Endocrine system by Cyrus L. Gonzales
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Transcript of Endocrine system by Cyrus L. Gonzales
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
10.7
• ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR HORMONES
LOADING CONTENT......
Inside:
Reporters:Romel BernardoCyrus Gonzales
Endocrine SystemPituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
Thymus Gland
•Small gland about the size of a pea.
•It is connected to the hypothalamus by a
stalk called Infundibulum.
•It is called the MASTER GLAND because it controls the function of so many other glands (ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, and adrenal cortex)
•It is divided into two parts: Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary
•Anterior and posterior pituitary contains capillary bed which connects it to the hypothalamus for direct innervations of hormones.
PITUITARYGLAND
•The hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland are:
•Growth Hormone•Thyroid Stimulating Hormone•Adrenocorticotropic Hormone•Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone•Luteinizing Hormone•Follicle-stimulating Hormone•Prolactin
PITUITARYGLAND
•The hormones secreted by posterior pituitary gland are:
•Antidiuretic Hormone (ADHD)•Oxytocin
PITUITARYGLAND
PITUITARY GLANDAnterior PituitaryGrowth Hormone - Most tissues -Increase gene expression breakdown
of lipids, and release of fatty acids from cells; increases blood glucose level.
Thyroid Stimulating - Thyroid Gland - Increase thyroid hormone secretion. HormoneAdrenocorticotropic - Adrenal cortex - Increase secretion of glucocorticoid Hormone hormones, such as cortisol; increases
skin pigmentation at high concentrations.
Melanocyte-stimulating -Melanocytes -Increase melanin production in Hormone in the skin melanocytes to make skin darker color.
Luteinizing Hormone - Ovary in female - Promotes ovulation and progesterone Testis in male production in ovary; promotes
testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testis
PITUITARY GLANDAnterior PituitaryFollicle-stimulating - Follicles in ovary -Promotes follicle maturation and estrogen Hormone in female; seminifo- secretion in ovary; promotes sperm cell
rous tubules in male production in testis
Prolactin - ovary and mammary - Stimulates milk production and prolongs gland in female; testis progesterone secretion following
in male ovulation and during pregnancy in women; increase sensitivity to LH in males.
Superior PituitaryAntidiuretic -kidney - Conserves water; constricts blood vessel.Hormone
Oxytocin - Uterus, - Increase uterine contractions.mammary gland Increase milk letdown from mammary gland
•Is made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called ISTHMUS.
•One of the largest endocrine gland. It appears more red because it is highly vascular.
•The main function of thyroid gland is to secrete thyroid hormone- which regulate the rate of metabolism in the body.
•The hormone secretion is regulated by hypothalamus and pituitary.
•Thyroid hormones are THYROXINE or TETRAIODOTHYROXINE (T4) and TRIIODOTHYROXINE (T3).
THYROIDGLAND
Goiter – enlargement of thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism – lack of thyroid hormones
*in infants hypothyroidism can result in CRETINISM
*in adults lack of thyroid hormones can result in MYXEDEMA
Hyperthyroidism - increase in metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, and chronic fatigue.
THYROIDGLAND
THYROIDGLANDThyroid hormones -Most cells of the Body -Increase metabolic rates, (Thyroxine & Triiodothyroxine) essential for normal
process of growth and maturation.
Calcitonin -Primarily bone - Decrease rate of bone breakdown; prevents large increase in blood Calcium
levels following a meal
•
• Embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid gland.
• It secrets hormone called PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) – which is essential for regulation of blood calcium levels.
• Hyperparathyroidism- abnormally high rate of PTH secretion.
• Hypoparathyroidism- abnormally low rate of PTH secretion.
PARATHYROIDGLAND
PARATHYROIDGLAND
Parathyroid hormones
-Bone, Kidney
-Increase rate of bone breakdown by osteoclasts; increases vitamin D synthesis, essential for maintenance of normal blood calcium level.
•
•Two small glands located superior to each kidney.
• Each adrenal gland has an inner part called ADRENAL MEDULLA and an outer part called ADRENAL CORTEX. They function as separate glands
•The principal hormones of adrenal medulla are Epinephrine and Noripinephrine – also known as Fight-or-Flight hormone. They are release in response to stimulation of sympathetic nervous system.
ADRENAL GLAND
•Adrenal Cortex secretes three classes of steroid hormones:
•Mineralocorticoids
•Glucocorticoids
•Androgens
ADRENAL GLAND
ADRENALGLANDAdrenal MedullaEpinephrine, some - Heart, Blood vessel - increase cardiac outputmostly noripenephrine liver, fat cells increase blood flow to
skeletal muscles and heart; increase release of glucose and fatty acids into blood; in general prepares body for physical activity
ADRENALGLANDAdrenal CortexMineralocorticoids - Kidneys; to lesser degree - increase rate of sodium
intestine and sweat glands transport into the body increase rate of potassium excretion; secondarily favor water retention.
Glucocorticoids -Most tissues (liver, fat, skeletal -Increase fat and protein muscle, immune tissues) breakdown; increase
glucose synthesis from amino acids; increase
blood nutrient level; inhibit inflammation and immune response.
Adrenal Androgens - Most tissues -Insignificant in males; increase female sexual drive, growth of pubic and axillary hair.
•Endocrine part of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets. The islets secrete two hormones- insulin and glucagon- which helps regulates blood levels of nutrients specially glucose.
•Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells while insulin is secreted by beta cells.
PANCREAS
•The hormone INSULIN is released by beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose levels.
•The hormone GLUCAGON is released from alpha cells when blood glucose levels are too low.
PANCREAS
Insulin -Especially liver, skeletal -Increase uptake and use of muscle, adipose tissue. Glucose and amino acids.
Glucagon - Primarily liver - Increase breakdown of glycogen
and release of glucose into the circulatory system.
PACREAS
•The testes of males secret sex hormones in addition to sperm cells.
•The main sex hormone in male is TESTOSTERONE.
TESTES
•The ovary of female secrete sex hormones in addition to egg cells or oocytes.
•Two main classes of sex hormone in female: PROGESTERONE & ESTROGEN.
OVARY
TESTES
TESTOSTERONE -Most tissues -Aids in sperm cell production, maintenance of functional reproductive
organs, secondary sexual charac- teristics, sexual behavior.
OVARIES
Estrogens & - Most tissues - Aids in uterine and mammary gland
Progesterone development and function , external genitalia structure, secondary sexual characteristics, sexual behavior, menstrual
cycle.
TESTES AND OVARIES
•The thymus lies in the upper part of thoracic cavity.
•It is important in the function of immune system.
•It secretes hormone called THYMOSIN.
THYMUSGLAND
•The pineal gland is a small, pinecone-shaped structure located superior and posterior to the thalamus.
•It secretes hormone called MELATONIN.
PINEALGLAND
MELATONIN
-Among others, Hypothalamus
-Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thereby inhibiting reproduction.
PINEALGLAND
Explain and give the function of their hormones (1)
Pituitary Gland –
Thyroid Gland –
Parathyroid Gland –
Pancreas –
Adrenal Gland –
Testes and Ovaries –
Thymus Gland –
Pineal Gland –