End Show Slide 1 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology LB: Use cover that doesn’t have...
-
Upload
kathleen-singleton -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of End Show Slide 1 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology LB: Use cover that doesn’t have...
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
Slide 1 of 31
Biology
LB:
Use cover that doesn’t have sticker on it
LB:
Use cover that doesn’t have sticker on it
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
Slide 2 of 31
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Ragweed Pollen
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 3 of 31
Immune Disorders
Although the immune system defends the body against pathogens, sometimes disorders occur in the immune system itself.
There are three different types of immune system disorders:
• allergies
• autoimmune diseases
• immunodeficiency diseases
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 4 of 31
Allergies
Allergies
Overreactions of the immune system to antigens are allergies.
Common allergies include pollen, dust, mold, and bee stings.
Antigens that cause allergic reactions are called allergens.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 5 of 31
Allergies
When allergy-causing antigens enter the body, they attach themselves to mast cells.
Mast cells are specialized immune system cells that initiate the inflammatory response.
The activated mast cells release histamines.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 6 of 31
Allergies
Histamines increase the flow of blood and fluids to the area.
They increase mucus production in the respiratory system, which induces sneezing, watery eyes, and runny nose.
Antihistamines are drugs that counteract histamines.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 7 of 31
Asthma
Asthma
Some allergic reactions cause asthma.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease in which the air passages become narrower than normal.
This causes wheezing, coughing, and difficulty in breathing.
If not treated, asthma can lead to permanent damage or destruction of lung tissue.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 8 of 31
Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune Diseases
What is an autoimmune disease?
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 9 of 31
Autoimmune Diseases
When the immune system attacks the body's own cells, it produces an autoimmune disease.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 10 of 31
Autoimmune Diseases
Some examples of autoimmune diseases include:
• Type I diabetes attacks insulin-producing cells.
• Rheumatoid arthritis attacks connective tissues around joints.
• Myasthenia gravis attacks neuromuscular junctions.
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) destroys functions of brain and spinal cord neurons.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 11 of 31
Autoimmune Diseases
Some autoimmune diseases are treated with medications that alleviate specific symptoms.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 12 of 31
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Immunodeficiency Diseases
An immunodeficiency disease is one in which a person has a weakened immune response.
In one type of immunodeficiency disease, the immune system fails to develop normally.
A second type of immunodeficiency disease is AIDS.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 13 of 31
AIDS
In 1983, researchers identified the cause of AIDS—a virus that is caused by the HIV for human immunodeficiency virus.
HIV is a retrovirus—a virus that carries its genetic information in RNA, rather than DNA.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 14 of 31
AIDS
HIV attacks and destroys helper T cells.
As the number of helper T cells decreases, the body becomes more susceptible to other diseases.
The diseases that attack a person with a weakened immune system are called opportunistic diseases.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 15 of 31
AIDS
HIV Infection
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 16 of 31
AIDS
Reverse transcriptase enzyme
Envelope
Virus attaches to host cell membrane by recognizing specific molecules on the cell surface.
Viral RNA
Capsid
Protein coat
1
1
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 17 of 31
AIDS
Viral coat fuses with cell membrane and viral RNA enters the cell
2
2
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 18 of 31
AIDS
Reverse transcriptase uses viral RNA as a template to make viral DNA. 3
3
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 19 of 31
AIDS
Viral DNA enters nucleus and attaches to host chromosome. There it may remain dormant or begin directing the synthesis of viral mRNA and RNA.
4
4
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 20 of 31
AIDS
Viral mRNA directs the host cell to assemble viral proteins.
55
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 21 of 31
AIDS
Capsids are assembled around the viral proteins and RNA. The new viruses bud off from the host cell membrane.
6
6
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 22 of 31
AIDS
Transmission of HIV
HIV is not transmitted through casual contact.
HIV can only be transmitted through the exchange of blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 23 of 31
AIDS
How can AIDS be prevented?
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
Slide 24 of 31
40-3 Immune System Disorders AIDS
Preventing HIV Infection
The only no-risk behavior with respect to HIV and AIDS is abstinence.
People who share contaminated needles to inject themselves with drugs are at a high risk for contracting HIV.
People who have sex with drug abusers are also at high risk.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
40-3 Immune System Disorders
Slide 25 of 31
AIDS
Can AIDS Be Cured?
At present, there is no cure for AIDS.
The virus can be controlled by expensive multidrug and multivitamin “cocktails” that fight the virus.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
- or -Continue to: Click to Launch:
Slide 26 of 31
40-3
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
Slide 27 of 31
40-3
Allergies result when antigens from allergens bind to
a. histamines.
b. pathogens.
c. mast cells.
d. T cells.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
Slide 28 of 31
40-3
An example of an autoimmune disease is
a. polio.
b. multiple sclerosis.
c. asthma.
d. smallpox.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
Slide 29 of 31
40-3
In Type I diabetes, antibodies attack
a. connective tissues around the joints.
b. neuromuscular junctions.
c. insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
d. epinephrine-producing cells in the adrenal cortex.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
Slide 30 of 31
40-3
The retrovirus HIV causes
a. AIDS.
b. myasthenia gravis.
c. asthma.
d. polio.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
Slide 31 of 31
40-3
The principle targets of the HIV virus are the body’s
a. red blood cells.
b. helper T cells.
c. connective tissue in the joints.
d. B cells.
END OF SECTION