CONTENTS

1.Introduction2.A City3.Investigation & Data Collection: Ancient and Old Cities4.Investigation & Data Collection: Present Cities5. Investigation & Data Collection: Future Cities6.The New “X” City-GALAXTY7 .The Conclusion

Introduction

In this Element in Natural and Built Environment (ENBE) Final Project, we are assigned to design our own ‘’better future city”.which are sustainable. Before designing the new city, students are required to differentiate and analyze the different development of the built enviroment by looking at the natural topography,landscape,space,building and infrastructure.

The Project is split into two parts which is Part A and Part B-Part A(individual,20%) :an A4 report and presentation slide of both our understanding along with the proposed town.-Part B (Group,20%) :Maximum of 3 A2 presentation board and a physical model of the chosen town.

We will need to establish certain condition and rules as follows;-The size of “X”City Should be 20-40kilometer square-The population in between 150,000-300,000-The people of ‘X”City are Malaysian-You should create a new name for “X”City Besides that, students are required to investigate, collect data and understand the type of city that our group have selected.Throughout the process of this project, we can understand elements of natural and built environment better as well as the symbiotic co-relationship of the elements.

2. A CITY2.1 What is a CityA city is a large and permanent human settlement.Although there is no agreement on a city is distinguished from a town within English Language,cities have been called the highest form of social organisation which include systems of sanitation,utilities,housing, and transportation.

2.2 What is the brief history?In 1950 Golden Childen attempted to define a historic city with 10 general metrics.[9] These are:

1. Size and density of the population should be above normal.

2. Differentiation of the population. Not all residents grow their own food, leading to specialists.

3. Payment of taxes to a deity or king.4. Monumental public buildings.5. Those not producing their own food are supported by

the king.6. Systems of recording and practical science.7. A system of writing.8. Development of symbolic art.9. Trade and import of raw materials.

2.3 What makes a good city-Excellent public transport-Public Infrastucture(public drinking fountain )-Excellent parks-Great clean public spaces-well laid out neighbourhood-Zones markes out for residential,commercial purpose-less carbon emission-sustainable environment

Zoning

Zoning describes the control by authority of the land use of land,and the buiding thereon.Zoning is a technique of land-use planning as a tool of urban planning used by local goverments in most develop countries.Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will be acceptableOn particular lots such as:-open space,residential,recreational,agricultural,commercial or industrial-densities at which those activities can be performed-the height of building-the amount of space structures may occupy-the location of a building on the lot(set backs)-the proportions of the types of a space on at lot-greenspace

Componentsi)CommercialCommercial areas in a city can take up about 5% of a city’s land.Eventhough these commercial activities use only small amount of land, they play an important role to a community’s economy.-Office Complex-Shopping malls-Service station-Restaurants-Bank -Sports arena-Healthcare(Medical Centre,Pharmacy,Dentists.Vets)

ii)Open SpaceIn land use planning, open space is areas for “parks”, “green space” and other open areas.The benefits that urban open space provides to citizen can be broken into three basics form:recreation,ecology and aesthetic value.

iii)Residential There are different type of residential buidings such as:-Apartment Block-Asylum-Condominium-Duplex-House-Nursing home-townhouse-Villa -Bungalow

InfrastructureTransportationi)Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations including -roads-railways-airways-waterways-canals i)Public Transport consist of:-buses-trolleybuses-trams-rapid transit(metro/subways)-taxi-high speed train

ii)Human-PoweredHuman powered transport is a form of sustainable transportation such as walking,running and cycling

3.Investigation & Data CollectionAncient/Past Cities

1)Tenochtitlan/Mexico

What was significant about the city?Tenochtitlan was an Aztec altepeti(city state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco,in the Valley of Mexico.It was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas.Tenochtitlan covered an estimated 8 to 13.5kilometer square,situated on the western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco.It was connected to the mainland by causeways leading north,south and west of the city.These causeways were interrupted by bridges that allowed canoes and other traffic to pass freely.The bridges could be pulled away, if necessary, to defend the city.Besides, the city was interlaced with a series of canals, so that all sections of the city could be visited either on foot or via canoe.The city was divided into four zones,each zones was divided on 20 districts and each ‘big house’ was crossed by streets.There were three main streets that crossed the city,each leading to one of the three causeways to the mainland .Surrounding the raised causeways were artificial floating garden with canal waterways and gardens of plants,shrubs, and trees. The ‘big house’ were divided by channels used for transportation,with wood bridges that were removed at night.In the centre of the buildling were the public builiding,temples and prostis.

What information will you consider for your ‘better’ city? They did not have proper places to builf farms and gardens so they made garden on platforms in the water called chinmapas.Their road connected to the main land.

2)Mohenjo-daro/Pakistan Mohenjo-daro is an archeological site in the province of Sindh,Pakistan, it built around 2600 BC.It was one of the world’s earliest major urban settlements,contemporaneous with the civilizations of the ancient Egypt,Mesopotamia and Crete.Mohenjo-daro has a planned layout bases on a street grid of rectilinear buildings. Most of that were built of fired and mortared brick; some incorporated sun dried mud brick and wooden superstructures.The area covered by the city is estimated at 300 hectares.The estimation of peak population is at around 40,000.The provision of public buildings and facilitiesa and the sheer size of the city ,suggest a higher level of social organization.The city is divided into two parts, so-called Citadel and the Lower City.The Citadel- a mud-brick mound around 12 meters(39ft) high is known to have supported public baths,a large residential structure designed to house about 5,000 citizens, and two large assembly halls.The city had a central marketplace,with a large central well.Individual households or groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells. Waste water was channeled to cover drains that lined the major streets.

CITY PLAN

THE COURTYARD HOUSEThe house was planned as a series of rooms opening on to a central courtyard providing an open space inside for community activities.

There were no openings toward the main street – only rathr small openings to the side streets. . Brick stairways provided access to the upper floors or rooftop gardens. The houses are believed to have flat, timber roofs. Houses built with a perimeter wall and adjacent houses were separated by a narrow space of land. There were just a few fairly standardized layouts, perhaps an indication of a fairly egalitarian society. But not all houses had two stories and only the larger houses have their own wells. There are also rows of single-roomed barracks, perhaps for singles, soldiers or slaves.

Almost every house had a bathroom, usually a fine sawn burnt brick pavement, often with a surrounding curb.Waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. First floor bathrooms also built. There is also evidence of vertical drains which were probably their toilet.

The house drains start from the bathrooms of the houses and join up to the main sewer in the street, which was covered by brick slabs or corbelled brick arches. On the streets we can find manholes for cleaning; some drains flow to closed seeps, others flow out of the city.

What information will you consider for your ‘better’ city? The Drainage system they apply in the city.

4)Investigation &Data Collection Present Cities1)Venice,ItalyVenice has been known as the “The Floating City” .Venice is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by 177 canals in a shallow lagoon,connected by 409 bridges.In the old centra ,the canals serve the function of roads ,and almost every form of transport is on water or on foot.Venice is Europe’s largest urban car-free area.The classicals Venetian boat is the gondola which is now mostly used for tourists or for weddings tp cross the Canale Grande in the absence of nearby bridge.The main public transportation are motorised waterbuses which play regular routes along the Grand Canal and between the city’s islands.Venice is serviced by regional and national trains which can connect the city to Rome and Milan.Venice is also served by the Marco Polo International Airport which is possible to reach by public transport.

What information will you consider for your ‘better’ city.Zero Carbon emission from motor car because almost every form of transport in on water or on foot.

2)Amsterdam, Netherlands Amsterdam is located in the western Netherlands,North Holland.The river Amstel terminates in the city centre and connects to a large numbers of canals that eventually terminate in the IJ.Amsterdam is situated 2 metres below sea level.The surrounding land is flat as it is formed of large polders.Amsterdam is intensely urbanized, as is the Amsterdam metropolitian area surrounding the city.Amsterdam is home to more than 100km of canals.The three main canals are navigable by boat.In the Middle Ages,Amsterdam was surrounded by a moat which now forms the innermost ring in the city, and makes the city a horseshoe shape.The city is also served by a seaport.It is often nicknamed the ‘Venice of the North’, due to its division into approximately 90 islands, which are linked by more than 1,200 bridges.

Canals systemThe Amsterdam canal system is the result of conscious city planning. In the early 17 century,when immigration was at a peak,a comprehensive plan was developed tha was based on four concentric half-circle of canals with their ends of the canals.Threee of the canals were mostly for residential development.The canals served for defence,water management and transport.

Parks and Recreational AreasAmsterdam has many parks, open spaces,and squares throughout the city. Voldelpark,the largest park in the city.In the park is an open air theatre ,a playgroud and several horeca facilities.Amsterdam and Amstelveen is the Amsterdam Forest, the Largest recreational area in Amsterdam.Annually, almost 4.5 million people visit the park, which has a size of 1,000 hectares

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Floating cityAmsterdam is the capital of the worlds third most densely populated country.The idea for Amsterdam’s floating city was born during a land shortage.With the sea level rising as a result of global warming,the low-lying Netherlands is fighting back for more space by building communities on water.The houses,made of wood and lightweight aluminium with a concrete base are linked to each other by walkways but can be detached from the surrounding neighbourhood and individually moved by tugboats.

What information will you consider for your ‘better’ city.

The open space and park that allow citizens to rest and spent their day.Besides, the floating city in Amsterdam due to the sea level rising.

3)Kyoto,Japan

Kyoto is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu,Japan Kyoto ,Japan was choosen as the World’s Top 1 City in 2014.It has a population close to 1.5 million.The original city was arranged in accordance with traditional Chinise feng shui .Today, the main business district is located to the South of the old imperial Palace, with the less populated nothern area retaining a far greener feel.Kyoto Station is the centre for transportation in the city.The second-largest in Japan,it houses a shopping mall,hotel,movie theater,Isetan department store,and several local government facilities all under one fifteen-story roof.

Transportation Rail The Keihan,Hankyu,Kintetsu and other rail networks

also offer frequent service to other cities in the Kansai region.JR West and Kintetsu connect at Kyoto Station.The Kyoto Municipal Transportation Bureau operates the Kyoto Municipal Subway consisstin of two lines:Karasuma Line and the Tozai line.Karasuma line is coloured green, and the line has station from north to south.Tozai Line is coloured vermilion and the line runs from the southeeastern area of the city ,then east to west.

Besides,The Tokaido Shinkansen operated by JR Central provides high speed train service linking Kyoto with other cities.

BusesKyoto’s municipal bus network is extensive.Buses operating on routes within the city,the region,and the nation stop at Kyoto Station.Most city busus have a fixed fare.A one day bus pass and a combined unlimited train and bus pass are also available.

CyclingCyling is a very important form of personal transportation in the city. The geography and scale of the city are such that the city may be easily navigated on a bicycle.

RoadThe city is connected with other part of Japan by the Meishen Expressway which has two interchanges in the city.Although Kyoto has feweer toll-hignways than other comparable cities,it served with dual and even triple-carriageway national roads.

What information will you consider for your ‘better’ city.The Bicycle Paths is provided and cycling is one of their personal transportation in the city.

4)Zurich,Switzerland

Zurich is the largest city in Switzeland.The municipality has approcimately 400,028 inhabitants,and the Zurich metropolitian area 1.83 million.Both Zurich Airport and railway Station are the largest in the country. The transportation system is one of the factors that makes Zurich one of the most livable citied in the world. Monocle’s 2012”Quality of Life Survey”ranked Zurich first on a list of the top 25 cities in the world.

TransportationZurich is a mixed hub for railways,roads,and air traffic.Zurich HB is the largest and busiest station in Switzerland and is important railway hub in Europe.There are between 350,000 and 500,000 commuters daily making use of this central network node-a significant figure comparison to Zurich’s population.ZurichTrams make an important contribution to punlic transport in the city of Zurich

i) Zurich HBThe railway station is aligned approximately east to west, at the northern edge of the city centre and the northern end of the city's main shopping street

ii) Zurich TramsThe tram network serves most city neighbourhoods, and is the backbone of public transport within the city.,albeit supplemented by the inner section of the Zurich Sbahn,along with urban trolleybus and bus routes as well as two fenicular railways and one rack railway.Many of Zurich’s tram stops have been equipped with the boarding platforms raised to match the floor height of the low floor trams.

Future Development of Zurich TramsThe VBZ is intending to order a new generation of tram cars, to replace the high-floor Tram.The first trams are to be delivered in December 2016, and must be 100% low floor with capacity for at least 225 passengers.

What information will you consider for your ‘better’ city.The well-planned of the transportation system.I want my city to be car-free city and I will use the system of this train.

Investigation & Data CollectionFuture CitiesLilypad designed by Belgian architect,Vincent Callebaut.The Floating ecopolls, otherwide known as the Lilypas,is a model designed by Vincent Callebaut for future climatic refugees.He proposed this model design as a long-term solution to rising water level as per the GIEC forecast.It is a self-sufficient amphibious city and satisfies the four challenges laid down by the OECD( Organisation Economic Co-operation and Development) in March 2008 namely,climate,biodiversity,water and The Lilypad will recycle and purify waste water and by integrating ecological niches,aquaculture fields and biotic corridors and below its body, the lilypad will meet its own food needs.

In term of architecture design:

LILYPAD is a true amphibian which is half aquatic and half terrestrial city .It able to accommodate 50,000 inhabitants and inviting the biodiversity to develop its fauna and flora around a central lagoon of soft water collecting and purifying the rain waters. This artificial lagoon is entirely immersed, ballasting the city. It enables inhabitants to live in the heart of the sub aquatic depths. The multi functional program is based on three marinas and three mountains dedicated to work, shopping and entertainment. The whole set is covered by a stratum of planted housing in suspended gardens and crossed by a network of streets and alleyways with organic outline.

The three mountains are ecological niches, aquaculture fields and biologic corridors

The main deck with the three marinas, the submarine performing arts center and the gardens of phytopurification.

LILYPAD reaches a positive energetic balance with zero carbon emission by the integration of all the renewable energies (solar, thermal and photovoltaic energies, wind energy, hydraulic, tidal power station, osmotic energies, phytopurification, biomass), producing more energy than it consumes.

In term of inspirations:The floating structure is "branches" of the Ecopolis inspired of the highly ribbed leave of the giant lilypad of the Amazonia Victoria Regia.

`The double skin is made of polyester fibers covered by a layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) like an anatase which by reacting to the ultraviolet rays enable to absorb the atmospheric pollution by photocatalytic effect.

What information will you consider for your ‘better’ city.I Inspired by its floating concept and and I will apply to my X city.

Urban StructureUrban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas. Sociologists, economists, and geographers have developed several models, explaining where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting. Urban structure can also refer to the urban spatial structure, which concerns the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility.

1)Zonal ModelThis model was the first to explain distribution of social groups within urban areas. Based on one single city, Chicago, it was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess[1] in 1924. According to this model, a city grows outward from a central point in a series of rThe innermost ring represents the central business district. It is surrounded by a second ring, the zone of transition, which contains industry and poorer-quality housing. The third ring contains housing for the working-class and is called the zone of independent workers' homes. The fourth ring has newer and larger houses usually occupied by the middle-class. This ring is called the zone of better residences. The outermost ring is called the commuter's zone. This zone represents people who choose to live in residential suburbs and take a daily commute into the CBD to .working

2) Sectoral Model(HOYT MODEL)

2)Sector Model

A second theory of urban structure was proposed in 1939 by an economist named Homer Hoyt.[2] His model, the sector model, proposed that a city develops in sectors instead of rings. Certain areas of a city are more attractive for various activities, whether by chance or geographic and environmental reasons. As the city grows and these activities flourish and expand outward, they do so in a wedge and become a sector of the city. If a district is set up for high income housing, for example, any new development in that district will expand from the outer edge.

To some degree this theory is just a refinement on the concentric model rather than a radical restatement. Both Hoyt and Burgess claimed Chicago supported their model. Burgess claimed that Chicago's central business district was surrounded by a series of rings, broken only by Lake Michigan. Hoyt argued that the best housing developed north from the central business district along Lake Michigan, while industry located along major rail lines and roads to the south, southwest, and northwest.

Calgary, Alberta almost perfectly fits Hoyt's sector model.

3)Multiple nuclei model

Geographers C.D. Harris and E. L. Ullman developed the

multiple nuclei model in 1945.[3] According to this model, a city contains more than one center around which activities revolve. Some activities are attracted to particular nodes while others try to avoid them. For example, a university node may attract well-educated residents, pizzerias, and bookstores, whereas an airport may attract hotels and warehouses. their aim was to produce a more realistic, if more complicated, model. Their main goals in this were to:

-Move away from the concentric zone model-To better reflect the complex nature of urban areas, especially those of larger size

THE NEW CITY-GALAXTY

-A SUSTAINABLE CITY-A CAR FREE CITY-A FLOATING CITY

ZONING

1)COMMERCIAL AREA

_ The main focus of my city will be commercial area which

are Office Centre, Shopping malls,Service station ,Restraurants ,Bank and Medical centre.

-For the Office Centre, I inspired by Burj Khalifa, India which is the Tallest building in the world.

--For the Bank , I inspired by the Headquarter of Credit Suisse bank in the Zurich.

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2)Tourism and Hospitality

-Hotel is place at the area near attraction and easy public transportation. The hotel is near to the train station.I inspired by the Hotel Palacio Nazarenas set in Tranquil plaza behind Cusco’s main square in Peru which is the world’s top rate luxury hotel.

3)Residential Low Rise And Port

- I place my residential low rise near the port because I inspired by floating house in Amsterdam.

4) Agriculture

-For this area, I inspired by Billing,MT.Billing is the kind of place that person can create a true permaculture.An ecological for sustainability in all aspects of human endeavor.

Transportation

Transportation

-Bicycle and Train Will be the main transportation in Galaxty City.IIt is Car-Free city so it can prevent the emission of carbon monoside.

-For the Bicycle pathway,I inspired by Frelburg which has an extransive pedestrian zone.

-For the Train System, I inspired by the Zurich HB .