Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease978-3-540-29807-6/1.pdf · Therefore the...

Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease

Frank C. Mooren (Ed.)

Encyclopedia of ExerciseMedicine in Health and Disease

With 254 Figures and 92 Tables

EditorFrank C. MoorenDepartment of Sports MedicineInstitute of Sports SciencesJustus-Liebig-UniversityAm Kugelberg 6235393 GiessenGermany

ISBN 978-3-540-36065-0 e-ISBN 978-3-540-298

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07-6DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6ISBN Bundle 978-3-540-36066-7Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011944334

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the righof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in dabanks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under tGerman Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specistatement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

http://dx.doi.org/www.springer.com

Preface

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Life expectancy and disease prevalence vary considerably in the different countries and places around the worl

They show a strong relationship to the countries’ socio-economic status and the cultural development of their societie

Only about one century ago, life expectancy in western Europe was about 46 and 52 years for men and wome

respectively. Most common causes of death were infectious diseases, especially of the lungs, such as tuberculos

Likewise, in 1900 tuberculosis was the most frequent cause of death even in the United States. But nowadays li

expectancy and disease prevalence in western countries has changed dramatically. In Germany, life expectancy of new

born children has been calculated at about 82 and 88 years for men and women, respectively. Moreover, a significant sh

of disease pattern has occured. Today the most important diseases include cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic hea

disease and hypertension, metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus type II and hypercholesterinemia, pulmon

diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and malignant diseases. In contrast, infectious diseases are no

responsible for less than 1% of all deaths.

These shifts of life expectancy and disease prevalence have several reasons. One important reason is the improveme

of the health care systems, including the establishment of better hygienic standards and the development and availabili

of novel pharmaceutical tools such as mcrobicidal drugs. The next important reason concerns nutritional aspect

In western countries, malnutrition is rare, as food is available at any time in high amounts and quality. Instead, man

people ingest more food than necessary for their energy balance leading to overweight and obesity. And final

developed countries are characterized by a modern infrastructure showing high standards of spatial mobility an

communicative devices. This leads, however, to a progressive reduction in people’s individual mobility, also calle

a sedentary lifestyle. Consequently, sedentary lifestyle has been recognized as an independent risk factor for many wealth

related diseases, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes etc.

Sedentary lifestyle is an uncommon condition for the human body, a condition which it isn’t used to. On th

contrary, the human body is designed for movement and activity. Genomic analyses proved that the genome of moder

man is nearly identical to that of our prehistoric ancestors, the hunter-gatherer. His survival depended on both – h

speed and his endurance. Fast movements during fight-and-flight responses ensured survival against enemies. Lon

endurance runs were important for his success as a hunter. Therefore, exercise was a question of survival for ou

ancestors. Today there are ample studies demonstrating the manifold benefits of regular exercise, ranging from physic

and psychological well-being, prevention and therapy of cardiovascular, metabolic, proliferative, and neurodegenerati

diseases, to a decrease of overall mortality.

The aim of the Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease is therefore to address these different issues

a comprehensive reference book for both basic and clinical scientists as well as students and lecturers in sport and li

sciences. First, it should demonstrate the various and fascinating adaptational responses of the human body towar

exercise. These responses are not limited to certain tissues or organs such as muscles or heart. Instead, it has been show

that the exercise stimulus is able to address nearly every cell type, thereby inducing a harmonized systemic adaptation

response. Based on tissue plasticity, the adaptation may allow the development of enormous capabilities and capacitie

as regularly demonstrated by the records and excellent performances of elite athletes. But these adaptational responses a

equally important for both prevention as well as therapy of many diseases. Interestingly, there are manifold relationship

between high-performance sports and sports therapy. Several recent developments of training regimes in rehabilitatio

sports initially originated from protocols of elite sports. And this is the second aim of the Encyclopedia, to highlight th

evidence-based effects of an active lifestyle and regular exercise on numerous wealth-related diseases. Exercise is a

important therapeutic tool which in many cases shows effects in the same order of magnitude as medicamentou

approaches. Consequently, Exercise is Medicine™ as an initiative managed by the American College of Sports Medicin

was founded some years ago to inform health care professionals and patients about the potentials of exercise in disea

prevention and therapy and to support the inclusion of exercise into therapeutic regimes.

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vi Preface

Next, increased life expectancy and longevity doesn’t necessarily mean a life without limitations. Often agin

is associated with frailty, loss of autonomy, and obstacles. Therefore the encyclopedia also addresses the role of exerci

in delaying and hindering the concomitant loss of functional capacities during aging.

And finally, several essays address the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial exercise effects. Using variou

techniques frommolecular biology and cellular physiology, scientists were more and more successful in elucidating ho

different exercise stimuli, e.g. duration, intensity, frequency etc., are sensed and transduced into a cellular response. Th

molecular dimension opens new horizons and gives us an in-depth understanding of the underlying working mech

nisms of the exercise stimulus. And by elucidating the molecular components, new targets for future drug developmen

may be identified.

Together, the Enyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease aims to integrate these various aspects of exerci

and tries to build bridges – from high-performance sports to leisure-time physical activity, from prevention to spor

therapy as well as from system physiology to molecular physiology. In order to meet these challenges, more tha

200 authors have contributed their expertise by preparing in-depth essays and keyword definitions. All of them a

renowned specialists in their fields and reputable members of the international scientific community. It has bee

a marvellous experience for me to work with them and I wish to thank every single author for the excellent an

constructive collaboration. Furthermore, I would like to thank Ilke Krumholz for her excellent and competent secretari

assistance and my colleagues Karsten Kruger and Christian Pilat for fruitful and interesting discussions. It was a gre

pleasure to work with the Springer crew. In particular I wish to thank Andrew Spencer who patiently and untiring

managed the multiple aspects associated with manuscript handling and processing.

Finally, I would like to ask the reader for indulgence in case of any lack of clarity or even incorrectness

any contribution. Substantial efforts have been made to avoid these deficits, however, they can never be exclude

entirely. All authors look forward to receiving the reader’s suggestions and/or possible corrections which should he

to improve the scientific standard of this reference work continuously. The parallel publication of the Encycloped

of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease in an online version allows permanent updating and adaptation to relevan

novel scientific findings if necessary.

Giessen, March 2012 Frank C. Moore

List of Contributors

MATTHEW R. ALLEN

Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology

Indiana University School of Medicine

Indianapolis, IN

USA

STANLEY ANDRISSE

Department of Biology

Saint Louis University

St. Louis, MO

USA

STAVROS APOSTOLAKIS

Haemostasis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit

University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular

Sciences

City Hospital

Birmingham

UK

and

Department of Cardiology

Democritus University of Thrace

Alexandroupolis

Greece

ADAMANTIOS ARAMPATZIS

Department of Training and Movement Sciences

Humboldt-University Berlin

Berlin

Germany

DUARTE ARAUJO

Technical University of Lisbon

Cruz Quebrada

Portugal

LAWRENCE E. ARMSTRONG

Human Performance Laboratory

University of Connecticut

Storrs, CT

USA

NEIL ARMSTRONG

Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre

Sport and Health Sciences

College of Life and Environmental Sciences

University of Exeter

Exeter

UK

DIDIER ATTAIX

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique

UMR 1019

Unite de Nutrition Humaine

CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Universite

Universite d’Auvergne

Clermont-Ferrand

France

MICHEL AUDRAN

Biophysics & Bio-Analysis Laboratory

Montpellier

France

JOSE A. AZNAR

Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit

University Hospital La FE

Valencia

Spain

MARLEEN A. VAN BAAK

NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and

Metabolism

Department of Human Biology

Maastricht University Medical Center+

Maastricht

The Netherlands

KEITH BAAR

Department of Neurobiology

Physiology and Behavior

University of California

Davis, CA

USA

viii List of Contributors

DAMIAN M. BAILEY

Neurovascular Research Laboratory

University of Glamorgan

Pontypridd, Wales

UK

JULIEN S. BAKER

Health & Exercise Science

School of Science

University of the West of Scotland

Hamilton, Scotland

UK

R. BALS

Dept. Pulmonology

University Giessen and Marburg

Marburg

Germany

RUBEN BARAKAT

Universidad Politecnica de Madrid

Madrid

Spain

TOM BARANOWSKI

Children’s Nutrition Research Center

Department of Pediatrics

Baylor College of Medicine

Houston, TX

USA

TIAGO M. BARBOSA

Department of Sport Sciences

Polytechnic Institute of Braganca

Braganca

Portugal

ALAN R. BARKER

Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre

Sport and Health Sciences

College of Life and Environmental Sciences

University of Exeter

Exeter

UK

LUKAS BEIS

College of Medicine

Veterinary and Life Sciences

Institute of Cardiovascular and medical Sciences

University of Glasgow

Glasgow, Scotland

UK

M. G. BEMBEN

Department of Health and Exercise Science

University of Oklahoma

Norman, OK

USA

RALPH BENEKE

Bereich Medizin

Training und Gesundheit

Institut fur Sportwissenschaft und Motologie

Philipps Universitat Marburg

Marburg

Germany

ISTVAN BERCZI

Department of Immunology

The University of Manitoba

Winnipeg, MB

Canada

ALOYS BERG

Medizinische Universitatsklinik

Abt. Rehabilitative und Praventive Sportmedizin

Freiburg

Germany

ELLIOT M. BERRY

Dept of Human Nutrition & Metabolism

The Braun School of Public Health and

Community Medicine

Hebrew University – Hadassah Medical Center

Jerusalem

Israel

YAGESH BHAMBHANI

University of Alberta

Edmonton, AB

Canada

List of Contributors ix

FIN BIERING-SØRENSEN

Clinic for Spinal Cord Injuries

The NeuroScience Centre Rigshospitalet

Copenhagen

Denmark

GEORGE E. BILLMAN

Department of Physiology and Cell Biology

The Ohio State University

Columbus, OH

USA

e

DAVID J. BISHOP

School of Sport and Exercise Science

Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL)

Victoria University

Melbourne, VIC

Australia

NICOLETTE C. BISHOP

School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences

Loughborough University

Loughborough

UK

e

ALESSANDRO BLANDINO

Cardiology Division

Department of Internal Medicine

San Giovanni Battista Hospital

University of Turin

Turin

Italy

e

WILHELM BLOCH

Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine

German Sport University Cologne

Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicin

Cologne

Germany

DIETER BONING

Sports Medicine

Charite – Universitatsmedizin Berlin

Berlin

Germany

JULIUS BOGOMOLOVAS

Klinikum Mannheim GmbH Universitatsklinikum

Universitatsmedizin Mannheim

University of Heidelberg

Mannheim

Germany

MARTIN D. BOOTMAN

Laboratory of Signalling and Cell Fate

Babraham Institute

Cambridge

UK

A. N. BOSCH

Human Biology

University of Cape TownMRC Research Unit for Exercis

Science and Sports Medicine

Sports Science Institute of South Africa

Newlands

South Africa

LAURENT BOSQUET

Faculte des sciences du sport

Universite de Poitiers

Poitiers

France

FABIO BREIL

Department of Anatomy

University of Bern

Bern

Switzerland

KLARA BRIXIUS

Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine


Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicin

Cologne

Germany

ULF G. BRONAS

University of Minnesota

School of Nursing

Minneapolis, MN

USA

PETER H. BRUBAKER


Wake Forest University

Winston-Salem, NC

USA

s

)

x List of Contributors

ROSA MARIA BRUNO


University of Pisa

Pisa

Italy

THIERRY BUSSO

Universite de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physiologie

de l’Exercice

Saint-Etienne

France

CHRIS BUTTON

School of Physical Education

University of Otago

Dunedin

New Zealand

WIM A. BUURMAN

Department of General Surgery

Maastricht University Medical Center

Maastricht

The Netherlands

W. TODD CADE

Program in Physical Therapy and Department of

Medicine

Washington University School of Medicine

Saint Louis, MO

USA

MARISSA K. CALDOW

Molecular Nutrition Unit, School of Exercise

and Nutrition Sciences

Deakin University

Burwood, VIC

Australia

DAVID CAMERON-SMITH

University of Auckland

Auckland

New Zealand

C. CAPELLI

Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological,

Morphological and Movement Sciences

School of Exercise and Sport Sciences

University of Verona

Verona

Italy

KAI-HAKON CARLSEN

Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet

Deptartment of Paediatrics

University of Oslo, Norwegian School of Sport Science

Oslo

Norway

C. CASTAGNA

Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory

Technical Department Italian Football Federation (FIGC

Coverciano (Florence)

Italy

L. M. CASTELL

University of Oxford

Green Templeton College

Oxford

UK

YOUNG-HUI CHANG

Comparative Neuromechanics Laboratory

School of Applied Physiology

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, GA

USA

BENEDICTE CHAZAUD

Institut COCHIN INSERM U1016 CNRS UMR8104

Paris

France

YAJUN CHEN

Faculty of Public Health

Sun Yat-sen University

Guangzhou

China

MARTIN K. CHILDERS

Department of Neurology and Institute for

Regenerative Medicine


Winston-Salem, NC

USA

PHIL CHILIBECK

College of Kinesiology

University of Saskatchewan

Saskatoon, SK

Canada

y

List of Contributors xi

LI-SHAN CHOU

Department of Human Physiology

University of Oregon

Eugene, OR

USA

NIELS JUEL CHRISTENSEN

Endocrine Research Laboratory

Department of Medicine

Herlev Hospital

University of Copenhagen

Herlev

Denmark

ANDREW L. CLARK

Hull York Medical School

Hull

UK

TORBEN CLAUSEN

Institute of Physiology and Biophysics

Aarhus University

Universitetsparken, Arhus

Denmark

PHILIPPE CONNES

Laboratoire ACTES (EA 3596)

Departement de Physiologie

Universite des Antilles et de la Guyane

Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe

French West Indies

STEVEN W. COPP

Departments of Kinesiology

Anatomy and Physiology

Kansas State University

Manhattan, KS

USA

KEITH DAVIDS

School of Human Movement Studies

Queensland University of Technology

Queensland

Australia

STEPHEN H. DAY

MMU Cheshire Sports Genetics Laboratory

Institute for Performance Research

Manchester Metropolitan University

Crewe

UK

MARY JANE DE SOUZA

Women’s Health and Exercise Laboratory

Noll Laboratory

Department of Kinesiology

Penn State University

University Park, PA

USA

CATHERINE F. DECKER

Division of Infectious Diseases

National Naval Medical Center

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Bethesda, MD

USA

LOUISE DELDICQUE

Department of Biomedical Kinesiology

Research Centre for Exercise and Health

K.U.Leuven

Leuven

Belgium

LUIS DELGADO

Department of Immunology, and Immuno-allergolog

division

Faculty of Medicine

Hospital Sao Joao, E.P.E.

University of Porto

Porto

Portugal

VINCENZO DENARO

Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery

Campus Biomedico University

Rome

Italy

JARED M. DICKINSON

Department of Nutrition & Metabolism

Division of Rehabilitation Sciences

University of Texas Medical Branch

Galveston, TX

USA

AMIE J. DIRKS-NAYLOR

School of Pharmacy

Wingate University

Wingate, NC

USA

s

t

xii List of Contributors

JAMES R. DOCHERTY

Department of Physiology

Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland

Dublin

Ireland

PAUL VAN DONKELAAR

School of Health and Exercise Science

University of British Columbia – Okanagan Campus

Kelowna, BC

Canada

GAL DUBNOV-RAZ

Exercise, Nutrition and Lifestyle Clinic

The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital

Sheba Medical Center

Tel Hashomer

Israel

DAVID J. DYCK

Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science

University of Guelph

Guelph, ON

Canada

KLAUS EDER

Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Interdisciplinary

Research Center (IFZ)

Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology

Giessen

Germany

ØYVIND ELLINGSEN

Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Trondheim

Norway

ROGER M. ENOKA

Department of Integrative Physiology

University of Colorado

Boulder, CO

USA

KIRK I. ERICKSON

Department of Psychology

University of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, PA

USA

JOANNA ERION

Physiology Department

Georgia Health Sciences University

Augusta, GA

USA

ANDREA ERMOLAO

Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences

University of Padova

Padova

Italy

KATRIN ESEFELD

Department of Prevention

Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine

Zentrum fur Pravention und Sportmedizin im

Olympiapark, Klinikum rechts der Isar

Technische Universitat Munchen

Munich

Germany

GERTJAN ETTEMA

Department of Human Movement Science

Faculty of Social Sciences and TechnologyManagemen


Trondheim

Norway

R. H. FAGARD

Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit

Hypertension Unit

University of Leuven K.U. Leuven

U.Z. Gasthuisberg

Leuven

Belgium

AVERY FAIGENBAUM


The College of New Jersey

Ewing, NJ

USA

FRANCESCO FALLO

Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences

University of Padova

Padova

Italy

List of Contributors xiii

RICHARD N. FEDORAK

Division of Gastroenterology

University of Alberta

1–10 Zeidler Ledcor Centre

Edmonton, AB

Canada

)
JONATHAN S. FISHER

Saint Louis University

St. Louis, MO

USA

AGNES FLOEL

Department of Neurology

Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin

Berlin

Germany

MARC FRANCAUX

Research group in muscle and exercise physiology

Institute of Neuroscience

Universite catholique de Louvain

Louvain-la-Neuve

Belgium

CHRISTINE M. FRIEDENREICH

Department of Population Health Research

Alberta Health Services – Cancer Care

Calgary, AB

Canada

TIM J. GABBETT

The University of Queensland

School of Human Movement Studies

Brisbane

Australia

FIORENZO GAITA

Cardiology Division



University of Turin

Turin

Italy

ANDREW W. GARDNER

CMRI Hobbs-Recknagel Professor

General Clinical Research Center

University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center

Oklahoma City, OK

USA

MAX GASSMANN

Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP

Institute of Veterinary Physiology

University of Zurich

Zurich

Switzerland

and

Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia

Lima

Peru

BERNARD GENY


EA 3072, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg

Strasbourg

France

GEORGE GIANNAKOULAS

Cardiology Department

AHEPA University Hospital

Thessaloniki

Greece

MARTIN J. GIBALA


McMaster University

Hamilton, ON

Canada

L. BRUCE GLADDEN


Auburn University

Auburn, AL

USA

MICHAEL GLEESON

School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences


Loughborough

UK

xiv List of Contributors

SONIA GOMEZ-MARTINEZ

Department of Metabolism and Nutrition,

Immunonutrition Research Group

Institute of Food Science and Technology and

Nutrition (ICTAN)

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

Madrid

Spain

JOSE GONZALEZ-ALONSO

Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance

Brunel University

Uxbridge

UK

FERGAL GRACE


School of Science


Hamilton, Scotland

UK

ROBERT W. GRANGE

Department of Human Nutrition

Foods and Exercise

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Blacksburg, VA

USA

HENK GRANZIER

Department of Physiology and the Sarver Molecular

Cardiovascular Research Program

University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ

USA

BRUNO GRASSI

Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Biologiche

Universita degli Studi di Udine

Udine

Italy

STEPHANE GRECIANO

Service de cardiologie

Hopitaux Civils de Colmar

Colmar, Cedex

France

TRACY L. GREER

Department of Psychiatry

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

at Dallas

Dallas, TX

USA

TIMOTHY M. GRIFFIN

Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Department of Geriatric Medicine

Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation

University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center

Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging

Oklahoma City, OK

USA

CHANDAN GUHA

Department of Radiation Oncology

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Bronx, NY

USA

THOMAS GUSTAFSSON

Department of Laboratory medicine

Karolinska Institutet

Stockholm

Sweden

BERNARD GUTIN

Department of Nutrition

School of Public Health

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, NC

USA

RAMIRO L. GUTIERREZ

Division of Infectious Diseases

National Naval Medical Center

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Bethesda, MD

USA

ANTHONY C. HACKNEY

Endocrine Section – Applied Physiology Laboratory

Department of Exercise & Sports Science

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, NC

USA

List of Contributors xv

HIDDE J. HAISMA

Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation

Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy

Groningen University

Groningen

The Netherlands

MARTIN HALLE




Olympiapark, Klinikum rechts der Isar


Munich

Germany

GREGORY A. HAND

Arnold School of Public Health

Department of Exercise Science

University of South Carolina

Columbia, SC

USA

B. HANDS

Institute for Health and Rehabilitation Research

University of Notre Dame

Fremantle

Australia

s

HEINZ W. HARBACH

Department of Anaesthesiology

Intensive Care Medicine

Pain Therapy

University Hospital Giessen & Marburg

Campus Giessen

Giessen

Germany

MARK HARGREAVES


The University of Melbourne

Melbourne

Australia

DAVID G. HARRISON

Cardiology Division

Department of Medicine and Biomechanical

Engineering

Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta Veterans Administration Hospital

Atlanta, GA

USA

FRED HARTGENS

Departments of Epidemiology and Surgery

Maastricht University Medical Centre

Research school CAPHRI

Sports Medicine Centre Maastricht

Maastricht

The Netherlands

PETER HASSMEN

Department of Psychology

Umea University

Umea

Sweden

HANS CHRISTIAN HAVERKAMP

Department of Environmental and Health Sciences

JSC Hodgepodge

Johnson State College

Johnson, VT

USA

THOMAS J. HAWKE

Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine

McMaster University

Hamilton, ON

Canada

JOHN A. HAWLEY

Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Science

Health Innovations Research Institute

RMIT University

Bundoora, VIC

Australia

HERMANN HECK

Lehrstuhl fur Sportmedizin

University of Bochum

Institute of Sportmedicine and Nutrition

Bochum

Germany

s

xvi List of Contributors

HEIN HEIDBUCHEL

Cardiology – Electrophysiology

University Hospital Gasthuisberg

University of Leuven

Leuven

Belgium

JAN HELGERUD

Department of Circulation and Medical imaging


Trondheim

Norway

and

Department of Sports and Outdoor Life Studies

Bø Telemark University College

Bø

Norway

and

Hokksund Medical Rehabilitation Centre

Hokksund

Norway

MATTHIJS HESSELINK



Maastricht

The Netherlands

TAMARA HEW-BUTLER

Exercise Science School of Health Science

Oakland University

Rochester, MI

USA

KEITH HILL

Musculoskeletal Research Centre

La Trobe University and Northern Health

Bundoora, VIC

Australia

MARNI HILLINGER

Department of Rehabilitation Medicine

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeon

New York, NY

USA

CHARLES H. HILLMAN

Department of Kinesiology and Community Health

University of Illinois

Urbana, IL

USA

DANIEL M. HIRAI




Manhattan, KS

USA

ANGELA HO

Texas Obesity Research Center

Health & Human Performance

University of Houston

Houston, TX

USA

JORIS HOEKS



Maastricht

The Netherlands

JAN HOFF

Department of Circulation and Medical imaging


Trondheim

Norway

and

Department of Physical Medicine

St Olav’s University Hospital

Trondheim

Norway

DAVID A. HOOD

Muscle Health Research Centre

School of Kinesiology & Health Science

York University

Toronto, ON

Canada

HANS HOPPELER


University of Bern

Bern

Switzerland

JEFFREY F. HOROWITZ

School of Kinesiology

The University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI

USA

List of Contributors xvii

GANG HU

Chronic Disease Epidemiology Laboratory

Population Science

Pennington Biomedical Research Center

Baton Rouge, LA

USA

MONICA J. HUBAL

Research Center for Genetic Medicine

Children’s National Medical Center

Washington, DC

USA

PETER A. HUIJING

Research Institute Move

Faculteit Bewegingswetenschappen

Vrije Universiteit

Amsterdam

The Netherlands

REED HUMPHREY

School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science

College of Health Professions & Biomedical Sciences

The University of Montana

Missoula, MT

USA

FERDINANDO IELLAMO

Internal Medicine

University Tor Vergata

Rome

Italy

OMRI INBAR

Department of Life Sciences

Zinman College Wingate Institute

Netania

Israel

OLLIE JAY

Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory

School of Human Kinetics

University of Ottawa

Ottawa, ON

Canada

WOLFGANG JELKMANN

Institute of Physiology

University of Luebeck

Luebeck

Germany

ASKER JEUKENDRUP

School of Sport and Exercise Sciences

The University of Birmingham

Edgbaston, Birmingham

UK

LI LI JI


Interdepartmental Program of Nutritional Sciences

Institute on Aging

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Madison, WI

USA

HANJOONG JO

Cardiology Division


Engineering



Atlanta, GA

USA

D. A. JONES

Institute for Biomedical Research into Human

Movement and Health


Manchester

UK

LEE W. JONES

Department of Surgery

Duke University Medical Center

Duke Cancer Institute

Durham, NC

USA

CARSTEN JUEL


Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre


Copenhagen

Denmark

Y. PETER JUNG

Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab

Department of Health and Kinesiology

Texas A & M University

College Station, TX

USA

xviii List of Contributors

JAYNE M. KALMAR

Wilfrid Laurier University

Waterloo, ON

Canada

KAMELJIT KALSI

Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance

Brunel University

Uxbridge

UK

JIE KANG




Ewing, NJ

USA

HARALAMBOS KARVOUNIS



Thessaloniki

Greece

ANDREAS N. KAVAZIS


Mississippi State University

Mississippi State, MS

USA

KEVIN G. KEENAN

Neuromechanics Lab

Department of Human Movement Sciences

College of Health Sciences University of

Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Milwaukee, WI

USA

OLE JOHAN KEMI

Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences


Glasgow, Scotland

UK

MAXIMILIAN KEMPER




Olympiapark

Klinikum rechts der Isar


Munich

Germany

K. KENN

Klinikum Berchtesgadener Land

GmbH & Co. KG

Prien am Chiemsee

Germany

LON KILGORE


School of Science


Hamilton, Scotland

UK

WILFRIED KINDERMANN

Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine

University of Saarland

Saarbrucken

Germany

RALF KINSCHERF

Head of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology

Philipps-University of Marburg

Marburg

Germany

MICHAEL KJÆR

Institute of Sports Medicine and Centre for Healthy

Ageing

Bispebjerg Hospital


Copenhagen

Denmark

CHRISTOPHER E. KLINE


University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Pittsburgh, PA

USA

List of Contributors xix

BEAT KNECHTLE

Institute of General Practice and for Health Services

Research


Zurich

Switzerland

A. R. KOCZULLA

Dept. Pulmonology


Marburg

Germany

d

PETER KOKKINOS


Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Washington, DC

USA

and

George Washington University School of Medicine an

Health Sciences

Washington, DC

USA

PAAVO V. KOMI

Neuromuscular Research Center

University of Jyvaskyla

Jyvaskyla

Finland

DANIEL KONIG

Medizinische Universitatsklinik

Abt. Rehabilitative und Praventive Sportmedizin

Freiburg

Germany

WILLIAM J. KRAEMER


University of Connecticut Human

Performance Laboratory

Storrs, CT

USA

ts
MATTHEW P. KRAUSE

McMaster University

Hamilton, ON

Canada

KIM A. KRAWCZEWSKI CARHUATANTA

Metabolic Disease Institute

University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OH

USA

RICHARD B. KREIDER

Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab

Department of Health and Kinesiology

Texas A & M University

College Station, TX

USA

KARSTEN KRUGER

Department of Sports Medicine

University of Giessen

Giessen

Germany

SIEGFRIED LABEIT

Klinikum Mannheim GmbH Universitatsklinikum

Universitatsmedizin Mannheim

University of Heidelberg

Mannheim

Germany

TIMO A. LAKKA


Institute of Biomedicine

University of Eastern Finland

Kuopio

Finland

and

Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine

Kuopio

Finland

G. PATRICK LAMBERT


Creighton University

Omaha, NE

USA

MIKE I. LAMBERT

MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Spor

Medicine, Department of Human Biology

University of Cape Town

Newlands, Cape Town

South Africa

xx List of Contributors

REBECCA E. LEE

Texas Obesity Research Center

Health & Human Performance


Houston, TX

USA

nt

STIG LEIRDAL

Department of Human Movement Science

Faculty of Social Sciences and TechnologyManageme


Trondheim

Norway

RENATE M. LEITHAUSER

Biomedical Science

Department of Biological Sciences

University of Essex

UK

ARTHUR S. LEON

Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and

Exercise Science


Minneapolis, MN

USA

DANIEL J. LEONG

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Radiation

Oncology

Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore

Medical Center

Bronx, NY

USA

RICHARD LEPPERT

Department of Neurology

Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin

Berlin

Germany

s

MICHAEL I. LINDINGER



Guelph, ON

Canada

DAVID M. LINDSAY

University of Calgary

Calgary, AB

Canada

GREGORY Y. H. LIP

Haemostasis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit

University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular

Sciences

City Hospital

Birmingham

UK

HERBERT LOLLGEN

Sana-Klinikum Remscheid

Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz

Remscheid

Germany

RUTH LOLLGEN

Soins intensifs pediatriques

Departement medico-chirurgical de pediatrie- DMCP

Batiment hospitalier

Lausanne

Switzerland

UMILE GIUSEPPE LONGO



Rome

Italy

STEPHEN R. LORD

Falls and Balance Research Group

Neuroscience Research Australia

University of New South Wales

Sydney, NSW

Australia

BRITTA LOREY

Institute for Sport Science

Justus Liebig University

Giessen

Germany

ANNE B. LOUCKS

Department of Biological Sciences

Ohio University

Athens, OH

USA

List of Contributors xxi

G. WILLIAM LYERLY

Arnold School of Public Health


University of South Carolina

Columbia, SC

USA

BRIGID M. LYNCH

Department of Population Health Research

Alberta Health Services – Cancer Care

Calgary, AB

Canada

GORDON S. LYNCH

Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory


The University of Melbourne

Melbourne, VIC

Australia

SCOTT K. LYNN


California State University

Fullerton, CA

USA

BRIAN R. MACINTOSH


Calgary, AL

Canada

LIDA MADEMLI

Department of Sports Science

Serres

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki

Greece

ry

NICOLA MAFFULLI

Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine

Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentist

Mile End Hospital

Queen Mary University of London

London

UK

FAIDON MAGKOS

Department of Nutrition and Dietetics

Harokopio University

Athens

Greece

and

Center for Human Nutrition


St. Louis, MO

USA

ROBERT J. MAJESKA

Department of Biomedical Engineering

The City College of New York

New York, NY

USA

ROBERT M. MALINA

Department of Kinesiology and Health Education

University of Texas at Austin

Stephenville, TX

USA

and


Tarleton State University

Stephenville, TX

USA

FABIO MANFREDINI


Section of Biochemistry of Physical Exercise Center

Biomedical Studies Applied to Sport

Vascular Diseases Center

University of Ferrara

Ferrara

Italy

ROBERTO MANFREDINI


Section of Biochemistry of Physical Exercise Center

Biomedical Studies Applied to Sport

Vascular Diseases Center

University of Ferrara

Ferrara

Italy

n

e

xxii List of Contributors

MELINDA M. MANORE

Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences

Oregon State University College of Health and Human

Sciences

Corvallis, OR

USA

ASCENSION MARCOS

Department of Metabolism and Nutrition


Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutritio

(ICTAN)


Madrid

Spain

CHAD D. MARKERT

Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine


Winston-Salem, NC

USA

GORAN MARKOVIC


University of Zagreb

Zagreb

Croatia

DAVID MARTINEZ-GOMEZ




Nutrition (ICTAN)


Madrid

Spain

ANTONIOS MATSAKAS

Institute of Molecular Medicine

The University of Texas Health Science Center

Houston, TX

USA

MARK P. MATTSON

Laboratory of Neurosciences

National Institute on Aging Intramural Research

Program

Biomedical Research Center Room 05C214

Baltimore, MD

USA

R. J. MAUGHAN

School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences


Loughborough

UK

ROBERT S. MAZZEO

Department of Integrative Physiology

University of Colorado

Boulder, CO

USA

JAMES R. MCDONALD


Auburn University

Auburn, AL

USA

GEMMA A. MCLEOD

School of Physical Education and Department of

Human Nutrition

University of Otago

Dunedin

New Zealand

ROMAIN MEEUSEN

Department of Human Physiology and Sports Medicin

Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy

Lotto Sports Science Chair

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Brussels

Belgium

BERTRAND METTAUER

Service de cardiologie

Hopitaux Civils de Colmar

Colmar, Cedex

France

and


EA 3072, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg

Strasbourg

France

MARIE-LAURE MILLE

Universite du Sud

Toulon–Var

La Garde

France

and

List of Contributors xxiii

Institut des Sciences du Mouvement

Aix–Marseille University & CNRS

UMR 6233

Marseille cedex 9

France

BENJAMIN F. MILLER


Colorado State University

Fort Collins, CO

USA

LINDSEY E. MILLER

Cardioprotection Laboratory


Auburn University

Auburn, AL

USA

KEVIN MILNE


The University of Windsor

Windsor, ON

Canada

TOBY MUNDEL

School of Sport and Exercise

Massey University

Palmerston North

New Zealand

FRANK C. MOOREN


Justus-Liebig-University

Giessen

Germany

y

y)

ANDRE MOREIRA

Department of Immunology, and Immuno-allergolog

division

Faculty of Medicine

Hospital Sao Joao, E.P.E.

University of Porto

Porto

Portugal

DAVID L. MORGAN


Electrical & Computer Systems Engineering

Monash University

Clayton, VIC

Australia

SOPHIA-ANASTASIA MOURATOGLOU



Thessaloniki

Greece

TIMOTHY I. MUSCH




Manhattan, KS

USA

KATHRYN H. MYBURGH

Department Physiological Sciences

Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine

Stellenbosch University

Stellenbosch

South Africa

JONATHAN N. MYERS

VA Palo Alto Health Care System

Stanford University

Palo Alto, CA

USA

GUSTAVO A. NADER


Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04

Karolinska Institute

Stockholm

Sweden

NEERAJ NARULA

Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterolog

and, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research

Institute

McMaster University

Hamilton, ON

Canada

xxiv List of Contributors

CHRISTOPHER L. NEWMAN

Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology

Indiana University School of Medicine

Indianapolis, IN

USA

P. NEWSHOLME

School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science

Conway Institute and Health Sciences Complex

University College Dublin

Dublin

Ireland

’s

CAROLINE NICOL

Aix-Marseille University

UMR 6233

Marseilles

France

d

)

JOSEF NIEBAUER

University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention an

Rehabilitation

Institute of Sports Medicine of the State of Salzburg

Sports Medicine of the Olympic Center Salzburg-Rif

Paracelsus Medical University

Salzburg

Austria

DAVID C. NIEMAN

Department of Health, Leisure and Exercise Science

Appalachian State University Fischer Hamilton/Nycom

Biochemistry Laboratory

Boone, NC

USA

EARL G. NOBLE


The University of Western Ontario

London, ON

Canada

e

GUILLERMO J. NOFFAL


California State University

Fullerton, CA

USA

FRANS NOLLET

Department of Rehabilitation

Academic Medical Centre

University of Amsterdam

Amsterdam, AZ

The Netherlands

STEPHEN R. NORRIS

Canadian Sport Centre - Calgary

University of Calgary and Mount Royal University

Calgary, AB

Canada

BLAKESLEE E. NOYES

School of Medicine

St. Louis University at SSM Cardinal Glennon Children

Medical Center

St. Louis, MO

USA

LOUISE ØSTERGAARD

Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP

Institute of Veterinary Physiology


Zurich

Switzerland

LOUIS R. OSTERNIG

Department of Human Physiology

University of Oregon

Eugene, OR

USA

KETAN PATEL

School of Biological Sciences

University of Reading

Whiteknights, Reading

UK

KEVIN DE PAUW

Department of Human Physiology and Sports Medicin

Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy

Lotto Sports Science Chair

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Brussels

Belgium

r

m

y

List of Contributors xxv

SOFIA PEREZ-ALENDA

Department of Physiotherapy

University of Valencia

Spain

and



Valencia

Spain

LINDA S. PESCATELLO

Department of Kinesiology U-1110


Neag School of Education

University of Connecticut

Storrs, CT

USA

DIRK PETTE


University of Konstanz

Konstanz

Germany

ANDREW PHILP

Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavio


Davis, CA

USA

YANNIS PITSILADIS

College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences

Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences


Glasgow, Scotland

UK

GUY PLASQUI


NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolis

Maastricht University Medical Centre +

Maastricht

The Netherlands

DAVID C. POOLE

Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiolog


Manhattan, KS

USA

NICOLE PROMMER


University of Bayreuth

Bayreuth

Germany

UWE PROSKE


Electrical & Computer Systems Engineering

Monash University

Clayton, VIC

Australia

FELIPE QUEROL

Department of Physiotherapy

University of Valencia

Spain

and



Valencia

Spain

JOHN C. QUINDRY

Cardioprotection Laboratory


Auburn University

Auburn, AL

USA

BLAKE B. RASMUSSEN

Department of Nutrition & Metabolism

Division of Rehabilitation Sciences

University of Texas Medical Branch

Galveston, TX

USA

NICHOLAS A. RATAMESS



Ewing, NJ

USA

NANCY J. REHRER

School of Physical Education and Department of

Human Nutrition

University of Otago

Dunedin

New Zealand

s

xxvi List of Contributors

THOMAS REILLY

Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences

Liverpool John Moores University Henry Cotton

Campus

Liverpool

UK

CHAD D. RETHORST


University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at

Dallas

Dallas, TX

USA

JEAN-PAUL RICHALET

EA2363 “Reponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles

a l’hypoxie”

UFR SMBH

Universite Paris 13

Bobigny Cedex

France

M. C. RIDDELL

School of Kinesiology and Health Science

Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit

Faculty of Health


York University

York

Canada

ROBERT RINGSEIS

Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Interdisciplinary

Research Center (IFZ)

Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology

Giessen

Germany

HANNU RINTAMAKI

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

Oulu

Finland

and


Institute of Biomedicine

University of Oulu

Oulu

Finland

LINDSAY E. ROBINSON



Guelph, ON

Canada

MATTHEW M. ROBINSON

Endocrine Research Unit

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, MN

USA

H. LLEWELYN RODERICK

Laboratory of Signalling and Cell Fate

Babraham Institute

Cambridge

UK

and

Department of Pharmacology

University of Cambridge

Cambridge

UK

MARK W. ROGERS

University of Maryland Claude D. Pepper Older

American Independence Center

University of Maryland School of Medicine

Baltimore, MD

USA

ØIVIND ROGNMO

K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine



Trondheim

Norway

JAVIER ROMEO

Department of Metabolism and Nutrition,



Nutrition (ICTAN)


Madrid

Spain

ERIC RULLMAN



Stockholm

Sweden

g

List of Contributors xxvii

ROBERT L. SAINBURG

Departments of Kinesiology and Neurology

The Pennsylvania State University

Pennsylvania, PA

USA

MICHELE SAMAJA

University of Milan – San Paolo

Milan

Italy

THOMAS G. SANDERCOCK

Department of Physiology M211

Ward 5–295

Feinberg School of Medicine

Northwestern University

Chicago, IL

USA

WILHELM SCHANZER


Institute of Biochemistry – Center for Preventive Dopin

Research

Cologne

Germany

ZACHARY J. SCHLADER

School of Sport and Exercise

Massey University

Palmerston North

New Zealand

WALTER SCHMIDT


University of Bayreuth

Bayreuth

Germany

PATRICK SCHRAUWEN



Maastricht

The Netherlands

CHRISTOPHER B. SCOTT

Department of Exercise, Health and Sport Sciences

University of Southern Maine

Gorham, ME

USA

DAVID L. SCOTT

Department of Rheumatology

King’s College Hospital

Kings College London School of Medicine Weston

Education Centre

London

UK

CHARLES SEARLES

Cardiology Division


Engineering



Atlanta, GA

USA

MICHAEL SEIMETZ

Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS)

University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC)

Medizinische Klinik II

Giessen

Germany

KAREN SØGAARD

Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics

University of Southern Denmark

Odense M

Denmark

ROY J. SHEPHARD

University of Toronto

Toronto, ON

Canada

and

University of Toronto

Brackendale, BC

Canada

JEREMY M. SHEPPARD

Department of Biomedical, Health, and Exercise

Sciences

Edith Cowan University

Joondalup

Australia

xxviii List of Contributors

CATHERINE SHERRINGTON

Musculoskeletal Division

The George Institute for Global Health, University of

Sydney

Sydney, NSW

Australia

S. M. SHIRREFFS

School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences


Loughborough

UK

MARLENE N. SILVA

Department of Sports and Health

Faculty of Human Kinetics


Lisbon

Portugal

RICHARD J. SIMPSON

Laboratory of Integrated Physiology

Department of Health and Human Performance


Houston, TX

USA

KAUSTABH SINGH


School of Kinesiology & Health Science

York University

Toronto, ON

Canada

SEBASTIAN SIXT

Herz-Zentrum Bad Krozingen

Deparment of Angiology

Bad Krozingen

Germany

GISELA SJØGAARD

Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics

University of Southern Denmark

Odense M

Denmark

DAVID J. SMITH



Calgary, AB

Canada

ASHLEY J. SMUDER

Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology

University of Florida

Gainesville, FL

USA

IOANNIS SMYRNIAS


The James Black Centre

King’s College London

London

UK

DANIEL SOFFER

University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, PA

USA

ESPEN E. SPANGENBURG


School of Public Health

University of Maryland

College Park, MD

USA

FILIPPO SPIEZIA



Rome

Italy

NINA S. STACHENFELD

The John B. Pierce Laboratory

New Haven, CT

USA

and

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and

Reproductive Sciences

Yale University School of Medicine

New Haven, CT

USA

and

Yale School of Public Health


New Haven, CT

USA

s

g

List of Contributors xxix

ROBERT S. STARON

Department of Biomedical Sciences

College of Osteopathic Medicine

Ohio University

Athens, OH

USA

JOEL STEIN

Department of Rehabilitation Medicine

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeon

New York, NY

USA

C. E. STEWART

Institute for Biomedical Research into Human

Movement and Health


Manchester

UK

ALEXIS M. STRANAHAN

Physiology Department

Georgia Health Sciences University

Augusta, GA

USA

ANNA STROMBERG



Stockholm

Sweden

DAINA L. STURNIEKS

Falls and Balance Research Group

Neuroscience Research Australia

University of New South Wales

Sydney, NSW

Australia

HUI B. SUN

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Radiation

Oncology

Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore

Medical Center

Bronx, NY

USA

KATSUHIKO SUZUKI

Waseda University

Tokorozawa, Saitama

Japan

STEFANO TADDEI


University of Pisa

Pisa

Italy

HIROFUMI TANAKA

Department of Kinesiology and Health Education

Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory

University of Texas at Austin

Austin, TX

USA

PEDRO TAULER RIERA

Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciencies de la

Salut

Universitat de les Illes Balears

Palma de Mallorca

Spain

HENRY L. TAYLOR

Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise

Science


Minneapolis, MN

USA

PEDRO J. TEIXEIRA

Department of Sports and Health

Faculty of Human Kinetics


Lisbon

Portugal

MARIO THEVIS


Institute of Biochemistry – Center for Preventive Dopin

Research

Cologne

Germany

ANNE TIEDEMANN

Musculoskeletal Division

The George Institute for Global Health

University of Sydney

Sydney, NSW

Australia

l

xxx List of Contributors

REBECCA J. TOOMBS

Women’s Health and Exercise Laboratory

Noll Laboratory


Penn State University

University Park, PA

USA

ELISABETTA TOSO

Cardiology Division



University of Turin

Turin

Italy

KARIN E. TRAJCEVSKI


McMaster University

Hamilton, ON

Canada

JOSE LUIS TREJO

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmenta

Neurobiology

Cajal Institute

CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas

Madrid

Spain

MADHUKAR H. TRIVEDI


University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at

Dallas

Dallas, TX

USA

JAAKKO TUOMILEHTO

South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital

Seinajoki

Finland

and

Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015

Hospital Universitario La Paz

Madrid

Spain

and

Centre for Vascular Prevention

Danube-University Krems

Krems

Austria

AXEL URHAUSEN

Centre de l’Appareil locomoteur

de Medecine du Sport et de Prevention

Laboratoire de Recherche en Medecine du Sport

Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg

CRP-sante

Luxembourg

Luxembourg

ANTHONY A. VANDERVOORT

School of Physical Therapy

University of Western Ontario

Ontario

Canada

LUIGI VARESIO

Laboratory of Molecular Biology

Giannina Gaslini Institute

Genova

Italy

RENEE VENTURA-CLAPIER

Faculte de Pharmacie

U-769 Inserm

Universite Paris-Sud

Chatenay-Malabry

France

C. FRANZ VOGELMEIER

Dept. Pulmonology


Marburg

Germany

MICHAEL VOGT


University of Bern

Bern

Switzerland

STELLA LUCIA VOLPE

Department of Nutrition Sciences

Drexel University

Philadelphia, PA

USA

MAURIZIO VOLTERRANI

UO di Riabilitazione Cardiologica

IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana

Rome

Italy

List of Contributors xxxi

JURGEN VORMANN

Institute for Prevention and Nutrition

Ismaning

Germany

PETER WAGNER



San Diego, CA

USA

CLAUDIA WALTHER


Kerckhoff Clinic

Bad Nauheim

Germany

KARLMAN WASSERMAN

Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine

David Geffen School of Medicine

University of California at Los Angeles

Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute

Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

Torrance, CA

USA

y

CORA WEIGERT

Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology,

Nephrology, Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistr


University of Tuebingen

Tuebingen

Germany

and

Paul Langerhans Institute Tuebingen

Tuebingen

Germany

s

n

MEGAN M. WENNER

The John B. Pierce Laboratory

New Haven, CT

USA

and

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and

Reproductive Sciences


New Haven, CT

USA

KLAAS R. WESTERTERP


NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism

Maastricht University Medical Centre +

Maastricht

The Netherlands

KIM VAN WIJCK

Department of General Surgery


Maastricht

The Netherlands

ALUN G. WILLIAMS

MMU Cheshire Sports Genetics Laboratory

Institute for Performance Research, Manchester

Metropolitan University

Crewe

UK

NANCY I. WILLIAMS


Penn State University 108 Noll Laboratory

University Park, PA

USA

ULRIK WISLØFF

K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine



Trondheim

Norway

STEPHEN C. WOODS

Internal Medicine and Psychiatry

University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OH

USA

DAVID C. WRIGHT



Guelph, ON

Canada

JULIA WARNBERG



Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutritio

(ICTAN)

xxxii List of Contributors


Madrid

Spain

and

Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

School of Medicine

University of Navarra

Pamplona

Spain

KEVIN E. YARASHESKI

Program in Physical Therapy and Department of

Medicine


Saint Louis, MO

USA

JASPER T. YEN

Comparative Neuromechanics Laboratory

School of Applied Physiology

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, GA

USA

P. ZAMPARO

Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological

Morphological and Movement Sciences

School of Exercise and Sport Sciences

University of Verona

Verona

Italy

JERZY A. ZOLADZ

Department of Physiology and Biochemistry

Faculty of Rehabilitation

University School of Physical Education

AWF-Krakow

Krakow

Poland

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