ENDOCRINE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMSYSTEM

consists of those consists of those glandular cells, cells, tissues, and organs whose products (tissues, and organs whose products (hormones) supplement the rapid, ) supplement the rapid, short-term coordinating functions of short-term coordinating functions of the nervous system. the nervous system.

HORMONEHORMONE

chemical signalchemical signal sentsent from cells in one from cells in one part of an organism to cells in another part of an organism to cells in another part (or parts) of the part (or parts) of the same individual same individual

Chemical messengerChemical messenger Produced in very small quantities, but Produced in very small quantities, but

cause big changes in their target cells.   cause big changes in their target cells.   effect may be stimulatory (pencetus) or effect may be stimulatory (pencetus) or

inhibitory (perencat).   inhibitory (perencat).  

Four (at least) categories of hormone-producing cells in insects:Four (at least) categories of hormone-producing cells in insects: 1) 1) Endocrine glandsEndocrine glands -- producing hormones and releasing -- producing hormones and releasing

them into the circulatory system. them into the circulatory system.

2) 2) Neurohemal organsNeurohemal organs -- store their secretory product in a -- store their secretory product in a special chamber until stimulated to release it by a signal from special chamber until stimulated to release it by a signal from the nervous system (or another hormone). the nervous system (or another hormone).

3) 3) Neurosecretory cellsNeurosecretory cells -- specialized nerve cells (neurons) -- specialized nerve cells (neurons) that respond to stimulation by producing and secreting that respond to stimulation by producing and secreting specific chemical messengers.  - a link between the nervous specific chemical messengers.  - a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system system and the endocrine system

4) 4) Internal organsInternal organs -- hormone-producing cells are associated -- hormone-producing cells are associated with organs like ovaries and testes, the fat body, and parts of with organs like ovaries and testes, the fat body, and parts of the digestive system the digestive system

1) Endocrine glands1) Endocrine glands the largest glands are found in the the largest glands are found in the

prothorax: prothorax: PROTORACIC GLANDSPROTORACIC GLANDS (A)(A) Produce Produce ecdysteroids/ molting ecdysteroids/ molting

hormones(ECDYSONE)hormones(ECDYSONE) stimulate synthesis of chitin and protein stimulate synthesis of chitin and protein

in epidermal cells for MOULTING in epidermal cells for MOULTING PROCESSPROCESS

Once reaches adult stage, its prothoracic Once reaches adult stage, its prothoracic glands wither (kering/kecut): glands wither (kering/kecut):

never molt again. never molt again. (A)(A)

(A)(A)

2) Neurohemal organs2) Neurohemal organs 1) 1) CORPORA CARDIACA CORPORA CARDIACA (B)(B)

Release Release prothoracicotropic hormoneprothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)(PTTH)

Only release PTTH when received signal Only release PTTH when received signal from brainfrom brain

2) 2) CORPORA ALLATA CORPORA ALLATA (C)(C) manufacture manufacture juvenile hormonejuvenile hormone (JH), (JH), Inhibits(merencat) development of adult Inhibits(merencat) development of adult

characteristics during the immature stages characteristics during the immature stages promotes sexual maturity during promotes sexual maturity during

the adult stage. the adult stage.

(B)(B)

(B)(B)

(C)(C)

(C)(C)

Neurosecretory cells Neurosecretory cells (D)(D) found in clusters, both medially and laterally in found in clusters, both medially and laterally in

the insect's brain. the insect's brain. specialized nerve cells (neurons) that respond to specialized nerve cells (neurons) that respond to

stimulation by producing and secreting specific stimulation by producing and secreting specific chemical messengers.   Functionally, they serve chemical messengers.   Functionally, they serve as a link between the nervous system and the as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system   endocrine system  

secrete secrete brain hormonebrain hormone(D)(D)

(D)(D)

(D)(D)

4) Internal organs4) Internal organs

Ovaries and testesOvaries and testes produce gonadal hormones: to coordinate produce gonadal hormones: to coordinate

courtship and mating behaviors. courtship and mating behaviors.     Ventral ganglia in the nervous system Ventral ganglia in the nervous system

eclosion hormoneeclosion hormone that helps an insect that helps an insect shed (tanggal) its old exoskeletonshed (tanggal) its old exoskeleton

bursicon:bursicon: that causes hardening and that causes hardening and tanning of the new one.  tanning of the new one.  

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL COMMUNCATION COMMUNCATION

IN INSECTSIN INSECTS(SEMEIOCHEMICA(SEMEIOCHEMICA

L)L)

3 modes of communication:3 modes of communication: Acoustical: produce soundsAcoustical: produce sounds VisualVisual Chemical: MOST IMPORTANTChemical: MOST IMPORTANT

SEMIOCHEMICALSEMIOCHEMICAL chemicals that mediate interactions chemicals that mediate interactions

between organismsbetween organisms Intraspecific: Intraspecific:

pheromonespheromones btw two members of same speciesbtw two members of same species

Interspecific: Interspecific: allelochemicalsallelochemicals btw 2 members from different speciesbtw 2 members from different species

INTRASPECIFIC INTRASPECIFIC (PHEROMONES)(PHEROMONES)

2 types of pheromones2 types of pheromones i) Primer pheromonesi) Primer pheromones Slower to act: physiologically alter (ubah) Slower to act: physiologically alter (ubah)

endocrine and reproductive systemendocrine and reproductive system Eg: queen pheromonesEg: queen pheromones pheromone secretions of the queen honey pheromone secretions of the queen honey

bee (bee (Apis melliferaApis mellifera) are partially ) are partially responsible for the inhibition of worker responsible for the inhibition of worker ovary development (become sterile) so no ovary development (become sterile) so no new queen is producenew queen is produce

ii) Releaser pheromonesii) Releaser pheromones Immediate response (nervous system)Immediate response (nervous system)

RELEASER RELEASER PHEROMONESPHEROMONES

i) ALARM PHEROMONESi) ALARM PHEROMONES Common in social insectsCommon in social insects When threaten or injured: alarm other When threaten or injured: alarm other

members to dispersemembers to disperse ii)SEX PHEROMONESii)SEX PHEROMONES

Attract males & femalesAttract males & females iii)AGGREGATION & RECRUITMENT iii)AGGREGATION & RECRUITMENT

PHEROMONESPHEROMONES ants: lay trails, lead to foodants: lay trails, lead to food bark beetle: aggregate to attack the tree bark bark beetle: aggregate to attack the tree bark

iv) IDENTIFICATIONiv) IDENTIFICATION to recognize members of same sp.to recognize members of same sp. eg: colony odor in honey bees: strange eg: colony odor in honey bees: strange

worker from diff. colony killedworker from diff. colony killed v)SPACINGv)SPACING

as repellents/deterentsas repellents/deterents eg: parasitic wasp: release spacing eg: parasitic wasp: release spacing

pher. on parasitized eggspher. on parasitized eggs

vi) FUNERAL PHEROMONESvi) FUNERAL PHEROMONES to make sure nests are kept cleanto make sure nests are kept clean alien and dead objects immediately alien and dead objects immediately

removedremoved too large, seal them in tombtoo large, seal them in tomb

INTERSPECIFIC INTERSPECIFIC (ALLELOCHEMICALS)(ALLELOCHEMICALS)

2 types:2 types: i) allomonesi) allomones emitted by one member of sp to a emitted by one member of sp to a

member of diff. sp, member of diff. sp, favourable to the favourable to the emitteremitter (penghasil chemical) (penghasil chemical)

eg: stink bug released chemicals, eg: stink bug released chemicals, delivered to predatordelivered to predator

ii) kairomonesii) kairomones released by a member of 1 sp, but released by a member of 1 sp, but

favorable to the recipients of another sp favorable to the recipients of another sp eg; human emit lactic acid, attract the eg; human emit lactic acid, attract the

mosquitoes (favor to the mosquitoe)mosquitoes (favor to the mosquitoe)

any of various internally secreted compounds any of various internally secreted compounds formed in endocrine glands, that affect the formed in endocrine glands, that affect the functions of specifically receptive organs or functions of specifically receptive organs or tissues when transported to them by the body tissues when transported to them by the body fluids.fluids.

any chemical substance released by an animal any chemical substance released by an animal that serves to influence the physiology or that serves to influence the physiology or behavior of other members of the same species.behavior of other members of the same species.

any chemical substance released by an animal any chemical substance released by an animal that serves to influence the behavior of other that serves to influence the behavior of other speciesspecies