References Evaluation – Group work Encyclopedias, and Dictionaries

Submitted by

Group (1) Francie Berger Hanem IbrahimHeather Tebbs

ILS 504- Reference Materials and ServicesDr. Elsie Okobi

Fall 2009

Evaluation Set 3 ( Encyclopedias- Dictionaries)This paper evaluates 24 print, CD-ROM and Online versions of encyclopedias.

Documentation of each group member’s contributions follows the body of the work.1. Academic American Encyclopedia CitationAcademic American Encyclopedia. (1995). Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier IncorporatedGeneral InformationThe Academic American Encyclopedia was published by Grolier, Incorporated of Danbury, Connecticut in 1995. Grolier is known as a leading publisher of reference books and multimedia reference products in the United States.ScopeThis encyclopedia includes 32,000 entries, more than 16,000 illustrations, and 9 million words, by 2250 authors. The articles are written with a focus on and expectation of student usage and reflect the curriculum of American schools and colleges. The articles’ lengths are appropriate for this purpose, with more than half the entries being less than 500 words.EmphasisThis resource is geared towards upper elementary, junior high, high school, and college students, as well as the “inquisitive adult”. Although the entries are chosen to reflect the American educational systems curricula, they are not written with an American bias, but instead strive to grant recognition to the diversity of practice throughout the world.Authority More than 90% of the articles are written by an international group of scholars and experts, while more than 75% of the entries are signed.Writing StyleThe text is written with an eye toward making the material easy to understand. Foreign words, abbreviations, detailed etymology, and specialized jargon are avoided. Technical terms are defined when used. Both metric and standard notational weights and measures, as well as Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin temperatures are used.RecencyThe copyright date of this encyclopedia is 1995. All entries were up-to-date at the time of publication. The encyclopedia is revised on a yearly basis, as well as updated by an annual yearbook covering the events and developments of the previous year. Viewpoint and ObjectivityControversial subjects are included in this publication, with objective entries for abortion and homosexuality. Each article in the encyclopedia undergoes multiple reviews to help ensure objectivity, balance and accuracy.Arrangement and EntryThe encyclopedia is arranged alphabetically, using the word-by-word system. If the entry is not where the reader expects it to be, there is generally a “see” reference to show where to find the subject. While each article is preceded by a large bold-faced heading, many of the entries are further sub-divided by smaller bold-faced topic headings.Each article includes extensive cross-references, of three different types. There is the “see” reference mentioned above, the internal cross reference within the body of the article that indicates that there are related articles in the encyclopedia, and the “see also” references at the end of the article, that tell the reader that more information can be found under those headings.

Some articles, particularly those about a country, state, province, or U.S. president, will also include a fact box at its beginning with the most commonly used information about the subject.Additionally, photographs, maps, and other illustrations, along with captions and other information, appear alongside relevant articles.IndexVolume 21 of this publication is a 200,000 entry index to the encyclopedia. It is in alphabetical order using the letter-by-letter system. The index provides a complete list of references for each subject, as well as information about illustrations, maps, tables and bibliographies. Cost Price is not available for this publication.2. The Cambridge Encyclopedia CitationCrystal, David. (1998). The Cambridge biographical encyclopedia (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.General InformationThis, the second edition of The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia was published by Cambridge University Press in 1998. Cambridge University Press has been publishing academic and educational works since 1584.ScopeThis volume includes biographical information on over 26,000 people, focusing on core facts about a person’s life.Authority This publication is intended for readers of any age interested in the life of a particular person included in the biographies. A stated goal of the book is “to ensure internationalism of coverage, especially in relation to the leading English-speaking countries, by using contributors in the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.” Hundreds of other entries cover people from other parts of the world. The editor has also paid particular attention to ensuring adequate coverage of traditionally under-represented populations, including women, African-Americans, Aborigines, Maoris, and other minority groups.Writing StyleThe language used is easy to understand and fully accessible to all readers. The average length of each entry is 70 words, and in only 40 cases have entries taken a full page.RecencyThis volume is current to its date of publication, and offers a particular focus on 20th century personalities, including those from the worlds of sports, television, movies, music, and science.Viewpoint and ObjectivityControversial personalities are included in this book, as seen by the entry for Charles Manson.Arrangement and EntryEntries are arranged alphabetically by person’s last name, using the letter-by-letter system and ignoring all spaces between words. Rulers sharing the same name are listed chronologically. Other personalities sharing the same name are listed in the order rulers, saints, popes, and others. Letters that do not appear in the English alphabet are given their nearest English equivalent. Each entry begins with the subject’s name in bold-faced type, the years in which they live(d). biographical data, important relations names also in bold-face, and cross-references if relevant.IndexThere are several ready-reference indexes at the back of the book, among them:

Political leaders and rulers Saints- patronage and feast days Religious leaders Justices of the Supreme Court Nobel prizewinners Pulitzer prizewinners Competitive sports and game

FormatA pronunciation guide is included that is applied in all cases where a native English speaker may be unsure of the correct pronunciation of a name. Over 6000 transcriptions are included. This is obviously also a vitally useful tool for those for whom English is not the first language.Cost This edition of this print publication is available online from $26.99 to $50.65 U.S. 3. The Columbia Encyclopedia CitationLagasse, P. (Ed.). (2008). The Columbia encyclopedia online (2008). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from http://0-www.xreferplus.com.www.consuls.org/book.do?id=624. ScopeThe Columbia Encyclopedia Online is a general encyclopedia. The publisher states that it includes “physical, historical, geographical, political, scientific, religious, and cultural” topics. The encyclopedia contains approximately 51,000 entries.EmphasisThe encyclopedia contains information on international topics of general interest.Authority Based on the print edition, published since 1935, The Columbia Encyclopedia Online, is published by a well-respected publisher that has earned a reputation for compiling a trustworthy reference resource.Writing StyleThe writing style is to-the-point. There is not much meat to the entries. Dates of occurrences break up the text and make it read as choppy.RecencyAs an online resource, I would expect it to have had more frequent updates than the print version. The entry for Barack Obama, however, has not been updated to reflect that he is the President of the United States, nor does it mention that he won the election. The entry was last updated before November of 2008.Viewpoint and ObjectivityReading of articles on the Gulf Wars and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks revealed an overall balanced, perhaps slightly anti-Gulf War tone in the former, and a strictly factual reporting of the latter.Arrangement and EntryThe entries are arranged alphabetically, by subject. Hyperlinks to other subject terms used within the text are provided.IndexThe index is comprised of subject headings arranged alphabetically. One thing that surprised me is that when a subject heading is selected that is not the primary subject heading, rather than

navigating the user directly to the entry, the interface navigates the user to a page that says, “See under…” and the user must click on the link provided to go to the actual entry. This seems rather clunky in so far as it creates an unnecessary extra step for the user.FormatCredo Reference provides the interface to the encyclopedia as well as many other online reference databases for the Buley Library at Southern. For the The Columbia Encyclopedia online, Credo offers a home page which is arranged with alphabetical expandable sections. Once expanded, subject links are presented in alphabetical order. A search box is provided. Headings may be perused by subject or by person. Hovering the mouse pointer over the subject heading shows a brief pop-up summary of the subject, enabling the user to ascertain whether or not it is the subject heading for which they were searching.Once a subject is selected, the user is navigated to the subject entry page. The subject entry page contains the subject text, and Previous Entry and Next Entry navigation buttons.Surprisingly, as well as disappointingly, while the preface states there are copious visual materials included in the encyclopedia, no photographs or other illustrations accompany any of the entries as far as I could tell.4. Encyclopedia Americana CitationEncyclopedia Americana. (2006). Danbury: Connecticut: Scholastic Library Publishing, Inc.General InformationThe Encyclopedia Americana was published by Scholastic Library Publishing Inc. of Danbury, Connecticut in 1999 through its Grolier imprint. Grolier is known as a leading publisher of reference books and multimedia reference products in the United States.ScopeThis 30 volume publication contains tens of thousands of articles written to serve the educational community as a bridge between the general reader and the specialist. Articles are presented in easy to understand language, and are aimed at all learners and educators, from the young student to teachers and librarians.EmphasisThis encyclopedia is intended for use as a general reference resource in schools, colleges, and public libraries. No American bias is detected.Authority All articles are signed by the author, a leading authority in his/her field, chosen by a team of editors and advisors.Writing StyleWhen an author is chosen to write an article, he/she is reminded that the objective of the publication is to present facts and interpretations to the non-specialist reader, as well as explain technical terms in an understandable manner. Before publication, each article is reviewed by the editors to ensure that it satisfies these objectives.RecencyInformation is up-to-date for the time of publication. Viewpoint and ObjectivityControversial subjects are included with several references for abortion, homelessness, and homosexuality. The editors have striven for a balanced and objective viewpoint on all topics.

Arrangement and EntryArticles are arranged alphabetically, using the word-by-word system. If two or more articles have the same heading they are ordered by person, place, then thing. Each entry begins with a large bold-faced heading, and may be further sub-divided by smaller bold-faced sub-headings. Longer articles include a contents box for quicker searching, as well as an information highlights box. Cross-references may be provided in the text or at the end of article. A bibliography is included at the end of an article when appropriate.Index Volume 30 of this encyclopedia is a complete index with more than 350,000 entries There is an entry for each article in the index, followed by a listing of every place in the encyclopedia that information on that subject can be found. The index also lists thousands of entries for which there are no separate articles, but does provide listings of articles that cover the subject. In all cases. Volume and page numbers are provided for easy look-up.FormatA pronunciation key and a list of abbreviations used in the encyclopedia are included at the beginning of each volume.Cost The 2006 edition of this print publication is listed at $729.00 U.S.5. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences CitationDarity Jr., W. A. (Ed). (2008). International encyclopedia of the social sciences (2nd ed.) (9 vols.). New York: Macmillan. General InformationThe 2nd edition contains entirely new content. None of the content from the previous edition was used. A point was made to include African Americans and female scholars as authors.ScopeThe set includes 2,990 essays covering political science, anthropology, psychology, and contributors to these fields. EmphasisThe editor has solicited the points of view of a diverse population of authors from around the world. Authority Thomson-Gale and Macmillan are respected names in encyclopedic publishing. The editor is “William A. Darity, Jr., Arts and Sciences Professor of Public Policy Studies, African and African American Studies, and Economics at Duke University.”Writing StyleThe writing style is clear to the layperson for articles of general interest and provides enough background information to carry the reader through the article. For specialty articles that deal more with formulas and pure-science, the layperson will have difficulty without knowledge of, for instance, advanced mathematics. RecencyThe encyclopedia was published in 2008 and includes historical as well as current views on subjects where applicable. For instance, the entries on the subject of abortion lists historical views and practices as well as current views and practices.

Viewpoint and ObjectivityThe viewpoint is U.S.-centric, but makes an attempt to be global. In the case of the abortion subject entry, information on the international as well as U.S. abortion laws; however, the U.S. is given its own sub-heading while the international sub-section is general.Arrangement and EntryEntries are alphabetic by subject heading over 9 volumes. Bold, large font main subject headings are followed with bold, smaller font sub-headings in each entry. A double column style is used. The tops of the pages provide the subject heading for that page. In volume 1 a list of articles for the entire encyclopedia and a thematic outline are given for cross reference. The 9th volume includes an index.6. Kenneth F. Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and

Specialized EncyclopediasCitationKister, K. F. (1994). Kister's best encyclopedias: A Comparative guide to general and specialized encyclopedias. 2nd . . ed.- Phoenix, AZ.: Oryx Press. General InformationThis is the second edition of the Kister's best encyclopedias, it is a single–volume encyclopedia, published in Arizona by Oryx Press, in 1994.ScopeThis work is an encyclopedia of encyclopedias. It’s kind of directory that reviews encyclopedias, and evaluates them. According to a booksellers website "industry review", Best Encyclopedias provides "in-depth evaluations of 77 general encyclopedias, including electronic products; reviews of some 800 subject-specific encyclopedias (covering 29 subjects); and reviews of 44 foreign language encyclopedias covering nine languages" (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish) Emphasis: This edition features concise reviews, comparison charts, and a directory of publishers and suppliers, and that is very useful information for Acquisition librarians, as well as anyone looking for well –written, critical reviews on English encyclopedias. AuthorityEdited by Kenneth Kister, who considered the most authoritative source for encyclopedia reviews. Writing StyleAppropriate language, and easy to understand for all users. RecencyThis edition published and has a copy right of 1994; It contains reviews of 1992-1993 printing, or last available printing of encyclopedias. Arrangement and EntryThis encyclopedia starts with questions and answers about encyclopedias, then It reviews six categories of encyclopedias: (1) Large encyclopedias for adults or older students; (2) Medium-sized encyclopedias for adults or older students; (3) Small encyclopedias for adults or older students; (4) large and medium sized encyclopedias for children and younger students; (5) Small encyclopedias for children and younger students; and (6) Electronic encyclopedias. There are also information about the out of print encyclopedias. Each entry in the general section is divided into two sections. First, the fact section which includes all bibliographic information as well as the price sales information, and other descriptive information. The second section is the evaluation which begins with in- depth

coverage of each criteria for encyclopedia evaluation and summary which are really helpful for as a last step before deciding to get this encyclopedia or not, it’s like overall criticism and evaluation, it also includes other opinion about these encyclopedias.These encyclopedias are arranged alphabetically by encyclopedia’s names within each category, the alphabetical order letter by letter. IndexThere is an index at the end of this book which arranged alphabetically. There are also two appendixes :( encyclopedia resources and a directory of encyclopedia publishers and distributors). CostThe cost is approximately $42 for the new copy. 7. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology CitationMcGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (10th ed.). (2007). New York: McGraw-Hill.General InformationThis, the 10th edition of the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology was published by McGraw-Hill of New York in 2007. McGraw-Hill is a leading publisher of educational materials world-wide.ScopeThis encyclopedia includes 7100 articles in 20 volumes, including a full index. There are over 60,000 cross-references spread amongst the articles, 12,000 illustrations, and over 1400 data tables. The stated goal of this publication is “to provide the widest possible range of articles that will be understandable and useful to any person of modest technical training who wants to obtain information outside his (or her) particular field of specialization.” The articles are intended for use by students, professionals, librarians; truly anyone seeking information on all major fields of science and engineering.EmphasisThis publication is written for use by those seeking information on the major fields in science and engineering, but it is intended for use by laymen; that is those who are not specialists and in fact, may have no prior knowledge of the fields it covers. No American bias is detected.Authority Each article is signed by its author, an expert in his/her field. Authors are chosen by the Board of Consulting Editors and come from universities, industry, and public agencies world-wide.Writing StyleSince this encyclopedia is intended for use by non-specialists, care is taken to ensure that the articles are written and illustrated for easy access for the reader.RecencyThe information provided in this text is up-to-date, with a particular emphasis in this edition on the most quickly advancing topics in the fields, such as cell and molecular biology; information technology and communications; nanotechnology; environmental, earth, and climate sciences; materials science; and cosmology.Arrangement and EntryThe articles are arranged alphabetically, using the word-by-word system. A comma provides a stop in inverted article titles. Each discipline covered includes a broad survey article for easy clarification of basic concepts, followed by numerous cross-references. Each article begins with

faced type sub-headings. Extensive cross-references appear within the text of each article and most include bibliographies at the end as suggestions for further reading.IndexVolume 20 of this publication is a complete index that includes an Analytical Index and a Topical Index. The Analytical Index lists each important term, concept, and person covered throughout the text and directs the reader to the volume and page numbers on the chosen entry. The Topical Index lists 90 general headings and groups the article titles according to subject. The Index also includes a Study Guide with outlines of major scientific disciplines and lists relate articles for each topic. Additionally, there is a Scientific Notation section, that includes reference tables, specifies symbols and abbreviations, and clarifies relationships between the three primary measurement systems; U.S. Customary, metric, and international.FormatA special feature of this edition of the encyclopedia is a companion website, http://MHEST.com that contains updated articles, graphics, and multimedia content pertaining to current subjects, as well as selected article updates.Cost The 2002 edition of this print publication is listed at $2495.00 U.S. A newer version, published in 2007, is listed at $3495.00 U.S.8. Subject Encyclopedias: User Guide, Review Citations, and Keyword Index CitationMirwis, A. (1999). Subject encyclopedias: User guide, review citations, and keyword index. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press.ScopeThe set assists with conventional collection development via a list of recommended titles that a reference librarian may check against their holdings. An additional section, the encyclopedia section, gives a greater overview of the titles, their use, and offers a reviews-based ratings.According to Amazon.com:This useful two-volume set will provide buyers of subject encyclopedias with a substantial amount of valuable information they can use in making their purchasing decisions. It will also provide all types of librarians and their patrons with a quick, one-stop method for locating the appropriate subject encyclopedias for their needs and for locating articles in the 100 encyclopedias. Librarians who specialize in bibliographic instruction will also find it to be a useful tool for teaching students how to locate needed information.EmphasisThe emphasis of the set is on collections development of subject encyclopedias for the reference room and on the targeting of the correct subject reference resource for the patron.Authority The publisher, Oryx Press, was founded by Phyllis Steckler in 1975 and was a small, independent reference publisher until it was purchased by Greenwood Publishing Group in 2000, according to a Library Journal blurb.The back of the book states: Allan Mirwis is Readers’ Services Librarian at Kingsborough Community College in Brooklyn, NY. In addition to publishing many articles on making effective use of library resources, he is the author of Guides to Educational Media Software. Mirwis holds an Ed.D. from Indiana University and an M.L.S. from Columbia.

The publisher is relatively unknown and the author, while he graduated from Columbia, teaches at a community college. A search for articles he has published resulted in relatively few hits. I also could not find any in-depth reviews in EBSCO. There were three editorial reviews on Amazon.com which were truncated, but the portions shown were favorable. I did not immediately recognize any of the reviewers.The resource is recommended by one of the reviewers for use at the “undergraduate level.” Writing StyleThere is no real writing style. Entries are composed of abbreviated terms and review data.RecencyThe encyclopedia is ten years old.Viewpoint and ObjectivityThe rating methodology is given in detail.Arrangement and EntryEntries are arranged alphabetically by full title. Entries include LC number, DDC number, title, editor and author names, edition, number of pages, binding, price, review average and rating numbers, reviewer information, and awards won.IndexSix indexes are included: Title Index, Subject Heading Index, Rating Index, DDC Number Index, Publishers Index, and Keyword Index.Cost $187.95 for volume I and volume II (each) on Amazon.com.9. New Encyclopaedia Britannica CitationNew encyclopaedia Britannica. (1992). (15th ed.). (33Vols.). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. General Information:The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th Edition) published by Encyclopaedia Britannica in 33 volumes plus 2 Annuals Hardcover Binding. Scope: This encyclopedia is the most traditional Scholarly general encyclopedia; it contains 44milion words, 65,100 articles, 1,600 bibliographies, and contributions from 500, 000 editorial staff advisory. EmphasisUseful for college students and anyone (adults or teens) who need some details about any topic. AuthorityIn the micropedia section the articles not signed by the authors. In the macropedia volumes, authors are listed after articles, Writing StyleAccording to Kister, K. F. (1994). The articles of this encyclopedia are written in an appropriate writing style for moderate educated adults, but some of the articles in the Macropedia especially in math and science were written at a level well beyond the layperson’s grasp. RecencyThe Britannica First printed in 1768. The first appearance for the 15 edition was in 1974. The copy right of this evaluated one is 1992. The information normally accurate, but right now some the information in science and technology are out- of- date.

Arrangement/EntryThe encyclopedia consists of 33 volumes. It divided into three main sections; volumes from 1-12 (Micropedia) which covered the short articles set (less than 750 words) that addresses ready reference questions. Volumes from 13-29 (Macropedia) which contain longer articles (2+ pages) with more in-depth information. Volume 30 (Propedia) which is a one volume covers 10 parts of knowledge (Matter and energy, The Earth and life on it, Human life, Human society, Arts, Technology, Religion, History of mankind, and Branches of Knowledge) , this volume summaries of contains all human knowledge. The topic in each section in (Micropedia, Macropedia) arranged alphabetically letter by letter.IndexVolumes 31- 32 are two volumes index which refer to the topic in the other volumes (subject, name, etc.)FormatThere is no glossary or dictionary, but there are many other useful features. Articles are accompanied by over 20,000 colored illustrations to better explain information. CostThe price of the entire set is $1, 299, 00 for school libraries. The retail price is 1, 194, 00 the.Viewpoint/OpinionsThis is one of the greatest general encyclopedia, but the negative side of it is the arrangement which really disconcert users. Some information in the Macropedia, and others in the Micropedia, lots of places to look for complete information. 10. World Book Encyclopedia CitationThe World Book Encyclopedia. (2009). Chicago: World Book.General InformationThe World Book Encyclopedia was published by World Book of Chicago, Illinois in 1999. World Book has been publishing well-respected, award-winning encyclopedias and reference materials since 1917.ScopeThis 22 volume set includes thousands of articles, more than 27,500 illustrations of which 24,000 are in color. This encyclopedia is intended for use by students from elementary school through high school and its contents are specifically chosen to reflect the curriculum taught in American schools. Articles are written to lengths appropriate for their audience.EmphasisThis publication main aim is to serve students from kindergarten through high school. The articles are gearedAuthorityEach article is either signed by the original writer or by the reviewer who is responsible for ensuring its accuracy.Writing StyleThe articles in this encyclopedia are written to be easily understood by the students they are written for, hence an article on a subject aimed at a younger reader will use simpler language than a subject more likely to be researched by a high school student. A vocabulary list of 44,000 words deemed suitable for use is consulted by anyone writing an article for this publication. Any technical terms used in an article are explained in the text f that same piece.

RecencyThis encyclopedia is completely up-to-date, even including articles on President Barack Obama and his wife Michelle. A revised edition is published every year, and a yearbook is published each January to cover the significant events of the previous year.Viewpoint and ObjectivityControversial subjects are included in this encyclopedia, as evidenced by its inclusion of articles on abortion and homosexuality.Arrangement and EntryIn this 22-volume encyclopedia, articles are arranged alphabetically, by subject, using the word-by-word system. In this system, commas, then spaces precede letters of the alphabet. Each page has a guide word at the top to help the reader locate needed articles more quickly. Each article begins with a large bold-faced heading, and may be further sub-divided by smaller bold-faced sub-headings. Extensive cross-references of three types are included for each article. Entry cross-references appear in bold type and are included in the encyclopedia’s arrangement. Other cross-references provide titles of other topics the reader can check for more information, and still others indicate which section of an article in which to find more information. Additional “see also” references are included at the end of articles. Facts in brief tables are found in articles about countries, states, provinces, and continents.IndexVolume 22 of this reference is a research guide and index.. The index lists more than 150,000 entries arranged alphabetically using the word-by-word system. Each index heading appears in heavy type and provides the volume and page number of the article on that topic. If the heading does not actually have its own article, the reader will be directed to the article in which the relevant information can be found. If an article referred to is divided into sections, the relevant sub-heading will be given. The index entries will also list cross-referenced articles on the given subject. Additionally, a reference to illustrations is included in each entry.FormatThis encyclopedia includes a table of terms that defines certain words or phrases used in specialized or technical topics. Another special feature is a table of important dates to provide an at-a-glance look at important dates relating to the history of that topic.Cost The 2009 edition of this print publication cost $1009.00-$1199.00 depending upon binding style.11. Acronyms, Initialisms, & Abbreviations Dictionary CitationMossman, Jennifer (Ed.). (1994). Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary Vol. 1 (19th ed.). Detroit: Gale Research, Inc.General InformationThis, the 19th edition of Acronyms, Initialisms, & Abbreviations Dictionary was published by Gale Research, Inc. of Detroit, Michigan in 1994. Gale Research, Inc. is a part of Cengage Learning, world leaders in educational publishing and e-research. ScopeThis dictionary includes 29,000 new terms, most of them from the areas of business, computer technology, engineering, graphic arts, medicine, and military affairs.

EmphasisThis publication has an admitted bias towards acronyms, initialisms, and abbreviations use in the United States. The editor does however make an effort to include non-U.S. based acronyms commonly found in magazines and newspapers.Authority The publication was selected by the Reference and Adult Services Division of the American Library Association as one of the twenty-five most distinguished reference titles published during the past quarter century in 1985.Writing StyleSince this is simply a listing of acronyms, initialisms, and abbreviations, there is no writing style to speak of.RecencyThe listings were current at time of publication.Viewpoint and ObjectivityControversial subjects are included in the dictionary, including a listing for P-FLAG- parents and friends of lesbians and gays.Arrangement and EntryThis is a three-volume set is, arranged alphabetically by acronyms, initialisms, abbreviations. Volume 1 consists of 1439 pages covering letters A-F; volume 2 consists of 2753 pages covering letters G-O; and volume 3 consists of 3970 pages covering letters P-Z. There is a list of selected sources in the front of the book that can be used to decipher the source code information in each entry. Entries are in alphabetical order in letter-by-letter sequence. Each entry includes the acronym, initialism, or abbreviation, its meaning, English translation is applicable, language if not English, source code, location or country of origin, sponsoring organization, and subject category.IndexThere is no index for this publication.Cost The 2009 edition of this print publication costs $1250.00 U.S.12. The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations CitationAndrews, Robert (Ed.). (1993). The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations. New York: Columbia University Press.General InformationThe Columbia Dictionary of Quotations was published by the Columbia University Press of New York in 1993. Columbia University Press, founded in 1893, is the forth oldest university press in the country and is a well-respected publisher of academic resources.ScopeThere are over 18,000 quotations covering 1500 subjects in this collection. More than 11,000 of these quotes have not appeared in any previously published anthology of quotations.EmphasisThe intended audience for this publication is anyone looking for a quotation that applies to life as it is lived today. Any quote included in this book is deemed to be relevant to the present. In the introduction, the editor states that this publication has made an effort to include those whose contributions to other similar volumes may have been under-acknowledged. These people and

groups include “women, dissenters of all persuasions, minorities, homosexuals and lesbians, and a significant sample from non-English-speaking nations”, so no American bias is detected.Authority The editor responsible for this compilation is the son of a work named Quotations for Speakers and Writers, published in 1969. His father was working on a second volume of the title when he passed away, and the son, in collaboration with other family members, completed the work, The Concise Columbia Dictionary of Quotations, hence he has a proven pedigree in this field.Writing StyleSince this is an anthology of quotations, the style varies with each speaker quoted, so accessibility differs accordingly.RecencyThe copyright date of this publication is 1993. As a collection of quotations ranging from historical to modern-day, it is current up to the date of publication.Viewpoint and ObjectivityQuotes regarding controversial subjects are included. As an example, there are 31 entries under homosexuality and 7 on homelessness, and 8 on abortion.Arrangement and EntryThe book is organized by entries under 1500 subjects that are in alphabetical order. Each entry includes the quotation, the speaker’s name, a sort biography, and the source of the quote.FormatThere is an index of sources at the back of the book that is arranged alphabetically by speakers’ last name. Under each index entry is a listing of what subjects that person is quoted on as well as how many quotes on that subject are attributed to the speaker. Each entry includes the quote, the speaker’s name, a sort biography, and the source of the quote.Cost The 1993 edition of this print publication is now listed at $64.50 U.S.13. Familiar Quotations CitationKaplan, Justin. (1992). Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations (16th ed.). Boston: Little Brown and CompanyGeneral InformationThis, the 16th edition of Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations was published by Little, Brown, and Company of Boston, Massachusetts in 1992. Little, Brown, and Company, one of the country’s oldest publishing houses, is a well-known publisher of both fiction and non-fiction books. ScopeWhat began in 1855 as a 258 page booklet of quotations by 169 authors has grown to a 1400 pages volume that includes over 20,000 quotes by 2550 authors. Of these writers, 340 have not been quoted in previous editions of this work.EmphasisThis book is intended to be an aid for writers, speakers, or anyone looking for a famous quotation to use to impress others. This edition strives to cover a broader cultural base than previous editions of Bartlett’s, so no American bias is detected.AuthorityThe original editor of Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations, John Bartlett, was a bookstore owner who eventually went to work for the publisher Little, Brown and Company. The editor of this volume

is a published author of several biographies. He won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for his work Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain in 1967.Writing StyleSince this is an anthology of quotations, the style varies with each speaker quoted, so accessibility differs accordingly.This resource seems to steer clear of controversial subjects. No entries were found for homosexuality or homelessness, and only two not very relevant entries for abortion.RecencyThe last dated entry in the book is from Sesame Street, 1969-. On the same page, quotes from Monty Python, Bruce Springsteen, and Salman Rushdie appear, so this volume is current up to its date of publication.Viewpoint and ObjectivityIt is difficult to determine if controversial subjects are included in this volume unless one can recall a famous quote to reference.Arrangement and EntryThere is an Index of Authors at the front of the book . The book is organized in chronological order, with an Index of Authors in the front. The first entries are credited to The Song of the Harper c. 2650-2600 B.C. Of the 1405 pages of this volume, fully 608 are devoted to the index at the back of the book.Each entry includes the speaker’s name, date of birth and death, if applicable, the quotation, and its source and date.IndexThe extensive index is arranged by keywords. Alphabetization is word-for-word, not letter-by-letter. Keywords are also ordered singular possessive to plural to plural possessive. Each index entry indicates the page number it is found on and number of the quotation on that page.Cost The list price for this print volume was $40.00 U.S. at the time of its publication. The 2002 edition is listed at $50.00 U.S.14. Dictionary of American Slang CitationChapman, R. L. (Ed.). (1986). Dictionary of American slang. New York: Harper& Row. General InformationThis dictionary published in one volume by Harper& Row publishers in 1986.ScopeThere are more than 19,000 slang terms covering all periods of American history, regardless of social acceptability. EmphasisIt ‘s not a traditional dictionary , but it is a great resource for anyone interested in learning more about the use of slang in America. It helps readers to identify any slang terms they found in their readings; also it helps those regular people or researchers who are seeking the meaning and the history of American slang terms. AuthorityThere are list of the contributors, who shared their information about these terms, but there is no defining for the contributed slang terms for each one of them. Writing StyleLanguage is appropriate.

Viewpoint and ObjectivityThe date of this dictionary’s copyright is 1986, so it covers only the slang terms till the mid 80s. Arrangement and EntryEntries are alphabetically arranged, word by word , for the entries considered to have strong social or emotional impact are indicated by the delta symbol, there are some articles about the history of slang lexicography and definition of the slang terms. Entries also could include pronunciation, parts-of-speech labels, word origins, examples of usage, and usage acceptability notes and more.FormatHardcover Cost$40.00 Viewpoint and ObjectivitySince slang is constantly changing, it can be difficult to find definitions of new terms in a printed dictionary. So the printed American slang dictionary must be updated, and that’s why the online dictionaries of American slang are now better to use.15. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary CitationMerriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. (11th ed.). (2003) Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. PurposeThis dictionary is for American English language interdisciplinary usage, it’s the main source of information about all the words of the American English including: (definition, pronunciation, and spelling.Viewpoint and ObjectivityThis is one of the Merriam Webster’s dictionaries that are trustable by American people for more than a century.ScopeMore than 225,500 definitions, 10,000 new words& meanings, 40,000example, 91,000 pronunciations, 33,000 etymologies, 2,700 illustrative quotation, 650 foreign words, and 700,00 illustration Special sections including a Handbook of Style. Includes easy-to-install Windows/Mac CD-ROM and free, one-year subscriptions to the new collegiate website. EmphasisThis is an important dictionary for all students at schools and colleges. FormatThumb-notched hardcover edition, 1,664 pages. Also available on an easy-to-install Windows/Mac CD-ROM, and free, one-year subscriptions to the new collegiate website.Arrangement and EntryThis dictionary begins with an explanatory chart, and explanatory notes, the English language in the dictionary, then there are guides to pronunciation, abbreviations, pronunciations and symbols, after the main part of the English words, there is a section on foreign words and phrases, there’re also biographical names, geographical names, a handbook of style, at the end there is an index organized alphabetically by topic, ranging from abbreviations to zodiac table. Entries are arranged alphabetically word by word. Each page is divided into two columns; words entry is bolded and divided into syllables. Then part of speech, data of first use, followed by definition, and synonyms and antonyms.

FeaturesThe explanatory chart gives details about the formatting of the entries.Overall EvaluationThe best selling American Dictionary. Its first edition was published in 1898. The words printed are very small, hard to read.CostApproximately $ 20 16. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Thesaurus Citation:Merriam-Webster’s collegiate thesaurus. (1988). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Purpose: It’s a synonym and antonyms dictionary that provides similarities and distinctions between words. AuthorityConsidered more authoritative than Roget’s. ScopeAs written on the cover of Merriam’s thesaurus “Most synonyms, more than 305,000” clear guidance on word choice FormatHardcover, 894 pages. The words of the dictionary are bolded, two columns pages.RecencyThis edition covers all words till the 80s. The new edition of 2010 is available now. ArrangementAlphabetical order word by word.Entries Each word has definitions, examples of words used in context, related and contrasted words. Overall EvaluationAnother product of the Merriam-Webster, Inc. A very useful especially to enrich your vocabulary, Easy to use. CostAbout $ 15 for a new copy of this thesaurus.17. Merriam-Webster Online CitationMish, F. (Ed.). (2009). Merriam-Webster online dictionary. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/General InformationThe Merriam-Webster Online URL is the portal to the thesaurus, medical and Spanish/English dictionaries as well. Other content offerings include Britannica.com, Merriam-Webster.com, WordCentral.com, Student.Britannica.com, MySpellIt.com, VisualDictionaryOnline.com, & LearnersDictionary.com. The unabridged dictionary and Encyclopedia Britannica are offered as subscription services.ScopeAccording to the FAQ section of the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary site,

The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary is based on the print version of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. The online dictionary includes the main A-Z listing of the Collegiate Dictionary, as well as the Abbreviations, Foreign

Words and Phrases, Biographical Names, and Geographical Names sections of that book. It also includes 1,000 illustrations and 25 tables. Selected sections of the print Collegiate Dictionary, notably the Signs and Symbols section, are omitted from the online Collegiate Dictionary because they include special characters and symbols that cannot readily be reproduced in HTML.

EmphasisThe emphasis is on undergraduate college level words and their definitions.AuthorityThe Merriam-Webster company has been publishing dictionaries since 1831, originally under the name, G. & C. Merriam Co.Writing StyleThe writing style is targeted to the undergraduate level.RecencyCopyright is as of 2009; however, the entry for Barack Obama lists him as a U.S. politician and mentions nothing about his presidential status.Viewpoint and ObjectivityViewing the entry for abortion, I am not sure why the dictionary lists it as applicable to “the first 12 weeks of gestation.” The OED states that it is applicable through 6 months, before which time the fetus cannot live outside the mother. This sounds suspiciously like a U.S. politicized definition of abortion.Arrangement and EntryThe portal offers a search box. Entering a word and pressing the “search” button results in navigation to a list of terms in which the word searched for occurs, including the original word. These terms link to other definitions. The definition for the original term entered is displayed further down on the page.The definition is accompanied by a clickable pronunciation sound file. The word is divided with U.S. syllabic emphasis and the U.S. phonetic pronunciation markup is given. The function of the word (verb, noun, etc.) is given along with the date of origination. Primary and secondary definitions are given in order of most common definition first in order of decreasing commonality. Occasionally links are given to definition entries of other words used in the definition.Links to graphics are given where applicable, but do not necessarily link to internal site resources.Advertisements abound on the site and are distracting.IndexAn index is not provided.FormatThe site uses a portal format.Cost Free.18. The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations CitationKnowles, E. (Ed.). (2004). The Oxford dictionary of quotations (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford

University Press. General InformationOne volume. 1140 pages.

ScopeThis dictionary is comprised of historical quotations of permanency, historical quotations that have acquired recent relevancy, and modern quotations such as terms like “shock and awe”. Quotations are included from both English and foreign languages.EmphasisQuotations of literary, historical, and cultural merit or relevancy are included. This may include advertising slogans and newspaper headlines as well as speeches, poetry, and other sources. The emphasis is on English language quotations, but foreign language quotations of merit are included to a certain extent.Authority Oxford University Press is a prestigious publishing house that has been researching and collecting quotations for over 50 years.Writing StyleThe work in the volume is primarily quoted from other authors.RecencyThis is the 2004 edition.Viewpoint and ObjectivityThe text is Euro-centric. It does not include, for instance, the quote by Gandhi, “You must be the change that you wish to see in the world,” which is quite famous.Arrangement and EntryThe text is arranged with dictionary entries in the quotation section, and also in the keyword index.Quotations are listed alphabetically by last name of the person quoted. The birth and death date of the person are given as well as a blurb on their place in history or occupation. This information is followed by the quote. The text is arranged in double columns with line numbers for reference.Source evidence is also given where applicable.IndexA keyword index is provided which takes up one fourth of the book. Keywords are in bold followed by an abbreviated list of the quotations in which they are contained. Each quotation reference is associated with an abbreviation of the author or source name, the page number, and the line number where the keyword appears.Cost The cost is $50.00.19. Oxford English Dictionary CitationSimpson, J. A., & Weiner, E. S. C. (Eds.). (1989). The Oxford English dictionary (2nd ed.). (20 vols.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.General InformationThe New Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Project was conducted from 1984 to 1989 and resulted in the storage of the dictionary in database format. Tags were applied to multiple facets of each entry to aid in the future search and organization of the resource.ScopeThe OED is an integration of the original 12 volumes and 4 supplements of the first edition Quoted from the cover flap to the first volume:

Based on historical principles, the Dictionary covers the vocabulary of the English language since AD 1150, and provides a historical record of the development and change of meaning of each word. There are entries for almost half a million words and phrases, and the definitions are illustrated by over two million quotations selected from general, literary, technical, and other sources.EmphasisEmphasis is on English language words from 1150 C.E. to 1988.Authority The OED is considered the definitive word in English language etymology. Favorable reviews abound, including those from the New York Times, The Times, and The Washington Post.Writing StyleThe writing style is advanced academic, and often times can only be understood completely with knowledge of advanced grammar.RecencyThe OED is 20 years old and has largely been supplanted with the online subscription.Viewpoint and ObjectivityThe viewpoint is, of course, British.Arrangement and EntryTo quote from page xxxii of the first volume of the OED:

Entries are arranged in the Dictionary in the alphabetical order of their headwords. Alphabetization is based strictly upon the twenty-six letter of the standard English alphabet. An initial capital letter is treated as in no way distinct from a small one. The spacing within a headword consisting of two or more written words is disregarded. Hence, for example, the sequence of the headwords all-rounder, All Saints, allseed, All Souls, allspice.

Entries are comprised of “the identification”, “the etymology”, “the signification”, and “the illustrative quotations”. Information is also provided on the obsolescence of the word if applicable.IndexAn index is not included; however, a bibliography is included in the twentieth (last) volume).Cost The cost is $995.00 on Amazon.com.20. Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English CitationDalzell, T. & Victor, T. (Eds.). (2006). The new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English. (2 vols.). New York: Routledge.General InformationTwo volumes are divided alphabetically into A-I and J-Z. A bibliography is provided. This work was “taken from The Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, 8th edition (first published in 1984), E. Partridge and P. Beale estates.The dictionary was published simultaneously in the U.K., the U.S. and Canada.ScopeThe dictionary includes, slang and unconventional English “used anywhere in the English-speaking world” from 1945 through 2006.

EmphasisThe emphasis is on slang words and unconventional English. The editors state, “We have considered for inclusion all unconventional English that has been used with the purpose or effect of either lowering the formality of communication and reducing solemnity and/or identifying status or group and putting oneself in tune with one’s company.”A reduced emphasis has been placed on nicknames in this version.Unlike Partridge’s version, this dictionary includes “the broader universe of the English speaking world.” Pidgin and Creolized English are also included.Authority The editors and authors of the dictionary are all experienced writers of dictionaries and academics. The dictionary is based upon Eric Partridge’s 1937 work, The Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Writing StyleDefinitions are strictly academically worded; however, the quotes used to exemplify the slang in-situ, as it were, are of popular culture. Definitions are purported to “use conventional English wherever possible.”Recency2006 is fairly recent; however, with the speed at which slang words are adopted, one could make an argument for annual updates.Viewpoint and ObjectivityThe words included do not hint toward any bias that I found. The authors have made an attempt to cover all words used in English speaking countries.Arrangement and EntrySpaces in multi-word or hyphenated words are not taken into account in the alphabetical ordering of the entries.Entries consist of a bolded headword, the numbered definitions or “senses” of the word ordered by “frequency of meaning.” Also included are the part of speech, country of origin, earliest date found, a defining phrase in which the entry is used, editorial comment, and citations.IndexAn index is not included.Cost Cost is $212.00 on Amazon.com. 21. Random House Webster’s College Thesaurus CitationStein, Jess M., Flexner, Stuart Berg (Ed.) (1997). Random House Webster’s college thesaurus. New York: Random House. General InformationOne of the publications of “Random House” Publishing Inc.. This copy is reprint of the original 1979 edition of this thesaurus. Edited by Jess Stein and Stuart Berg Flexner and revised and updated by Fraser Sutherland, with the Random House Firm.ScopeIt’s a thesaurus of the English words. It offers very divers options in the way of processing synonyms (as well as apt antonyms). With more than 12,000 main entry terms, 400,000-plus synonyms and antonyms, and the handy "Thumb Index

PurposeA helpful resource for finding synonyms, near synonyms, antonyms, and contrasted words or near antonyms.AuthorityPublished by a reputable publisher “Random House” which also publisher of Random House Webster's College Dictionary. This publisher is one of authoritative sources. Viewpoint and ObjectivitySynonym and antonym lists cover all levels of vocabulary, from formal to slang. Easy to use.EmphasisThis reliable reference is recommended for students, writers, public speakers, and business people.FormatHardcover: 800 pages Arrangement and EntryOrganized in a simple A-to-Z format, each word is also used in a sentence--with different sentences for distinct meanings of the word--to help users for complete understanding.All the main entries are in simple A- Z listing. Entries are clearly printed with head words bolded. Thousands of example sentences show the appropriate context for each meaning of each main entry term. There is a guide to abbreviations included.FormatThe Thumb Index helps you find your way quickly to the word you're looking for.Overall EvaluationPlentiful white space makes it easy to read. Newly updated with new words.Cost$ 11 from Amazon.com.22. World Book Dictionary CitationBarnhart, R.K. (Ed.). (1996). The world book dictionary. (2 vols.). Chicago: World Book. General InformationThis dictionary is out of print.ScopeAccording to the editors, “The World Book Dictionary contains 225,000 terms in the working vocabulary of English—the vocabulary used by educated people to communicate with each other…” In other words, slang terms are not included.EmphasisThe emphasis is on the stated purpose which is to supplement the World Book Encyclopedia. Primarily English words are included and are targeted toward the undergraduate college level. Vocabulary is U.S.-centric. Authority The dictionary is published by the publishers of the World Book Encyclopedia; however, a publisher who can put together a useful encyclopedia does not necessarily put together a useful dictionary, as the two entities are quite different animals.The international advisory committee working with the editors on the dictionary number approximately 100 individuals from the global academic community. Most are professors of English or linguistics, while some are subject matter specialists at the academic level in the sciences, history, and etc.

RecencyThe dictionary was published in 1996.Viewpoint and ObjectivityAs an English language dictionary published in America, bias runs toward American usage. This is natural and expected.Arrangement and EntryThe dictionary is arranged in entries that “are listed in alphabetical order, letter by letter. For example, the entry newcomer appears before the entry New Covenanters, which comes before new-create.”Contents consist of the following information:

About this book Editorial information Using your language (grammar, spelling, parts of speech, word choice, vocabulary help) How to write effectively Using this dictionary Pronunciation, Preparing manuscripts Using different languages Word entries

Word entries consist of single-word entries and subentries, spelling, syllabification, pronunciation and stress information, parts of speech, inflections, singular and plural forms, definitions, illustrative sentences and phrases, restrictive or usage labels (which “tell you if a particular word is not a standard part of speech,” according to the editors), cross references, homographs, run-on words, etymology, illustrations where applicable, synonyms, usage notes, and figurative usage information.IndexIndexes are not provided.FormatThe dictionary consists of two volumes with thumb tabs at the alphabetical demarcation points. Triple column formatting is used.Cost The dictionary is out of print.23. YourDictionary.com Citation YourDictionary.com (2009). Retrieved on October 27, 2009, from http://www.yourdictionary.com/ ScopeYourDictionary.com is the most comprehensive and authoritative language portal on the web with more than 2,500 dictionaries and grammars in over 300 languages, dictionary, glossary and reference articles, games that build language skills. It also provides translation services and many other special features including a section on endangered languages and some limited audio pronunciation guide. EmphasisThis is an important website for everybody (students, librarian, translators, linguistics…etc) to help getting links to all these foreign languages dictionaries with all the features they provide.

Authority YourDictionary.com is owned by LoveToKnow Corporation, an online media company with rapid-fire growth. Privately held LoveToKnow's web sites serve approximately 10 million page views per month and continue to attract increasing numbers of visitors with useful and unique content. The family of sites in LoveToKnow Corporation include LoveToKnow.com, YourDictionary.com, PublicBookshelf.com, Adviceopedia.org and FlexJobs.comThe site developed by Robert Beard at Bucknell university and is considered by many to be the most comprehensive and authoritative portal for language. It has an advisory council of experts composed of dozen linguistics scholars and foreign language adepts.RecencyEstablished in 1996, it is still online up-to-date dictionary. Viewpoint and ObjectivityMore than 3,000,000 people a month visit YourDictionary.com. The graphic interface is attractive and simple to use, if a bit ad-heavy. It is easy to move back and forth between features Arrangement and EntryThe home page of YourDictionary.com is easy to use m with just a click on the feature you want there are many taps to choose if you want searching for definition for any word just type it in the definition search box , there are also links for dictionaries, thesauruses, word games, language, grammar , language articles, and so much more. These are the feature it provides:

Exclusive Webster's New World dictionary definitions - YourDictionary.com is the only site to offer the most useful and authoritative dictionary online for FREE!

Full Roget's thesaurus – The leading authority in thesauri. Free audio pronunciations – Hear the pronunciation for most words in the dictionary. Usage examples – The help you need to choose your words precisely and avoid usage

pitfalls. Quotes – Great examples of word usage from art, music and history. Webster's New World Finance & Investment, Webster's New World Hacker, Webster's

New World Telecom, and Webster's New World Law Dictionaries too! – YourDictionary.com is your one stop source for specialized dictionaries.

Language forum – Connect with other users and discuss language, definition and grammar issues.

Word of the Day – A convenient way to expand the horizons of your vocabulary. Language Articles – An incredible archive of dictionary, glossary and reference articles

featuring original content from YourDictionary.com writers. Word Games – A fun way to improve your vocabulary and build language skills

Cost Free24. OneLook Dictionaries CitationOneLook dictionaries. (2009.). Retrieved on October 27, from: http://www.onelook.com/. Scope This online index connects the user to 13,587,880 words in 1024 dictionaries indexed. It allowed PurposeIt’s kind of Metasearch engine for words and phrases, which helps users (teachers, students, librarians,…etc ) who are trying to find different features of words and phrases .

AuthorityViewpoint and ObjectivityThis is one of the most authoritative dictionary portals on the web. Founded in April of 1996.EmphasisThis is an important web source for highly specialized subject, beside all general public usage it helpful for students, writers, and the general public.Arrangement and EntryAs it appears from the name of that site “Onelook” from the home page users with one look could find words and phrases through these three taps (Find definitions- Find translations -Search all dictionaries)Users could search for words and phrases that end with …, find words that start with…, find any words related to …, find phrases that contain the word…, find phrases that spell….They could also find an advanced help with wildcards and the reverse dictionary.Entries/ Special Features The home page of this portal is especially user- friendly, having a clean home page no pop-up ads, but ads are popping up if you search for any word the answer will come from the other dictionaries websites which have lots of adds.For each entry (word) it offers a numbered list of dictionaries with entries matching the searchable word, if you click on any of this it offers a quick definition from the dictionaries, pronunciation with sound feature and etymology and all the other features of this word. The site offers a word of the day feature, Cost Free Overall EvaluationThis site received many awards from commercial internet resources.