1. Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence Juan Ramn Rabual Dopico University of A Corua, Spain Julin Dorado de la Calle University of A Corua, Spain Alejandro Pazos Sierra University of A Corua, Spain Hershey New York Information Sci 2. Director of Editorial Content: Kristin Klinger Managing Development Editor: Kristin Roth Development Editorial Assistant:Julia Mosemann, Rebecca Beistline Senior Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig Managing Editor: Jamie Snavely Assistant Managing Editor: Carole Coulson Typesetter: Jennifer Neidig, Amanda Appicello, Cindy Consonery Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc. Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanbookstore.com Copyright 2009 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence / Juan Ramon Rabunal Dopico, Julian Dorado de la Calle, and Alejandro Pazos Sierra, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: "This book is a comprehensive and in-depth reference to the most recent developments in the field covering theoretical developments, tech- niques, technologies, among others"--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-59904-849-9 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-59904-850-5 (ebook) 1. Artificial intelligence--Encyclopedias. I. Rabunal, Juan Ramon, 1973- II. Dorado, Julian, 1970- III. Pazos Sierra, Alejandro. Q334.2.E63 2008 006.303--dc22 2008027245 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http://www.igi-global.com/agreement for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication. 3. Editorial Advisory Board Juan Ros Carrin Polytechnical University of Madrid, Spain Anselmo del Moral University of Deusto, Spain Daniel Manrique Gamo Polytechnical University of Madrid, Spain Juan Pazos Sierra Polytechnical University of Madrid, Spain Jose Crespo del Arco Polytechnical University of Madrid, Spain Norberto Ezquerra Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Llus Jofre Polytechnical University of Catalunya, Spain Peter Smith University of Sunderland, UK Paul M. Chapman University of Hull, UK Ana Beln Porto Pazos University of A Corua, Spain Javier Pereira University of A Corua, Spain Stefano Cagnoni Universit degli Studi de Parma, Italy Jose Mara Barreiro Sorrivas Polytechnical University of Madrid, Spain 4. List of Contributors Adorni, Giovanni / Universit degli Studi di Genova, Italy...................................................................840, 848 Akkaladevi, Somasheker / Virginia State University, USA..........................................................940, 945, 1330 Al-Ahmadi, Mohammad Saad / King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia..............................................................................................................................................1323 Aliaga, Ramn J. / Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain..................................................................1576 Alas, Francesc / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain...................................................................................541, 788 Alonso-Betanzos, Amparo / University of A Corua, Spain...........................................................................632 Alonso Hernndez, Jess Bernardino / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain............1266, 1439 Alonso-Weber, Juan Manuel / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain.....................................................554 Alsina Pags, Rosa Maria / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain..........................................................................719 Alvarellos Gonzlez, Alberto / University of A Corua, Spain......................................................................167 Amarger, Vronique / University of Paris, France........................................................................................131 Amari, Shun-ichi / Brain Science Institute, Japan..........................................................................................318 Ambrsio, Paulo Eduardo / Santa Cruz State University, Brazil..................................................................157 Anagnostou, Miltiades / National Technical University of Athens, Greece........................................1429, 1524 Andrade, Javier / University of A Corua, Spain...........................................................................................975 Andrade, Jos Manuel / University of A Corua, Spain................................................................................581 Ang, Kai Keng / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore......................................................................1396 Ang Jr., Marcelo H. / National University of Singapore, Singapore..................................................1072, 1080 Angulo, Cecilio / Technical University of Catalonia, Spain................................................................1095, 1518 Anselma, Luca / Universit di Torino, Italy....................................................................................................396 Arcay, Bernardino / University of A Corua, Spain.......................................................................................710 Ares, Juan / University of A Corua, Spain.....................................................................................................982 Armstrong, Alice J. / The George Washington University, USA.......................................................................65 Arquero, gueda / Technical University of Madrid, Spain............................................................................781 Aunet, Snorre / University of Oslo, Norway & Centers for Neural Inspired Nano Architectures, Norway.............................................................................................................................................1474, 1555 Azzini, Antonia / University of Milan, Italy....................................................................................................575 Badidi, Elarbi / United Arab Emirates University, UAE...................................................................................31 Bagchi, Kallol / University of Texas at El Paso, USA.......................................................................................51 Bajo, Javier / Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Spain..........................................................................1327 Barajas, Sandra E. / Instituto Nacional de Astrofsica ptica y Electrnica, Mexico...................................867 Barron, Lucia / Instituto Tecnologico de Culiacan, Mexico...........................................................................860 Bartk, Roman / Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic...................................................................404 Barton, Alan J. / National Research Council Canada, Canada..........................................................1205, 1589 Becerra, J. A. / University of A Corua, Spain................................................................................................603 Bedia, Manuel G. / University of Zaraogoza, Spain.......................................................................................256 5. Beiu, Valeriu / United Arab Emirates University, UAE...................................................................................471 Bel Enguix, Gemma / Rovira i Virgili University, Spain...............................................................................1173 Belanche Muoz, Llus A. / Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Spain................................639, 1004, 1012 Berge, Hans Kristian Otnes / University of Oslo, Norway..........................................................................1485 Bernier, Joel / SAGEM REOSC, France..........................................................................................................131 Berrones, Arturo / Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len, Mexico............................................................1462 Bershtein, Leonid S. / Taganrog Technological Institute of Southern Federal University, Russia................704 Bessalah, Hamid / Center de Dveloppement des Technologies Avances (CDTA), Algrie..........................831 Beynon, Malcolm J. / Cardiff University, UK.........................................................................................443, 696 Bhatnagar, Vasudha / University of Delhi, India......................................................................................76, 172 Blanco, ngela / Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Spain.......................................................................561 Blanco, Francisco J. / Juan Canalejo Hospital, Spain..................................................................................1583 Blasco, X. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain..................................................................................1296 Boonthum, Chutima / Hampton University, USA.........................................................................................1253 Bouridene, Ahmed. / Queens University of Belfast, Ireland...........................................................................831 Boyer-Xambeu, Marie-Thrse / Universit de Paris VII LED, France...................................................996 Bozhenyuk, Alexander V. / Taganrog Technological Institute of Southern Federal University, Russia........704 Brest, Janez / University of Maribor, Slovenia................................................................................................488 Bueno, Ral Vicen / University of Alcal, Spain....................................................................................933, 956 Bueno Garca, Gloria / University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain.......................................................367, 547 Buruncuk, Kadri / Near East University, Turkey.........................................................................................1596 Cadenas, Jos M. / Universidad de Murcia, Spain.........................................................................................480 Cagnoni, Stefano / Universit degli Studi di Parma, Italy............................................................840, 848, 1303 akc, Ruket / ICCS School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK...................................................449 Canto, Rosalba Cuapa / Benemrita Universidad Autnoma de Puebla, Mexico.............................1370, 1426 Carballo, Rodrigo / University of Santiago de Conpatela, Spain.................................................................1603 Carbonero, M. / INSA ETEA, Spain...........................................................................................................1136 Cardot, Hubert / University Franois-Rabelais of Tours, France..................................................................520 Castillo, Luis F. / National University, Colombia...........................................................................................256 Castro Ponte, Alberte / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain..................................................144, 759 Castro, Alfonso / University of A Corua, Spain.............................................................................................710 Castro-Bleda, Mara Jos / Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain......................................................231 Cepero, M. / University of Granada, Spain.....................................................................................................910 Chapman, Paul M. / University of Hull, UK..................................................................................................536 Charrier, Christophe / University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France..........................................................520 Chen, Qiyang / Montclair State University, USA..........................................................................418, 963, 1036 Chen, Guanrong / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China..................................................688, 734 Chen, Sherry Y. / Brunel University, UK........................................................................................................437 Chikhi, Nassim / Center de Dveloppement des Technologies Avances (CDTA), Algrie............................831 Chiong, Raymond / Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak Campus, Malaysia.............................1562 Chrysostomou, Kyriacos / Brunel University, UK.........................................................................................437 Colomo, Ricardo / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain.......................................................................1064 Corchado, Juan M. / University of Salamanca, Spain..........................................................................256, 1316 Coupland, Sarah / Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK........................................................................390 Crespo, Jose / Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain............................................................................1102 Cruz-Corona, Carlos / Universidad de Granada, Spain................................................................................480 Cullar, M. P. / Universidad de Granada, Spain...........................................................................................1152 Culhane, Aedn C. / Harvard School of Public Health, USA............................................................................65 6. Curra, Alberto / University of A Corua, Spain.............................................................................................110 Damato, Bertil / Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK............................................................................390 Danciu, Daniela / University of Craiova, Romania.......................................................................................1212 Danielson, Mats / Stockholm University, Sweden & Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden..........................431 Das, Sanjoy / Kansas State University, USA........................................................................................1145, 1191 Davis, Darryl N. / University of Hull, UK.......................................................................................................536 de la Mata Moya, David / University of Alcal, Spain...................................................................................933 de la Rosa Turbides, Toms / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain.....................................................1024 Deleplace, Ghislain / Universit de Paris VIII LED, France.......................................................................996 Delgado, M. / Universidad de Granada, Spain..............................................................................................1152 Delgado, Soledad / Technical University of Madrid, Spain.............................................................................781 Del-Moral-Hernandez, Emilio / University of So Paulo, Brazil..................................................................275 Deng, Pi-Sheng / California State University at Stanislaus, USA.........................................................748, 1504 Dniz Surez, Oscar / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.....................................................367 Dhurandher, Sanjay Kumar / University of Delhi, India....................................................................589, 1530 di Pierro, Francesco / University of Exeter, UK............................................................................................1042 Daz Martn, Jos Fernando / University of Deusto, Spain...........................................................................344 Daz Pernas, F. J. / University of Valladolid, Spain...........................................................................1490, 1497 Dez Higuera, J. F. / University of Valladolid, Spain.........................................................................1490, 1497 Diuk, Carlos / Rutgers University, USA..........................................................................................................825 Djebbari, Amira / National Research Council Canada, Canada.....................................................................65 Dorado de la Calle, Julin / University of A Corua, Spain................................................................377, 1273 Dornaika, Fadi / Institut Gographique National, France.............................................................................625 Douglas, Angela / Liverpool Womens Hospital, UK.......................................................................................390 Duro, R. J. / University of A Corua, Spain....................................................................................................603 Edelkamp, Stefan / University of Dortmund, Germany........................................................................501, 1549 Ein-Dor, Phillip / Tel-Aviv University, Israel...........................................................................................327, 334 Ekenberg, Love / Stockholm University, Sweden & Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden..........................431 Eleuteri, Antonio / Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK........................................................................390 Encheva, Sylvia / Haugesund University College, Norway..........................................................................1610 Erdogmus, Deniz / Northeastern University, USA..........................................................................................902 Esmahi, Larbi / Athabasca University, Canada................................................................................................31 Espaa-Boquera, Salvador / Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain....................................................231 Ezquerra, Norberto / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA........................................................................1290 Fan, Liwei / National University of Singapore, Singapore..............................................................................879 Farah, Ahcene / Ajman University, UAE.........................................................................................................831 Faundez-Zanuy, Marcos / Escola Universitria Politcnica de Matar, Spain............................................262 Fernndez, J. lvaro / University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.........................................................45, 218 Fernandez-Blanco, Enrique / University of A Corua, Spain......................................................377, 744, 1583 Ferrer, Miguel A. / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain................................................270, 1232 Figueiredo, Karla / UERJ, Brazil............................................................................................................808, 817 Flauzino, Rogerio A. / University of So Paulo, Brazil................................................................................1121 Flores, Dionicio Zacaras / Benemrita Universidad Autnoma de Puebla, Mexico.........................1370, 1426 Flores, Fernando Zacaras / Benemrita Universidad Autnoma de Puebla, Mxico.......................1370, 1426 Flores-Badillo, Marina / CINVESTAV Unidad Guadalajara, Mexico..........................................................1615 Flrez-Revuelta, Francisco / University of Alicante, Spain.........................................................................1363 Fontenla-Romero, Oscar / University of A Corua, Spain.............................................................................667 Formiga, Llus / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain............................................................................................788 Fornarelli, Girolamo / Politecnico di Bari, Italy....................................................................................206, 211 7. Fuster-Garcia, E. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain.....................................................................1296 Gadea, Rafael / Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain........................................................................1576 Garanina, Natalia / Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Informatics Systems, Russia........................1089 Garca, ngel / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain............................................................................1064 Garca, Rafael / University of A Corua, Spain..............................................................................................982 Garca Gonzlez, Antonio / University of Alcal, Spain................................................................................956 Garca-Chamizo, Juan Manuel / University of Alicante, Spain..................................................................1363 Garca-Crdova, Francisco / Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPCT), Spain...................................1197 Garcia-Raffi, L. M. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain..................................................................1296 Garca-Rodrguez, Jos / University of Alicante, Spain...............................................................................1363 Garrido, M Carmen / Universidad de Murcia, Spain...................................................................................480 Garro, Alfredo / University of Calabria, Italy..............................................................................................1018 Gaubert, Patrice / Universit de Paris 12 ERUDITE, France....................................................................996 Gavrilova, M. L. / University of Calgary, Canada..............................................................................................9 Geem, Zong Woo / Johns Hopkins University, USA.......................................................................................803 Gelbard, Roy / Bar-Ilan University, Israel......................................................................................................796 George, E. Olusegun / University of Memphis, USA..............................................................................304, 312 Gerek, mer Nezih / Anadolu University Eskisehir, Turkey.........................................................................1433 Gestal, Marcos / University of A Corua, Spain.....................................................................................581, 647 Giaquinto, Antonio / Politecnico di Bari, Italy.......................................................................................206, 211 Gil Pita, Roberto / University of Alcal, Spain.......................................................................................933, 956 Gillard, Lucien / CNRS LED, France..........................................................................................................996 Giret, Jean-Francois / CEREQ, France........................................................................................................1029 Gmez, Gabriel / University of Zurich, Switzerland.......................................................................................464 Gmez, Juan M. / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain........................................................................1064 Gmez-Carracedo, Mari Paz / University of A Corua, Spain......................................................................647 Gonzlez-Fonteboa, Beln / University of A Corua, Spain..........................................................................526 Gonzlez, Evelio J. / University of La Laguna, Spain.....................................................................................917 Gonzlez, Roberto / University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain....................................................................547 Gonzalez-Abril, Luis / Technical University of Catalonia, Spain................................................................1518 Gonzlez Bedia-Fonteboa, Manuel / University of Zaragoza, Spain............................................................256 Gonzlez-Castolo, Juan Carlos / CINVESTAV Unidad Guadalajara, Mexico..............................................677 Gonzlez de la Rosa, Juan J. / Universities of Cdiz-Crdoba, Spain.......................................................1226 Gonzlez Ortega, D. / University of Valladolid, Spain.......................................................................1490, 1497 Gonzalo, Consuelo / Technical University of Madrid, Spain..........................................................................781 Graesser, Art / The University of Memphis, USA..........................................................................................1179 Groek, Otokar / Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia.................................................................179, 186 Guerin-Dugue, Anne / GIPSA-lab, France...................................................................................................1244 Guerrero-Gonzlez, Antonio / Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPCT), Spain.................................1197 Guijarro-Berdias, Bertha / University of A Corua, Spain.........................................................................667 Guillen, A. / University of Granada, Spain......................................................................................................910 Gupta, Anamika / University of Delhi, India....................................................................................................76 Gutirrez, P.A. / University of Crdoba, Spain.............................................................................................1136 Gutirrez Snchez, Germn / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain......................................................554 Halang, Wolfgang A. / Fernuniversitaet in Hagen, Germany.......................................................................1049 Hammer, Barbara / Technical University of Clausthal, Germany...............................................................1337 Hee, Lee Gim / DSO National Laboratories, Singapore.....................................................................1072, 1080 Herrador, Manuel F. / University of A Corua, Spain....................................................................................118 8. Herrera, Carlos / Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University of Ulster, North Ireland.............................1376 Herrera, L. J. / University of Granada, Spain................................................................................................910 Herrero, J. M. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain..........................................................................1296 Hervs, C. / University of Crdoba, Spain....................................................................................................1136 Hocaolu, Fatih Onur / Anadolu University Eskisehir, Turkey....................................................................1433 Hong, Wei-Chiang / Oriental Institute of Technology, Taiwan.......................................................................410 Hopgood, Adrian A. / De Montfort University, UK........................................................................................989 Ho-Phuoc, Tien / GIPSA-lab, France............................................................................................................1244 Huang, Xiaoyu / University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, China.....................................................51 Huber, Franz / California Institute of Technology, USA...............................................................................1351 Ibez, scar / University of A Corua, Spain.......................................................................................383, 759 Ibrahim, Walid / United Arab Emirates University, UAE...............................................................................471 Iftekharuddin, Khan M. / University of Memphis, USA........................................................................304, 312 Ingber, Lester / Lester Ingber Research, USA...................................................................................................58 Iglesias, Gergorio / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain...............................................................1603 Ionescu, Laureniu / University of Pitesti, Romania.......................................................................................609 Ip, Horace H. S. / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong...........................................................................1 Iriondo, Ignasi / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain............................................................................................541 Islam, Atiq / University of Memphis, USA...............................................................................................304, 312 Izeboudjen, Nouma / Center de Dveloppement des Technologies Avances (CDTA), Algrie.....................831 Jabbar, Shahid / University of Dortmund, Germany......................................................................................501 Jabr, Samir / Near East University, Turkey...................................................................................................1596 Jankovi-Romano, Mario / University of Belgrade, Serbia...........................................................................950 Jarabo Amores, Mara Pilar / University of Alcal, Spain............................................................................933 Jaspe, Alberto / University of A Corua, Spain...............................................................................................873 Jiang, Jun / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.....................................................................................1 Jimnez Celorrio, Sergio / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain..........................................................1024 Jimnez Lpez, M. Dolores / Rovira i Virgili University, Spain...................................................................1173 Joo, Young Hoon / Kunsan National University, Korea..........................................................................688, 734 Kaburlasos, Vassilis G. / Technological Educational Institution of Kavala, Greece....................................1238 Kai, Zdravko / University of Maribor, Slovenia........................................................................................1467 Krn, Tuomas / Helsinki University of Technology, Finland........................................................................661 Katangur, Ajay K. / Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, USA............................................................1330 Khashman, Adnan / Near East University, Turkey.......................................................................................1596 Khu, Soon-Thiam / University of Exeter, UK...............................................................................................1042 Kleinschmidt, Joo H. / State University of Campinas, Brazil.......................................................................755 Klimanek, David / Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic...................................................567 Kochhar, Sarabjeet / University of Delhi, India.............................................................................................172 Kovcs, Szilveszter / University of Miskolc, Hungary....................................................................................728 Kovcs, Lszl / University of Miskolc, Hungary.................................................................................654, 1130 Kradinac, Uro / University of Belgrade, Serbia..........................................................................................950 Kroc, Ji / Section Computational Science, The University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.......................353 Kumar, Naveen / University of Delhi, India......................................................................................................76 Kurban, Mehmet / Anadolu University Eskisehir, Turkey............................................................................1433 Lama, Manuel / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain............................................................138, 1278 Law, Ngai-Fong / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.........................................................289 Lazarova-Molnar, Sanja / United Arab Emirates University, UAE...............................................................471 Lebrun, Gilles / University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France.....................................................................520 Ledezma Espino, Agapito / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain..........................................................554 9. Lee, Man Wai / Brunel University, UK...........................................................................................................437 Lendasse, Amaury / Helsinki University of Technology, Finland...................................................................661 Leung, C. W. / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong............................................................1568 Levinstein, Irwin B. / Old Dominion University, USA..................................................................................1253 Levy, Simon D. / Washington and Lee University, USA..................................................................................514 Lezoray, Olivier / University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France..................................................................520 Liang, Faming / Texas A&M University, USA...............................................................................................1482 Liew, Alan Wee-Chung / Griffith University, Australia..................................................................................289 Lisboa, Paulo J.G. / Liverpool John Moores University, UK............................................................................71 Littman, Michael / Rutgers University, USA..................................................................................................825 Liu, Xiaohui / Brunel University, UK..............................................................................................................437 Lopes, Heitor Silvrio / Federal University of Technology, Brazil.................................................................596 Lpez, M. Gloria / University of A Corua, Spain..........................................................................................110 Lpez-Mellado, Ernesto / CINVESTAV Unidad Guadalajara, Mexico................................................677, 1615 Lpez-Rodrguez, Domingo / University of Mlaga, Spain.........................................................................1112 Losada Rodriguez, Miguel ngel / University of Granada, Spain................................................................144 Loula, Angelo / State University of Feira de Santana, Brazil & State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil..........................................................................................................................................................1543 Loureiro, Javier Pereira / University of A Corua, Spain..................................................................1283, 1290 Lukomski, Robert / Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland..................................................................1356 Lungarella, Max / University of Zurich, Switzerland.....................................................................................464 Luo, Xin / The University of New Mexico, USA............................................................................940, 945, 1330 Madani, Kurosh / University of Paris, France...............................................................................................131 Madureira, Ana Marie / Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal.................................................................853 Magliano, Joseph P. / Northern Illinois University, USA..............................................................................1253 Magoulas, George D. / University of London, UK........................................................................................1411 Magro, Diego / Universit di Torino, Italy......................................................................................................396 Maitra, Anutosh / Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, India........494 Mandl, Thomas / University of Hildesheim, Germany...................................................................................151 Manrique, Daniel / Inteligencia Artificial, Facultad de Informatica, UPM, Spain........................................767 Marichal, G. Nicols / University of La Laguna, Spain..................................................................................917 Marn-Garca, Fulgencio / Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPCT), Spain.......................................1197 Martnez, Antonio / University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain....................................................................547 Martnez, Elisa / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain...........................................................................................541 Martnez, Estbaliz / Technical University of Madrid, Spain.........................................................................781 Martnez, Jorge D. / Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain................................................................1576 Martnez, M Isabel / University of A Corua, Spain.....................................................................................118 Martnez-Abella, Fernando / University of A Corua, Spain........................................................................526 Martnez Carballo, Manuel / University of A Corua, Spain........................................................................532 Martnez-Estudillo, F.J. / INSA ETEA, Spain............................................................................................1136 Martnez-Feijo, Diego / University of A Corua, Spain.............................................................................1583 Martnez Romero, Marcos / University of A Corua, Spain..............................................................1283, 1290 Martnez-Zarzuela, M. / University of Valladolid, Spain...................................................................1490, 1497 Martn-Guerrero, Jos D. / University of Valencia, Spain...............................................................................71 Martn-Merino, Manuel / Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Spain.......................................................561 Mateo, Fernando / Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain..................................................................1576 Mateo Segura, Cludia / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain..............................................................................719 Mato, Virginia / University of A Corua, Spain..............................................................................................110 Mauec, Mirjam Sepesy / University of Maribor, Slovenia..........................................................................1467 10. Mazare, Alin / University of Pitesti, Romania.................................................................................................609 McCarthy, Philip / The University of Memphis, USA...................................................................................1179 McGinnity, Thomas M. / Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University of Ulster, North Ireland................1376 McNamara, Danielle S. / The University of Memphis, USA.........................................................................1253 Meged, Avichai / Bar-Ilan University, Israel...................................................................................................796 Mndez Salgueiro, Jos Ramn / University of A Corua, Spain..................................................................532 Meng, Hai-Dong / Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, China.........................................297 Mrida-Casermeiro, Enrique / University of Mlaga, Spain......................................................................1112 Mesejo, Pablo / University of A Corua, Spain.............................................................................................1583 Michalewicz, Zbigniew / The University of Adelaide, Australia......................................................................16 Migulez Rico, Mnica / University of A Corua, Spain..............................................................236, 241, 1273 Millis, Keith K. / The University of Memphis, USA......................................................................................1253 Misra, Sudip / Yale University, USA......................................................................................................589, 1530 Mohammadian, M. / University of Canberra, Australia......................................................................456, 1510 Monz, Jos M / Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain.....................................................................1576 Morales Moreno, Aythami / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain........................................1259 Mordonini, Monica / Universit degli Studi di Parma, Italy........................................................840, 848, 1303 Moreno-Muoz, A. / Universities of Cdiz-Crdoba, Spain.........................................................................1226 Muoz, Enrique / Universidad de Murcia, Spain...........................................................................................480 Muoz, Luis Miguel Guzmn / Benemrita Universidad Autnoma de Puebla, Mexico..................1370, 1426 Mussi, Luca / Universit degli Studi di Perugia, Italy...........................................................................840, 848 Mutihac, Radu / University of Bucharest, Romania.......................................................................22, 223, 1056 Narula, Prayag / University of Delhi, India..........................................................................................589, 1530 Neto, Joo Jos / Universidade de So Paulo, Brazil.......................................................................................37 Nitta, Tohru / AIST, Japan...............................................................................................................................361 Nvoa, Francisco J. / University of A Corua, Spain.....................................................................................110 Oja, Erkki / Helsinki University of Technology, Finland..............................................................................1343 Olteanu, Madalina / Universit de Paris I CES SAMOS, France...............................................................996 Ortiz-de-Lazcano-Lobato, Juan M. / University of Mlaga, Spain............................................................1112 Pacheco, Marco / PUC-Rio, Brazil.........................................................................................................808, 817 Panigrahi, Bijaya K. / Indian Institute of Technology, India........................................................................1145 Papaioannou, Ioannis / National Technical University of Athens, Greece.........................................1418, 1524 Pazos Montas, Flix / University of A Corua, Spain.................................................................................167 Pazos Sierra, Alejandro / University of A Corua, Spain.............................................................................1283 Pedreira, Nieves / University of A Corua, Spain...........................................................................................532 Pegalajar, M. C. / University of Granada, Spain..........................................................................................1152 Pelta, David A. / Universidad de Granada, Spain...........................................................................................480 Pea, Dexmont / Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len, Mexico...............................................................1462 Peng, Chun-Cheng / University of London, UK...........................................................................................1411 Prez, Juan L. / University of A Corua, Spain......................................................................................118, 526 Prez, scar / Universidad Autnoma de Madrid, Spain................................................................................282 Prez-Snchez, Beatriz / University of A Corua, Spain................................................................................667 Periscal, David / University of A Corua, Spain.............................................................................................618 Perl, Juergen / University of Mainz, Germany..............................................................................................1212 Peters, Georg / Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany.................................................................774 Piana, Michele / Universitadi Verona, Italy...................................................................................................372 Planet, Santiago / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain..........................................................................................541 Poggi, Agostino / Universit di Parma, Italy.................................................................................................1404 Poh, Kim Leng / National University of Singapore, Singapore......................................................................879 11. Porto Pazos, Ana Beln / University of A Corua, Spain...............................................................................167 Principe, Jose C. / University of Florida, USA...............................................................................................902 Putonet, Carlos G. / University of Granada, Spain......................................................................................1226 Quackenbush, John / Harvard School of Public Health, USA.........................................................................65 Queiroz, Joo / State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), & Federal University of Bahia, Brazil..........1543 Quek, Chai / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore........................................................................1396 Rabual Dopico, Juan Ramn / University of A Corua, Spain...........................................................125, 383 Raducanu, Bogdan / Computer Vision Center, Spain.....................................................................................625 Ramos, Carlos / Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal...............................................................................................92 Rashid, Shaista / University of Bradford, UK.................................................................................................337 Rsvan, Vladimir / University of Craiova, Romania....................................................................................1212 Reyes-Galaviz, Orion Fausto / Universidad Autnoma de Tlaxcala, Mexico.......................................860, 867 Reyes-Garca, Carlos Alberto / Instituto Nacional de Astrofsica ptica y Electrnica, Mexico.........860, 867 Riao Sierra, Jess M. / University of Deusto, Spain...................................................................................344 Rigas, Dimitris / University of Bradford, UK..................................................................................................337 Ros, Juan / Inteligencia Artificial, Facultad de Informatica, UPM, Spain....................................................767 Rivero, Daniel / University of A Corua, Spain......................................................................................125, 618 Rodrigues, Ernesto / Federal University of Technology, Brazil.....................................................................596 Rodriquez, Gregorio Iglesias / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain....................................144, 1614 Rodrguez, M. Antn / University of Valladolid, Spain......................................................................1490, 1497 Rodrguez, Patricia Henrquez / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.......................1266, 1439 Rodrguez, Santiago / University of A Corua, Spain....................................................................................975 Rodrguez, Sara / Universidad de Salamanca, Spain...................................................................................1316 Rodrguez-Patn, Alfonso / Inteligencia Artificial, Facultad de Informatica, UPM, Spain..........................767 Rojas, F. / University of Granada, Spain.........................................................................................................910 Rojas, F. J. / University of Granada, Spain.....................................................................................................910 Rojas, I. / University of Granada, Spain..........................................................................................................910 Rokach, Lior / Ben Gurion University, Israel.................................................................................................884 Romero, Carlos F. / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain......................................................1447 Romero, Enrique / Technical University of Catalonia, Spain......................................................................1205 Romero-Garca, V. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain...................................................................1296 Rosa Zurera, Manuel / University of Alcal, Spain...............................................................................933, 956 Roussaki, Ioanna / National Technical University of Athens, Greece................................................1418, 1524 Rousset, Patrick / CEREQ, France...............................................................................................................1029 Roy, Shourya / IBM Research, India Research Lab, India........................................................................99, 105 Ruano, Marcos / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain..........................................................................1064 Rus, Vasile / The University of Memphis, USA..............................................................................................1179 Rusiecki, Andrzej / Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland..................................................................1389 Russomanno, David J. / University of Memphis, USA...........................................................................304, 312 Sadri, Fariba / Imperial College London, UK..................................................................................................85 Salazar, Addisson / iTEAM, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain.................................................192, 199 Sanchez, Rodrigo Carballo / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.......................................144, 1614 Snchez, Eduardo / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain......................................................138, 1278 Snchez, Ricardo / Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len, Mexico............................................................1462 Snchez-Maroo, Noelia / University of A Corua, Spain.............................................................................632 Snchez-Montas, Manuel / Universidad Autnoma de Madrid, Spain..............................................282, 561 Snchez-Prez, J. V. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain.................................................................1296 Sanchis, J. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain.................................................................................1296 Sanchis de Miguel, Araceli / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain.........................................................554 12. Sarathy, Rathindra / Oklahoma State University, USA................................................................................1323 Savi, Dragan A. / University of Exeter, UK.................................................................................................1042 Schleif, Frank-M. / University of Leipzig, Germany.....................................................................................1337 Seoane, Antonio / University of A Corua, Spain...........................................................................................873 Seoane, Mara / University of A Corua, Spain......................................................................................975, 982 Seoane Fernndez, Jos Antonio / University of A Corua, Spain......................................236, 241, 744, 1273 Serantes, J. Andrs / University of A Corua, Spain......................................................................................744 erban, Gheorghe / University of Pitesti, Romania........................................................................................609 Sergiadis, George D. / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece..............................................................967 Serrano, Arturo / iTEAM, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain....................................................192, 199 Serrano-Lpez, Antonio J. / University of Valencia, Spain..............................................................................71 Sesmero Lorente, M. Paz / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain...........................................................554 Shambaugh, Neal / West Virginia University, USA.......................................................................................1310 Sharkey, Amanda J.C. / University of Sheffield, UK............................................................................161, 1537 Shilov, Nikolay V. / Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Informatics Systems, Russia.........................1089 Sieber, Tanja / University of Miskolc, Hungary............................................................................................1130 Silaghi, Marius C. / Florida Insitute of Technology, USA...............................................................................507 Silva, Ivan N. / University of So Paulo, Brazil............................................................................................1121 Sloot, Peter M.A. / Section Computational Science, The University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands...........353 Socor Carri, Joan-Claudi / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain..............................................................541, 719 Sofron, Emil / University of Pitesti, Romania.................................................................................................609 Song, Yu-Chen / Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, China............................................297 Sorathia, Vikram / Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, India......494 Soria-Olivas, Emilio / University of Valencia, Spain........................................................................................71 Sossa, Humberto / Center for Computing Research, IPN, Mexico.................................................................248 Souza, Flavio / UERJ, Brazil...................................................................................................................808, 817 Stankovi, Milan / University of Belgrade, Serbia.........................................................................................950 Stathis, Kostas / Royal Holloway, University of London, UK...........................................................................85 Surez, Sonia / University of A Corua, Spain........................................................................................975, 982 Subramaniam, L. Venkata / IBM Research, India Research Lab, India..................................................99, 105 Sulc, Bohumil / Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic........................................................567 Szenher, Matthew / University of Edinburgh, UK........................................................................................1185 Taktak, Azzam / Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK............................................................................390 Tang, Zaiyong / Salem State College, USA.......................................................................................................51 Tapia, Dante I. / Universidad de Salamanca, Spain......................................................................................1316 Taveira Pinto, Francisco / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain....................................................1603 Tejera Santana, Aday / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain..................................................270 Tllez, Ricardo / Technical University of Catalonia, Spain..........................................................................1095 Tettamanzi, Andrea G. B. / University of Milan, Italy...................................................................................575 Tikk, Domonkos / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary.........................................654 Tlelo-Cuautle, Esteban / Instituto Nacional de Astrofsica ptica y Electrnica, Mexico............................867 Tomaiuolo, Michele / Universit di Parma, Italy..........................................................................................1404 Torijano Gordo, Elena / University of Alcal, Spain.....................................................................................956 Torres, Manuel / University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain.........................................................................547 Travieso Gonzlez, Carlos M. / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.........................1259, 1447 Tumin, Sharil / University of Bergen, Norway..............................................................................................1610 Turgay, Safiye / Abant zzet Baysal University, Turkey...................................................................................924 Valds, Julio J. / National Research Council Canada, Canada..........................................................1205, 1589 Valenzuela, O. / University of Granada, Spain...............................................................................................910 13. Vargas, J. Francisco / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain & Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia...................................................................................................................................................1232 Vazquez, Roberto A. / Center for Computing Research, IPN, Mexico...........................................................248 Vzquez Naya, Jos Manuel / University of A Corua, Spain...........................................................1283, 1290 Vellasco, Marley / PUC-Rio, Brazil........................................................................................................808, 817 Verdegay, Jos L. / Universidad de Granada, Spain......................................................................................480 Villmann, Thomas / University of Leipzig, Germany...................................................................................1337 Vlachos, Ioannis K. / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece................................................................967 Voiry, Matthieu / University of Paris, France & SAGEM REOSC, France...................................................131 Wang, John / Montclair State University, USA.............................................................418, 424, 974, 963, 1036 Wilkosz, Kazimierz / Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland...............................................................1356 Williamson, Kristian / Statistics Canada, Canada...........................................................................................31 Wong, T. T. / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong..............................................................1568 Xu, Lei / Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong & Peking University, China.................318, 892, 1343 Yaman, Fahrettin / Abant zzet Baysal University, Turkey.............................................................................924 Yan, Hong / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong & University of Sydney, Australia..........................289 Yan, Yan / Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.............................................................................................1455 Yao, James / Montclair State University, USA.........................................................................................418, 424 Yokoo, Makoto / Kyushu University, Japan....................................................................................................507 Yousuf, Muhammad Ali / Tecnologico de Monterrey Santa Fe Campus, Mxico....................................1383 Zajac, Pavol / Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia.......................................................................179, 186 Zamora-Martnez, Francisco / Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain................................................231 Zarri, Gian Piero / LaLIC, University Paris 4-Sorbonne, France......................................................1159, 1167 Zatarain, Ramon / Instituto Tecnologico de Culiacan, Mexico......................................................................860 Zhang, Yu-Jin / Tsinghua University, Beijing, China....................................................................................1455 Zhao, Yi / Fernuniversitaet in Hagen, Germany...........................................................................................1079 Ziemke, Tom / University of Skovde, Sweden................................................................................................1376 14. Contents by Volume Volume I Active Learning with SVM / Jun Jiang, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Horace H. S. Ip, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong...............................................................................1 Adaptive Algorithms for Intelligent Geometric Computing / M. L. Gavrilova, University of Calgary, Canada..................................................................................................................................................................9 Adaptive Business Intelligence / Zbigniew Michalewicz, The University of Adelaide, Australia......................16 Adaptive Neural Algorithms for PCA and ICA / Radu Mutihac, University of Bucharest, Romania................22 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Systems / Larbi Esmahi, Athabasca University, Canada; Kristian Williamson, Statistics Canada, Canada; and Elarbi Badidi, United Arab Emirates University, UAE..................................31 Adaptive Technology and Its Applications / Joo Jos Neto, Universidade de So Paulo, Brazil....................37 Advanced Cellular Neural Networks Image Processing / J. lvaro Fernndez, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.............................................................................................................................45 Agent-Based Intelligent System Modeling / Zaiyong Tang, Salem State College, USA; Xiaoyu Huang, University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, China; and Kallol Bagchi, University of Texas at El Paso, USA...................................................................................................................................................51 AI and Ideas by Statistical Mechanics / Lester Ingber, Lester Ingber Research, USA.......................................58 AI Methods for Analyzing Microarray Data / Amira Djebbari, National Research Council Canada, Canada; Aedn C. Culhane, Harvard School of Public Health, USA; Alice J. Armstrong, The George Washington University, USA; and John Quackenbush, Harvard School of Public Health, USA.....................................................................................................................................................................65 AI Walk from Pharmacokinetics to Marketing, An / Jos D. Martn-Guerrero, University of Valencia, Spain; Emilio Soria-Olivas, University of Valencia, Spain; Paulo J.G. Lisboa, Liverpool John Moores University, UK; and Antonio J. Serrano-Lpez, University of Valencia, Spain.................................................71 Algorithms for Association Rule Mining / Vasudha Bhatnagar, University of Delhi, India; Anamika Gupta, University of Delhi, India; and Naveen Kumar, University of Delhi, India............................76 15. Ambient Intelligence / Fariba Sadri, Imperial College London, UK; and Kostas Stathis, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK.......................................................................................................85 Ambient Intelligence Environments / Carlos Ramos, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal......................................92 Analytics for Noisy Unstructured Text Data I / Shourya Roy, IBM Research, India Research Lab, India; and L. Venkata Subramaniam, IBM Research, India Research Lab, India........................................................99 Analytics for Noisy Unstructured Text Data II / L. Venkata Subramaniam, IBM Research, India Research Lab, India; and Shourya Roy, IBM Research, India Research Lab, India.......................................................105 Angiographic Images Segmentation Techniques / Francisco J. Nvoa, University of A Corua, Spain; Alberto Curra, University of A Corua, Spain; M. Gloria Lpez, University of A Corua, Spain; and Virginia Mato, University of A Corua, Spain..................................................................................................110 ANN Application in the Field of Structural Concrete / Juan L. Prez, University of A Corua, Spain; M Isabel Martnez, University of A Corua, Spain; and Manuel F. Herrador, University of A Corua, Spain...................................................................................................................................................118 ANN Development with EC Tools: An Overview / Daniel Rivero, University of A Corua, Spain; and Juan Ramn Rabual Dopico, University of A Corua, Spain..................................................................125 ANN-Based Defects Diagnosis of Industrial Optical Devices / Matthieu Voiry, University of Paris, France & SAGEM REOSC, France; Vronique Amarger, University of Paris, France; Joel Bernier, SAGEM REOSC, France; and Kurosh Madani, University of Paris, France..................................................131 Artificial Intelligence and Education / Eduardo Snchez, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Manuel Lama, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain...................................................................138 Artificial Intelligence and Rubble-Mound Breakwater Stability / Gregorio Iglesias Rodriquez, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Alberte Castro Ponte, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Rodrigo Carballo Sanchez, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Miguel ngel Losada Rodriguez, University of Granada, Spain.........................................................................................................144 Artificial Intelligence for Information Retrieval / Thomas Mandl, University of Hildesheim, Germany.........151 Artificial Intelligence in Computer-Aided Diagnosis / Paulo Eduardo Ambrsio, Santa Cruz State University, Brazil..............................................................................................................................................157 Artificial Neural Networks and Cognitive Modelling / Amanda J.C. Sharkey, University of Sheffield, UK....161 Artificial NeuroGlial Networks / Ana Beln Porto Pazos, University of A Corua, Spain; Alberto Alvarellos Gonzlez, University of A Corua, Spain; and Flix Montas Pazos, University of A Corua, Spain..........167 Association Rule Mining / Vasudha Bhatnagar, University of Delhi, India; and Sarabjeet Kochhar, University of Delhi, India.................................................................................................................................172 Automated Cryptanalysis / Otokar Groek, Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia; and Pavol Zajac, Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia..................................................................................179 16. Automated Cryptanalysis of Classical Ciphers / Otokar Groek, Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia; and Pavol Zajac, Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia...........................................................186 Automatic Classification of Impact-Echo Spectra I / Addisson Salazar, iTEAM, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain; and Arturo Serrano, iTEAM, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain .......192 Automatic Classification of Impact-Echo Spectra II / Addisson Salazar, iTEAM, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain; and Arturo Serrano, iTEAM, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain........199 AVI of Surface Flaws on Manufactures I / Girolamo Fornarelli, Politecnico di Bari, Italy; and Antonio Giaquinto, Politecnico di Bari, Italy............................................................................................206 AVI of Surface Flaws on Manufactures II / Girolamo Fornarelli, Politecnico di Bari, Italy; and Antonio Giaquinto, Politecnico di Bari, Italy............................................................................................211 Basic Cellular Neural Networks Image Processing / J. lvaro Fernndez, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain......................................................................................................218 Bayesian Neural Networks for Image Restoration / Radu Mutihac, University of Bucharest, Romania............................................................................................................................................................223 Behaviour-Based Clustering of Neural Networks / Mara Jos Castro-Bleda, Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain; Salvador Espaa-Boquera, Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain; and Francisco Zamora-Martnez, Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain.................................................................................................................................................................231 Bio-Inspired Algorithms in Bioinformatics I / Jos Antonio Seoane Fernndez, University of A Corua, Spain; and Mnica Migulez Rico, University of A Corua, Spain................................................236 Bio-Inspired Algorithms in Bioinformatics II / Jos Antonio Seoane Fernndez, University of A Corua, Spain; and Mnica Migulez Rico, University of A Corua, Spain............................................241 Bioinspired Associative Memories / Roberto A. Vazquez, Center for Computing Research, IPN, Mexico; and Humberto Sossa, Center for Computing Research, IPN, Mexico................................................248 Bio-Inspired Dynamical Tools for Analyzing Cognition / Manuel G. Bedia, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Juan M. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Spain; and Luis F. Castillo, National University, Colombia.........................................................................................................................256 Biometric Security Technology / Marcos Faundez-Zanuy, Escola Universitria Politcnica de Matar, Spain...................................................................................................................................................262 Blind Source Separation by ICA / Miguel A. Ferrer, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; and Aday Tejera Santana, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain................................................270 Chaotic Neural Networks / Emilio Del-Moral-Hernandez, University of So Paulo, Brazil...........................275 Class Prediction in Test Sets with Shifted Distributions / scar Prez, Universidad Autnoma de Madrid, Spain; and Manuel Snchez-Montas, Universidad Autnoma de Madrid, Spain......................282 17. Cluster Analysis of Gene Expression Data / Alan Wee-Chung Liew, Griffith University, Australia; Ngai-Fong Law, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; and Hong Yan, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong & University of Sydney, Australia........................................................................289 Clustering Algorithm for Arbitrary Data Sets / Yu-Chen Song, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, China; and Hai-Dong Meng, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, China.................................................................................................................................................................297 CNS Tumor Prediction Using Gene Expression Data Part I / Atiq Islam, University of Memphis, USA; Khan M. Iftekharuddin, University of Memphis, USA; E. Olusegun George, University of Memphis, USA; and David J. Russomanno, University of Memphis, USA.................................................................................304 CNS Tumor Prediction Using Gene Expression Data Part II / Atiq Islam, University of Memphis, USA; Khan M. Iftekharuddin, University of Memphis, USA; E. Olusegun George, University of Memphis, USA; and David J. Russomanno, University of Memphis, USA.................................................................................312 Combining Classifiers and Learning Mixture-of-Experts / Lei Xu, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong & Peking University, China; and Shun-ichi Amari, Brain Science Institute, Japan.....................318 Commonsense Knowledge Representation I / Phillip Ein-Dor, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.............................327 Commonsense Knowledge Representation II / Phillip Ein-Dor, Tel-Aviv University, Israel...........................334 Comparative Study on E-Note-Taking, A / Shaista Rashid, University of Bradford, UK; and Dimitris Rigas, University of Bradford, UK..............................................................................................337 Comparison of Cooling Schedules for Simulated Annealing, A / Jos Fernando Daz Martn, University of Deusto, Spain; and Jess M. Riao Sierra, University of Deusto, Spain...................................344 Complex Systems Modeling by Cellular Automata / Ji Kroc, Section Computational Science, The University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Peter M.A. Sloot, Section Computational Science, The University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands...............................................................................................353 Complex-Valued Neural Networks / Tohru Nitta, AIST, Japan........................................................................361 Component Analysis in Artificial Vision / Oscar Dniz Surez, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; and Gloria Bueno Garca, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain...................................................367 Computational Methods in Biomedical Imaging / Michele Piana, Universitadi Verona, Italy......................372 Computer Morphogenesis in Self-Organizing Structures / Enrique Fernndez-Blanco, University of A Corua, Spain; and Julin Dorado, University of A Corua, Spain.......................................377 Computer Vision for Wave Flume Experiments / scar Ibez, University of A Corua, Spain; and Juan Rabual Dopico, University of A Corua, Spain..............................................................................383 Conditional Hazard Estimating Neural Networks / Antonio Eleuteri, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK; Azzam Taktak, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK; Bertil Damato, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK; Angela Douglas, Liverpool Womens Hospital, UK; and Sarah Coupland, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK....................................................................................................................................390 18. Configuration / Luca Anselma, Universit di Torino, Italy; and Diego Magro, Universit di Torino, Italy.................................................................................................................................396 Constraint Processing / Roman Bartk, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.................................404 Continuous ACO in a SVR Traffic Forecasting Model / Wei-Chiang Hong, Oriental Institute of Technology, Taiwan.......................................................................................................................................410 Data Mining Fundamental Concepts and Critical Issues / John Wang, Montclair State University, USA; Qiyang Chen, Montclair State University, USA; and James Yao, Montclair State University, USA................418 Data Warehousing Development and Design Methodologies / James Yao, Montclair State University, USA; and John Wang, Montclair State University, USA..................................................................................424 Decision Making in Intelligent Agents / Mats Danielson, Stockholm University, Sweden & Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; and Love Ekenberg, Stockholm University, Sweden & Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden..............................................................................................................431 Decision Tree Applications for Data Modelling / Man Wai Lee, Brunel University, UK; Kyriacos Chrysostomou, Brunel University, UK; Sherry Y. Chen, Brunel University, UK; and Xiaohui Liu, Brunel University, UK..................................................................................................................437 Dempster-Shafer Theory, The / Malcolm J. Beynon, Cardiff University, UK..................................................443 Dependency Parsing: Recent Advances / Ruket akc, University of Edinburgh, UK....................................449 Designing Unsupervised Hierarchical Fuzzy Logic Systems / M. Mohammadian, University of Canberra, Australia....................................................................................................................456 Developmental Robotics / Max Lungarella, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Gabriel Gmez, University of Zurich, Switzerland.....................................................................................................................464 Device-Level Majority von Neumann Multiplexing / Valeriu Beiu, United Arab Emirates University, UAE; Walid Ibrahim, United Arab Emirates University, UAE; and Sanja Lazarova-Molnar, United Arab Emirates University, UAE.................................................................................................................................471 Different Approaches for Cooperation with Metaheuristics / Jos M. Cadenas, Universidad de Murcia, Spain; M Carmen Garrido, Universidad de Murcia, Spain; Enrique Muoz, Universidad de Murcia, Spain; Carlos Cruz-Corona, Universidad de Granada, Spain; David A. Pelta, Universidad de Granada, Spain; and Jos L. Verdegay, Universidad de Granada, Spain..............................480 Differential Evolution with Self-Adaptation / Janez Brest, University of Maribor, Slovenia..........................488 Discovering Mappings Between Ontologies / Vikram Sorathia, Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, India; and Anutosh Maitra, Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, India....................................................................................494 Disk-Based Search / Stefan Edelkamp, University of Dortmund, Germany; and Shahid Jabbar, University of Dortmund, Germany...................................................................................................................501 19. Distributed Constraint Reasoning / Marius C. Silaghi, Florida Insitute of Technology, USA; and Makoto Yokoo, Kyushu University, Japan.................................................................................................507 Distributed Representation of Compositional Structure / Simon D. Levy, Washington and Lee University, USA.................................................................................................................................................514 EA Multi-Model Selection for SVM / Gilles Lebrun, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France; Olivier Lezoray, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France; Christophe Charrier, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France; and Hubert Cardot, University Franois-Rabelais of Tours, France................................................................................................................................................520 EC Techniques in the Structural Concrete Field / Juan L. Prez, University of A Corua, Spain; Beln Gonzlez-Fonteboa, University of A Corua, Spain; and Fernando Martnez Abella, University of A Corua, Spain..........................................................................................................................526 E-Learning in New Technologies / Nieves Pedreira, University of A Corua, Spain; Jos Ramn Mndez Salgueiro, University of A Corua, Spain; and Manuel Martnez Carballo, University of A Corua, Spain..........................................................................................................................532 Emerging Applications in Immersive Technologies / Darryl N. Davis, University of Hull, UK; and Paul M. Chapman, University of Hull, UK................................................................................................536 Emulating Subjective Criteria in Corpus Validation / Ignasi Iriondo, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain; Santiago Planet, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain; Francesc Alas, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain; Joan-Claudi Socor, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain; and Elisa Martnez, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain.................................................................................................................................................................541 Volume II Energy Minimizing Active Models in Artificial Vision / Gloria Bueno Garca, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain; Antonio Martnez, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain; Roberto Gonzlez, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain; and Manuel Torres, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain.......................................................................................................547 Ensemble of ANN for Traffic Sign Recognition / M. Paz Sesmero Lorente, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; Juan Manuel Alonso-Weber, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; Germn Gutirrez Snchez, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; Agapito Ledezma Espino, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; and Araceli Sanchis de Miguel, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain..........................................................................................................................................554 Ensemble of SVM Classifiers for Spam Filtering / ngela Blanco, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Spain; and Manuel Martn-Merino, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Spain......................561 Evolutionary Algorithms in Discredibility Detection / Bohumil Sulc, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic; and David Klimanek, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic..................................................................................................................................................567 Evolutionary Approaches for ANNs Design / Antonia Azzini, University of Milan, Italy; and Andrea G.B. Tettamanzi, University of Milan, Italy.........................................................................................575 20. Evolutionary Approaches to Variable Selection / Marcos Gestal, University of A Corua, Spain; and Jos Manuel Andrade, University of A Corua, Spain..............................................................................581 Evolutionary Computing Approach for Ad-Hoc Networks / Prayag Narula, University of Delhi, India; Sudip Misra, Yale University, USA; and Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher, University of Delhi, India..................................................................................................................................................................589 Evolutionary Grammatical Inference / Ernesto Rodrigues, Federal University of Technology, Brazil; and Heitor Silvrio Lopes, Federal University of Technology, Brazil..................................................596 Evolutionary Robotics / J. A. Becerra, University of A Corua, Spain; and R. J. Duro, University of A Corua, Spain................................................................................................................................................603 Evolved Synthesis of Digital Circuits / Laureniu Ionescu, University of Pitesti, Romania; Alin Mazare, University of Pitesti, Romania; Gheorghe erban, University of Pitesti, Romania; and Emil Sofron, University of Pitesti, Romania..........................................................................................................................609 Evolving Graphs for ANN Development and Simplification / Daniel Rivero, University of A Corua, Spain; and David Periscal, University of A Corua, Spain............................................................618 Facial Expression Recognition for HCI Applications / Fadi Dornaika, Institut Gographique National, France; and Bogdan Raducanu, Computer Vision Center, Spain....................................................................625 Feature Selection / Noelia Snchez-Maroo, University of A Corua, Spain; and Amparo Alonso-Betanzos, University of A Corua, Spain................................................................................632 Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network Basics / Llus A. Belanche Muoz, Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Spain.......................................................................................................................639 Finding Multiple Solutions with GA in Multimodal Problems / Marcos Gestal, University of A Corua, Spain; and Mari Paz Gmez-Carracedo, University of A Corua, Spain......................................647 Full-Text Search Engines for Databases / Lszl Kovcs, University of Miskolc, Hungary; and Domonkos Tikk, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary.......................................654 Functional Dimension Reduction for Chemometrics / Tuomas Krn, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland; and Amaury Lendasse, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland.............................661 Functional Networks / Oscar Fontenla-Romero, University of A Corua, Spain; Bertha Guijarro-Berdias, University of A Corua, Spain; and Beatriz Prez-Snchez, University of A Corua, Spain..........................................................................................................................667 Fuzzy Approximation of DES State / Juan Carlos Gonzlez-Castolo, CINVESTAV Unidad Guadalajara, Mexico; and Ernesto Lpez-Mellado, CINVESTAV Unidad Guadalajara, Mexico ..................677 Fuzzy Control Systems: An Introduction / Guanrong Chen, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Young Hoon Joo, Kunsan National University,