End-use Energy Efficiency Reinhard Hawel, 8825548.
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Transcript of End-use Energy Efficiency Reinhard Hawel, 8825548.
End-use Energy Efficiency
Reinhard Hawel, 8825548
End-use Energy Efficiency
Energy/Exergy Primary Energy 400.000 PJ/yr deliver 300.000 PJ/yr useful are 150000 PJ/yr Global energy eff = 37% (est) Exergy (capacity to work) = 15% (est) Goal: reduce amount of energy to
produce a service
Tends
OECD countries Industry: reductions energy/GDP 20-50% Households: energy req fell (units/floor)
Central heating Service sector: less energy/sqm Passenger Transportation: reductions
ceased taxes
Freight transport: small change/(t*km) Improvements in efficciency more truck transports
Trends
Transition Economies Industry: contraction in energy use Traffic: rapid growth room for improvement when renewing
infrastructure
Trends
Developing Asia / Africa / Latin America Higher income dev countries
Manufacturers in industrialized countries move energy intensive industries
household devices more efficient, but rapidly growing numbers
Service and public: rapidly rising electricity consumption
cars and trucks increasing
Trends
Lower income dev. Countries Households shift from traditional to
commercially available fuels efficiencies of cooking devices higher import obsolete technology from
industrialized countries used vehicles /old car stock
Technology Transfer
Used factories/equipment from the industrialized countries
Transition countries low-temp heat supply consumes 40% of
fuel district heating systems
technology at the cusomers site can save up to 30% of heat
Technology Transfer
developing countries Proper selection
licensed technology may not fit the countries needs information support systems and infrastructore to
help selection Adaption and full use of transferred
technology need of state-of-the-art technology need for capital SMEs ignore benefits of technology upgrades
Potential for improvement
Potential in the systemic perspective Optimizing transport/distribution of energy Optimizing location of Users Supplying the suitable form of heat with
right temperature/pressure Adequate use off carriers
Cogeneration production processes with high temperatures
followed by production processes with lower temperatures
Potential for Improvement
Technical potentials Increase exergy efficiency
exploiting different temperatures of heat streams reducing losses
Insulation substitution of processes
New materials Recycling of energy-intensive materials Re-substitution of energy-intensive materials
use natural materials instead of plastics
Potential for Improvement
thermal "down-flow" Energy transfer between industrial,
commercial, residentual sectors No comfort loss
Insulation Low energy houses Vienna: EnergyBase Office Building Substitution of processes Catalysts new materials new processes cutting with better surface quality
Policies
General 50 to 80% of direct subsidies are estimated
to go to free riders Low-interest Loans Standards and labelling avoid the need for
individual information
Policies
Sector/Technology-specific Buildings
Refurbishing buildings education of architects and planners Education of landlords and home owners subsidized professional advisors require economically justified insulation and
window Design research and development
Household-appliances standards and labelling international cooperations
Policies
SMEs Training soft loans Labelling
Enterprises have information governments should use life-cycle cost as
measure of performance Transportation
remove subsidies for mobility remove untaxed benefits for employees driving
the companies car charging parking and using of roads city planning
Policies
Agriculture Increase of electricity tariffs in dev countries free consultation by experts credit and savings scheme
International Avoiding import of inefficient products Vehicles not older than six years
Bangladesh Hungary
Kyoto protocol greenhouse gas emissions are mainly related to
energy use Improvements in air traffic management
Obstacles
Investments remain invisible (politically) Lack of knowledge
minor changes can improve massively households Lack of access to capital Investment patterns Tariff structures
Time-of use/seasonal rates "Nachtstrom"
Obstacles
Legal and administrative annual budgeting ownership costs vs. buying costs
The landlord and the tenant In transition economies
unpaid bills metering Lack of cost-based tariffs for grid-based
energies Subsidies
Obstacles
Developing countries unaware of potential benefits supply constraints subsidies Trained staff import of inefficient equipment proliferation of inefficient equipment
Obstacles
Technology-specific Buildings
Landlord-tenant planners and architects paid based on investment
cost in dev. countries - buildings designed for
industrialized countries Household
underinvest in efficient appliances incomes in dev countries
Obstacles
SMEs investments not always based IIR assumptions Lack of funds Insufficient maintanance
Large enterprises no life-cycle cost analysis cheapest bidder Risk-averse management
Obstacles
Transportation No fuel efficciency standards in some
countries bad driving habits driving a car as an expression of individual
freedom limited number of alternative transport
methods developing countries lack regulation on
regular car inspections
Obstacles
Agriculture in dev countries often extremely low prices of
electricity Cogeneration
monopolistic structure of electricity sector low buyback rates district heating
Energy-Efficiency gap
A gap exists between energy use and optimal energy use
In an optimally allocatedeconomy this gap should be zero
Energy paradox Why are energy-efficient appliances not
more widely used ? Why don't they adjust their behaviour to
their costs ?
Energy-Efficiency gap
Market barriers Information can be used free of charge by
others, once created Adoption of a new technology is useful
information for others, the early adopter takes the risk
Who is the user, who is the payer ?
References
Jochem, Eberhard: World Energy Assessment: Energy and the challenge of Sustainability – Chapter 6
Jaffe, Adam; Stavins, Robert: The Energy-Efficiency gap; Energy Policy 1994, 22, pp.804-810