Endocrine Systemand Diabetes

Fran BattagliaJen Ng

Joshua PaikJulie Dilollo

Stephen Silva

Overview - Function

• Network of glands that release signals for regulation in the form of hormones.o  Moodo Growtho Developmento Tissue Function o Metabolism

•  Hormones are chemical messengers released in the blood that transfer instructions and information from one set of cells to another.o Target cells have receptors specific to the structure of

a hormone.

Overview- Function

Types of Signaling:• Endocrine - a series of ductless glands that secrete hormones,

signaling each other in sequence.o example: thyroid, pituitary

• Exocrine - less vascular glands that do not secrete into the blood.o example: sweat glands, gastrointestinal glands

 • Regulation of hormone secretion is either monitored by the

gland that originally secreted the hormone, or by another gland.o Negative feedback loops

Overview - Major GlandsHYPOTHALAMUS•  Located in the lower central part of the brain.• Connection between endocrine and nervous system.• Control center that either stimulates or suppresses the excretions of

the pituitary. PITUITARY• Located under the hypothalamus.•  "Master Gland" = makes the hormones that control other glands.•  Anterior Lobe

o  Regulates activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands

• Posterior Lobeo  Releases antidiuretic hormone - water balance regulation

 Endorphins - reduce sensitivity to pain Oxytocin - triggers contractions of the uterus during labor

Overview - Major Glands

THYROID• Located in front part of lower neck.• Produces the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

o control rate at which cells burn fuels from food to create energy.

o Amount of hormone in bloodstream is directly proportional to the rate of metabolic processes.

• Bone growth and development of the nervous system. PARATHYROID• Four small glands attached to the thyroid.• Regulation of calcium levels in blood.

Overview - Major GlandsADRENAL•  A pair of glands, one on top of each kidney•  Adrenal Cortex

o  Produces hormones called corticosteroids Regulate salt and water balance  Metabolism Immune system  Sexual development and function

• Adrenal Medullao  Produces epinephrine (a.k.a. adrenaline)

Increases blood pressure and heart rate PINEAL GLAND• Located in the brain• Releases melatonin

o Wake-sleep cycle regulation

Overview - Major GlandsGONADS•  Male and female main source of sex hormones.• Male

o  Testes in the scrotum secrete androgens, most important = testosterone

o Regulate body changes associated with sexual development.o  Testosterone regulates production of sperm in testes.

• Femaleo Ovaries, located in the pelviso  Produce eggso  Estrogen and progesterone production

 Support sexual development, including regulation of menstrual cycle.

 PANCREAS• Secretes two hormones: glucagon and insulin

o  Blood sugar regulation

The Glands of the Endocrine System

http://www.supernutrients.com.au/endocrineSystem2.gif

Insulin/Glucose Interaction

• Both Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 share one feature:o  Elevated blood sugar (glucose) levels due to insufficiencies of

insulin• Glucose molecules are small units of energy extracted from food

or adipose. After the food or fat cells have been broken down, glucose is temporarily in the bloodstream until it can enter the body cells and be used for energy.

• Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas when the BGL (Blood Glucose Level) is elevated and transported in the plasma to the liver and muscle cells. It binds to the cell membranes and makes them permeable to glucose.

Type 1• Autoimmune disease that affects 0.3% on average

 • The body's immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in

the pancreas, which are the endocrine cells that secrete insulin • Subsequently, insufficient insulin is produced, the muscle and

liver cells cannot absorb glucose, and the BGL rises above healthy limits

 •  Victims of Type 1 Diabetes must be administered daily injections

of insulin in order to survive. • Why the immune system attacks beta pancreatic cells is not yet

understood. Researchers have hypothesized about the involvement of genetic, environmental, and viral factors, but there is no strong support for any theory yet.

Etiology of Type 1

• Genetics • Poor diet (malnutrition)

• Environment

In most cases, diabetes occurs because:     -abnormal secretion of some hormones in blood                -act as antagonists to insulin

Type 2

• Also known as non -insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabeteso  NIIDM

 • Body produces enough insulin but cannot utilize effectively

because liver and muscle cells are resistant to it. Insulin Resistance develops gradually over time, and severity differs from case to case.

 • Usually develops during middle age

o  80% of cases occur after the age of 50  Incidences increase with age factor

Type 2

• Lifestyle factors (obesity and sedentary lifestyles)o  May be important in triggering genetic elements that cause

type  • 80% of people diagnosed are overweight

 

Etiology of Type 2

• Hereditary or Inherited Traits

•  Age•  Malnutrition•  Obesity and Fat

Distribution•  Sedentary Lifestyle

• Stress•  Drug Induced•  Infection•  Sex•  Hypertension•  Serum Lipids and

Lipoproteins

Etiology of Type 2

• Hereditary Traits - Through genes pass from generations, a person can inherit diabetes

 • Malnutrition Related Diabetes - Improper nutrition, low protein

and fiber intake and high intake of refined products • Obesity and Fat Distribution - Being overweight = increased

insulin resistance • Stress - Either physical injury or emotional disturbance is blamed

as initial cause of the disease

Etiology of Type 2

• Drug Induced - Certain drugs such as Clorazil, Zyprexa, and Risperdal are known to induce the disease

 • Infection - Some of the strephylococci is supposed to be

responsible for pancreatic infection • Sex - Commonly seen in elderly men or in women with multiple

pregnancies • Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins - High cholesterol and

triglyceride levels in the blood is related to high blood sugars

Symptoms of Diabetes

• Increased thirst• Frequent urination• Increased appetite• Fatigue and irritability• Blurred vision• Frequent or slow-healing infections• Erectile dysfunction• Tingling/numbness in the hands/feet

*Often people with Type 2 Diabetes have no symptoms

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

•  Hormonal changes during pregnancy which make glucose available to the fetus cause the mother's cells to decrease in their responsiveness to insulin (so that there is more glucose for the fetus) and insulin production is reduced.

• As a result, the mother's muscle and liver cells absorb less glucose, causing fatigue, dizziness, altered mental status, and the other common symptoms of Types 1 and 2 Diabetes.

• In most cases, the issue is resolved when the mother's hormones stabilize after delivery.

• Occasionally, the mother's cells remain insensitive to insulin even after the insulin-blocking hormones return to normal levels, and she develops Type 2 Diabetes.

Styles of treatments

 Western treatment• idea:if there’s a problem in

the body, treat it with medication

• attack one area to cure it.

Eastern Treatment• Idea: to restore body back to

normal state. If the body was normal in the first place, it wouldn't have gotten sick.

• treat not only one specific area, instead, they treat multiple areas that could be effected by the disease

Western treatment• insulin injections

o taken daily: two to three injections per day around meal times (for type 1)

• regulated diets• exercise• oral medication

o Sulfonylureas o Meglitinides o Biguanides o Thiazolidinediones o Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors o DPP-4 inhibitors

Eastern treatment

• acupressure massage-reduce blood sugar level• qi flow= stability

o perception of air and flow in the body• acupuncture

o yin and yang determination of how the body works is split into yin and

yang-->the organs are all separated into yin and yang. If a yin organ is having problems, they will help it out by balancing the yin and yang by treating more yin organs

• dietingo asian food remedies (ex: congee)

Hyperadrenocorticism(Cushing's Syndrome)Basic Information•     Cushing's is when the body has to much cortisol in

the bloodo  Causes

glucocorticoid drugs (drugs with cortisol) tumors

pituitary tumors release adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH) which elevates cortisoladrenal releases excess cortisol

Cushings part 2Symptoms•     weight gain (central obesity)

o trunk of face, collar bone, back of neck•  sweatiness, dialated blood vessels, thinning of skin,

purple/red stretch marks, male pattern hair growth, baldness, hypercalcemiao excess cortisol also causes

 insomnia, aromatase (stops estrogen production), libido, impotence, loss of menstrual cycle, infertility, euphoria/psychosis, depression/anxiety, sore aching joints

Treatments•     stop taking drugs with cortisol or remove tumors  

surgically

Acromegaly

Basic Information•     when the pituitary gland creates excess growth

hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure after pubertyoCauses

90 percent of cases are caused by pituitary adenoma others are caused by tumors in the pancreas. lungs, or adrenal glands

Acromegaly

Symptoms• enlargenment of soft tissue areas• thickening of skin• swelling internal organs• expansion of skull• brow protrusion• jaw protrusion• hypertrichosis, hyperpigmentation,

hyperhidrosis    

Acromegaly

Treatment• surgical removal of tumor• drugs• radiationopatients must be monitored carefully to

make sure there is no reccurence

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