
the pituitary gland results in extreme weight loss, emaciation,
atrophy of all endocrine glands and organs, hair loss,
impotence, amenorrhea, hypometabolism, and hypoglycemia.
Coma and death may occur.
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Pituitary Tumors
Are usually benign.
Their location and effects on hormone production can be life
threatening.
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Medical Management
Radiation therapy.
Surgical removal of the pituitary gland.
It is the treatment of choice in patients with Cushing’s syndrome due to excessive production of ACTH by a tumor of the pituitary gland.
Hypophysectomy may also be performed as a palliative measure to relieve bone pain secondary to metastasis of malignant lesions of the breast and prostate.
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Hypothalamic releasing factors for anterior pituitary hormones
Travel to adenohypophysis via hypophyseal-portal circulation
Travel to specific cells in anterior pituitary to stimulate synthesis and secretion of trophic hormones
Hypothalamic releasing hormones
Hypothalamic releasing hormone
Effect on pituitary
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Stimulates ACTH secretion
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Stimulates TSH and Prolactin secretion
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Stimulates GH secretion
Somatostatin Inhibits GH (and other hormone) secretion
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates LH and FSH secretion
Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
Stimulates PRL secretion
Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
Inhibits PRL secretion
Anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary: connected to the hypothalamus by hypothalmoanterior pituitary portal vessels.
The anterior pituitary produces six peptide hormones: prolactin, growth hormone (GH),
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH).
Hypothalamus-pituitary axis
Oxytocin: uterine contractions Reflexes originating in the cervical, vaginal
and uterus stimulate oxytocin synthesis and release via neural input to hypothalamus
Increases in plasma at time of ovulation, parturition, and coitus
Estrogen increases synthesis and lowers threshold for release
ADH and plasma osmolality
ADH and blood pressure