End of WWI - Mrs. Warsaw's U.S. History Class...End of WWI Treaty of Versailles By July 1917,...
Transcript of End of WWI - Mrs. Warsaw's U.S. History Class...End of WWI Treaty of Versailles By July 1917,...
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End of WWI
Treaty of Versailles
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➔ By July 1917, Russian army disintegrated (Lenin’s Bolshevik party came to power---became
Communist)
➔ Germany can now fight one-front war
➔ German Spring Offensive didn’t break Western Front
➔ German gov’t agrees to armistice (cease fire) on Nov 11, 1918
➔ By end of war: ◆ 4.7+million American men served
◆ Lost over 100,000 men (fighting and disease)
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The deadly costs of war…
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What were the top 5 countries that suffered the most casualties?
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Verdun: Cloister of the Hotel de la Princerie
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Village of Esnes
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Palace of Justice, Senlis
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Paris Peace Conference
➔ Dec 4, 1918: Wilson first president to travel
overseas during term...determined to shape
peace!
➔ About 30 nations met in Versailles outside of
Paris BUT the “Big Four” dominated proceedings◆ United Kingdom (Prime Minister David Lloyd
George)◆ Italy (Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando)◆ United States (President Woodrow Wilson)◆ France (Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau)
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Palace of Versailles (2006)
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Mo and Me in the Hall of Mirrors (Palace of Versailles)
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What do you think the goals of the U.S. would be?
What would the goals of the other Allied countries be? (France? Great Britain?)
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Wilson’s 14 Points
❏ Wilson arrived to France with a vision for a
stable, long-lasting peace in Europe: 14 Points
❏ Last point was a goal to form a League of
Nations (precursor to United Nations)
❏ Most of the other Allied nations disagreed
with most of the 14 Points and demanded
harsh penalties for Germany
❏ League of Nations: Goal would be to form an
international peacekeeping organization
❏ U.S. Congress would not join League of
Nations (isolationist views!)
❏ Failed to help prevent WWII and dissolved
soon after start of war
❏ After WWII, United Nations formed
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Summary of 14 Points1 : Public diplomatic negations with no more secret agreements or secret treaties
2 : Freedom of navigation on all seas.
3 : Free trade among nations and an end to all economic barriers between countries
4 : Countries to reduce armaments and weapons to a level required for public safety.
5 : Fair and impartial decisions for the resolution of colonial claims
6 : Restoration of Russia territories and freedom to establish and develop its own political system
7 : Preservation of the sovereignty of Belgium and that it should be independent as before the war.
8 : France should be fully liberated, its territory restored and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine
9 : All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy and Italy's borders to be "along clearly recognizable
lines of nationality."
10 : Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.
11 : Self-determination and guarantees of independence for the Balkan states and its borders
re-drawn.
12 : Self-determination for the Turkish people and for Non-Turks under Turkish rule
13 : An independent Polish nation should be created which should have access to the sea.
14 : A League of Nations should be created to guarantee the political and territorial independence
of all states.
Causes of WWI:
MilitarismAlliancesNationalismImperialismAssassinationCompetition
Remember other issues: blockades on trade, unrestricted submarine warfare
In your notes, explain how points #1, #2, #3, and #4 connect to the causes of WWI:
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Treaty of Versailles❏ On June 28, 1919 Germany reluctantly signs Treaty of Versailles
❏ Summary of Treaty of Versailles:❏ Land returned to France❏ Poland becomes independent country with access to ocean❏ Danzig (major port in Germany) under international rule❏ All German and Turkish colonies put under Allied control❏ Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Czechoslovakia made independent❏ Austria-Hungary split and Yugoslavia created❏ Allied forces set up along German border❏ German army cut to 100,000, weapons scrapped, Navy cut (plus no submarines), no air force, banned union between Austria and
Germany❏ “War Guilt” clause: Germany must accept total blame for war❏ Germany must pay $33 Billion in reparations (about $402 Billion today)---paid final payment in 2010❏ League of Nations formed
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Results of Treaty of Versailles
➔ 4 great European imperial powers ended: German,
Russian, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
➔ Map of Europe redrawn to accommodate new
nations
➔ Many countries left with large minority groups (ex/
3.5 million Germans in Czechoslovakia)
➔ League of Nations weakened without U.S. support
➔ Germans felt unfairly treated…◆ Couldn’t pay back reparations so Weimar Republic just
started printing money...hyperinflation!