Employment Discrimination Law

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Employment Discrimination Law

Cases and Materials

eighth edition

Arthur B. Smith, Jr.

Charles B. Craver

Ronald Turner

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

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Copyright © 2016Carolina Academic Press, LLC.All Rights Reserved

ISBN 978-1-6328-4986-1LCCN 2016946705

Carolina Academic Press, LLC.700 Kent StreetDurham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

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Contents

Table of Cases xv

Chapter 1 · Employment Discrimination, the Labor Market and the Role of Law 3

§ 1.01 The Labor Market Context 3[A] Race and Ethnicity 4Ronald G. Ehrenberg and Robert S. Smith, Modern Labor Economics,

Theory and Public Policy 6Note 11

[B] Gender 11Ronald G. Ehrenberg and Robert S. Smith, Modern Labor Economics:

Theory and Public Policy 11Notes 19

[C] Religion 21[D] Age 21

Staying Ahead of the Curve 2013: The AARP Work and Career Study 21Notes 29

[E] Disability 30Persons with a Disability: Labor Force Characteristics — 2014 30Notes 32

[F] Veterans 34Employment Situation of Veterans — 2014 34Notes 39

[G] Theories of Labor Market Discrimination 40Ronald G. Ehrenberg and Robert S. Smith, Modern Labor Economics:

Theory and Public Policy 40Notes 46

§ 1.02 Political, Social and Psychological Dimensions 47United Packinghouse, Food & Allied Workers

International Union v. NLRB 47Note 50

§ 1.03 The Role of Law 50Notes 51

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Chapter 2 · Discriminatory Treatment and Disparate Impact Proof Constructs 53

§ 2.01 Discriminatory Treatment Claims 53[A] Individual Discrimination 53

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green 53Furnco Construction Corp. v. Waters 57Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc. 64Notes 71Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa 80Notes 85McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing Co. 87Notes 91

[B] Systemic Discrimination 92International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States 92Hazelwood School District v. United States 104Notes 112

§ 2.02 Disparate Impact Claims 115Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 115Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody 120Washington v. Davis 129Notes 136Connecticut v. Teal 145Notes 154Ricci v. DeStefano 155Notes 176New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer 179Notes 187

Chapter 3 · Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as Amended 189§ 3.01 Scope of Coverage 189

Hishon v. King & Spalding 190Notes 195

§ 3.02 Race/Color 199McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co. 199Notes 201United Steelworkers of America v. Weber 205Notes 222

[A] Police Records of Applicants 223Gregory v. Litton Systems 223Green v. Missouri Pacific Railroad 224Notes 229

[B] Bona Fide Seniority Systems 230International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States 230Notes 243

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California Brewers Ass’n v. Bryant 245Notes 252

§ 3.03 Religion 252Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison 252International Ass’n of Machinists v. Boeing Co. 266Notes 273 Hosanna- Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. EEOC 281Notes 291

§ 3.04 Gender 292Notes 293

[A] Compensation Differentials 295County of Washington v. Gunther 295Note 308Note 309AFSCME v. State 310Notes 316City of Los Angeles, Department of Water & Power v. Manhart 318Arizona Governing Committee for Tax Deferred Annuity & Deferred

Compensation Plans v. Norris 328Notes 337

[B] Bona Fide Occupational Qualification 338Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. 338Diaz v. Pan American World Airways 340Notes 344Dothard v. Rawlinson 344Notes 355

[C] Marriage and Family Obligations 356Sprogis v. United Air Lines, Inc. 356Harper v. Trans World Airlines 362Notes 365

[D] Maternity 368Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc. 368Notes 383In re Union Pacific Railroad Employment Practices Litigation 388Notes 398United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc. 398Notes 413Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. v. EEOC 414Notes 420

[E] Grooming Codes 420Jespersen v. Harrah’s Operating Company, Inc. 420Notes 432

[F] Sexual Harassment 433Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 433

CONTENTS vii

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Notes 447Notes 456Note 458Nichols v. Azteca Restaurant Enterprises, Inc. 458Notes 467Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth 468Notes 480Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders 483Note 491

[G] Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity 491Smith v. City of Salem, Ohio 491Notes 500

§ 3.05 National Origin 503Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. 503Notes 507

§ 3.06 Retaliation 509Payne v. McLemore’s Wholesale & Retail Stores 509Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White 518Note 528Notes 529

Chapter 4 · Non- Title VII Antidiscrimination Protection 537§ 4.01 The Constitution 537[A] Race 537

Washington v. Davis 537Notes 544

[B] Religion 548Notes 550

[C] Gender 553Geduldig v. Aiello 553Notes 557Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney 560Notes 568

[D] Sexual Orientation 569Padula v. Webster 569Glenn v. Brumby 573Notes 578

[E] Alienage 579Cabell v. Chavez- Salido 579Notes 587Dandamudi v. Tisch 590

[F] Age 597Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia 597Notes 606

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§ 4.02 The Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts 607Johnson v. Railway Express Agency 607McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co. 614Saint Francis College v. Al- Khazraji 620Notes 625General Building Contractors Ass’n, Inc. v. Pennsylvania 627Note 637CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries 637Note 650

§ 4.03 Labor Relations Statutes 650[A] The Duty of Fair Representation 651

Steele v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. 651Notes 654Local 12, United Rubber Workers v. NLRB 654Notes 665

§ 4.04 Equal Pay Act 668Corning Glass Works v. Brennan 668Horner v. Mary Institute 676Notes 684Shultz v. Wheaton Glass Co. 686Notes 691

[A] Bona Fide Merit, Benefit or Earnings Plan 694Brennan v. Victoria Bank & Trust Co. 694Notes 698

[B] Any Other Factor Other Than Sex 699Hodgson v. Behrens Drug Co. 699Hodgson v. Robert Hall Clothes, Inc. 704King v. Acosta Sales and Marketing, Inc. 713Notes 716

§ 4.05 Executive Order No. 11246, as Amended 720Traylor v. Safeway Stores, Inc. 720Notes 724

§ 4.06 Age Discrimination in Employment Act, as Amended 725[A] The Prima Facie Case 727[1] Disparate Treatment 727 O’Connor v. Consolidated Coin Caterers Corp. 727Notes 729General Dynamics Land Systems, Inc. v. Dennis Cline 729Notes 742Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. 742Notes 753[2] Disparate Impact 754Smith v. City of Jackson, Mississippi 754Notes 770

CONTENTS ix

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[B] Affirmative Defenses 772[1] BFOQ, RFOA and Seniority Systems 772Western Air Lines, Inc. v. Criswell 772Notes 783[2] Bona Fide Benefit Plans and Other Exemptions 784

[C] Special Issues 800[1] “Me Too” Evidence 800Sprint/United Management Co. v. Mendelsohn 800Notes 804[2] Retaliation and Federal Employees 805 Gomez- Perez v. Potter 805

§ 4.07 The Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act 819[A] Coverage and Basic Protections 821

Bragdon v. Abbott 821Notes 830[1] Disabilities That Substantially Limit Major Life Activities 833Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc. 833Notes 844Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams 845Notes 854Hoffman v. Carefirst of Fort Wayne, Inc. 858Felkins v. City of Lakewood 861Smith v. Altarum Institute, Corp. 864Note 870[2] Disabilities that Interfere with Essential Job Functions 870Albertsons, Inc. v. Kirkingburg 870Notes 877[3] Job- Related Qualification Standards Consistent with Business Necessity 879

Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal 879Notes 885[4] Hostile Environment Claims 886Ryan v. Capital Contractors, Inc. 886Note 889[5] Association with Disabled Individuals 889

[B] Structure of Proof, Reasonable Accommodation and Undue Hardship 890[1] Structure of Proof 890Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez 890Notes 895[2] Reasonable Accommodation 896US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett 896Notes 909

[C] The ADA and the Regulation of Insurance 913

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§ 4.08 The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 916§ 4.09 Sources in Other Legislation 919

Notes 919

Chapter 5 · State Regulation of Fair Employment Practices 925Colorado Anti- Discrimination Commission v. Continental Air Lines 925Notes 929Homemakers, Inc. v. Division of Industrial Welfare 931Notes 933University of Tennessee v. Elliott 934Notes 941

Chapter 6 · Procedures for Establishing Claims 945§ 6.01 Title VII and the Americans with Disabilities Act 946[A] Initial Resort to EEOC by Individuals 946[1] When Does the Discriminatory Practice Occur for Purposes of the Time Limitation Periods? 946[a] General Principles 946[b] “Standing” 948[c] Discrete Acts and “Continuing Violations” 948[d] Post- Morgan Refinements 951[e] Discriminatory Pay 952[f] Length of Service Based Benefit Entitlements and “Continuing Violations” 953

[g] Disparate Impact Claims 954[2] When Do the Time Periods Begin to Run for Noncontinuing Discrimination Claims? 954

[3] Are the Time Limitation Periods for Filing Charges Subject to Relaxation Because of Equitable Considerations or Because an Aggrieved Party Has Pursued Other Remedies? 956

[4] Under What Circumstances Is a Charging Party Entitled to the Extended 300- Day Period for Filing an EEOC Charge? 957

[5] Are There Standards for EEOC Deferral to State and Local Agencies and What Formalities Must Be Satisfied to Perfect a Discrimination Charge? 962

[6] Do the Same Charge Filing Requirements Apply to State, Local and Federal Government Employees? 963

[B] EEOC Commissioner Charges, Scope of EEOC Investigatory Authority and the Conciliation Function 966[1] The Nature of Commissioner Charges 966[2] The Subpoena Power and Access to Information Compiled during EEOC Investigation 968

[C] EEOC Voluntary Compliance Efforts 973[D] Resort to Federal Court by Individuals 975

CONTENTS xi

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[1] Individual Suits 975[a] What Form of Notice Starts the Running of the Suit Filing Period? 975

[b] Is the 90- Day Suit- Filing Period Subject to Tolling, Waiver or Extension Because of Equitable Considerations? 977

[c] What Issues Can Be Litigated in a Title VII or ADA Suit and Can Managers or Supervisors of the Employer Be Held Personally Liable for Their Discriminatory Acts? 981

[d] Can Suits Be Maintained If, Even Though Filed Within the Suit Filing Period, They Are Commenced Many Years After the Filing of a Charge? 982

[2] Class Actions 982[E] EEOC and Attorney General Actions 986[1] EEOC § 706 Actions 986[2] EEOC § 707 Actions 990[3] Attorney General § 706 and § 707 Actions 990

§ 6.02 The Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts 991§ 6.03 Equal Pay Act 992§ 6.04 Age Discrimination in Employment Act 992[A] Initial Resort to EEOC by Individuals 993[1] What Formalities Are Required to Perfect a Discrimination Charge? 993

[2] When Does the Discriminatory Practice Occur for Purposes of the Time Limitation Periods? 994

[3] Are the Time Limitation Periods Subject to Relaxation Because of Equitable Considerations? 995

[4] Under What Circumstances Are Claimants Entitled to the 300- Day Extended Period for Filing an EEOC Charge? 996

[5] Do the Same Charge Filing Requirements Apply to State, Local and Federal Government Employees? 999

[B] EEOC Investigatory Power and the ADEA Conciliation Function 1000[C] ADEA Lawsuits 1001[1] Individual Suits 1001[2] Class Actions 1003[3] EEOC Suits 1004

§ 6.05 Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures 1004Notes 1005Notes 1009

Chapter 7 · Affirmative Action under Government Contracts 1019§ 7.01 Sources of Obligation and Summary of Basic Principles 1019

Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. v. Friedman 1019Notes 1028

[A] Scope of the Program and Structure of Administration 1029

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[B] The Obligations Imposed by Contract 1033§ 7.02 Affirmative Action for Non- Construction Contractors 1035[A] Coverage and Scope of Obligation 1035[B] Substantive Content of Programs 1036[1] Programs under Executive Order 11,246, as Amended 1036Timken Co. v. Vaughan 1038Notes 1046[2] Programs for Individuals with Disabilities and for Veterans 1046

[C] Compliance and Enforcement 1048§ 7.03 Affirmative Action for Construction Contractors 1051[A] Formats and Procedures for Contractors 1051[1] Required Contract Language and Imposed Affirmative Action Obligations 1052

[2] Minority Employment Goals 1053[3] Female Employment Goals 1053[4] Administration of Goals 1053[5] Individuals with Disabilities and Veteran Obligations 1054

[B] Affirmative Action Programs for Apprenticeships 1055[1] Basic Ingredients 1055[2] Permissible Procedures for Selecting Applicants 1056

[C] Minority Contract Set Aside Requirements 1056§ 7.04 Impact of Government Contract Compliance Programs 1058

Chapter 8 · Remedying Employment Discrimination 1061§ 8.01 Title VII, the Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts and the Americans with Disabilities Act 1061[A] Consent Decrees and Settlement Agreements 1061

United States v. Allegheny- Ludlum Industries, Inc. 1061Notes 1069W.R. Grace & Co. v. Local Union 759 1070

[B] Affirmative Court Ordered Relief and the Problem of “Reverse Discrimination” 1073[1] Quotas and Administrators 1073Local No. 93, International Ass’n of Firefighters,

AFL- CIO v. City of Cleveland 1073Local 28 of the Sheet Metal Workers’ International Ass’n v. Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission 1081Notes 1089Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, California 1089Notes 1095[2] Pay, Seniority and Injunctive Relief 1097Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody 1097Notes 1103Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co. 1105

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Notes 1113Ford Motor Co. v. EEOC 1116Notes 1122

[C] Compensatory and Punitive Damages 1123Kolstad v. American Dental Association 1123Notes 1127

[D] Attorney Fees and Other Litigation Expenses 1130Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC 1130Notes 1134

§ 8.02 Equal Pay Act and Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1137Hodgson v. Miller Brewing Co. 1137Notes 1139Hazen Paper Company v. Biggins 1140Notes 1142

Index 1145

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14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, 1008, 1009A.H. Phillips, Inc. v. Walling, 239AARP v. EEOC, 794Abbott v. Crown Motor Co., 527Abdulnour v. Campbell Soup Supply Co.,

LLC, 75Abraham v. Graphic Arts International

Union, 385Abraham v. Woods Hole Oceanographic

Inst., 979Abrahamson v. Bd. of Educ., 787Ace Elec. Contrs. v. IBEW, Local Union

No. 292, 742Acha v. Beame, 1114Adams v. Austal, USA, LLC, 450Adams v. City of Chicago, 142Adams v. Moore Business Forms, Inc.,

791Adams v. O’Reilly Auto, Inc., 481Adams v. Proctor & Gamble Mfg. Co., 976Adamson v. Multi Cmty. Diversified

Servs., 366Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 544, 1028,

1057, 1096, 1097Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta,

1058Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater, 1058AFL-CIO v. Kahn, 1024, 1025AFSCME v. State, 310, 317Aguilar v. Avis Rent A Car Sys., 452Aguilera v. Cook County Police &

Corrections Merit Bd., 143Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l v. Northwest

Airlines, Inc., 1006Air Line Pilots Assn., Int’l v. Quesada, 606Aka v. Washington Hospital Center, 904,

905

Akins v. Texas, 540Alabama v. Shelton, 747Alabama v. United States, 112Alam v. Miller Brewing Co., 197Alaniz v. Zamora-Quezada, 449Alaska v. EEOC, 190Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 62, 88,

95, 97, 102, 120, 130, 131, 146, 148,148, 162, 184, 187, 208, 233, 234,324, 327, 333, 351, 526, 566, 1084,1086, 1097, 1104, 1107, 1114, 1121,1127, 1131

Albert-Roberts v. GGG Constr., LLC, 203Albertson’s, Inc. v. Kirkingburg, 845, 851,

870Alcazar v. Corp. of Catholic Archbishop,

551Aldrich v. Randolph Cent. School Dist.,

719Aleman v. Chugach Support Servs., Inc.,

641Alexander v. American Airlines, Inc., 391Alexander v. Anthony Int’l, L.P., 1011Alexander v. Gardner Denver Co., 88,

211, 269, 609, 613, 614, 643, 938,989, 1005, 1006, 1072, 1074, 1117

Alexander v. Louisiana, 97, 541Alexander v. Milwaukee, 546Alexander v. Sandoval, 647Alicea-Hernandez v. Catholic Bishop of

Chi., 291Alizadeh v. Safeway Stores, 625Allen v. Entergy Corp., Inc., 395Allen v. Lovejoy, 366Allen v. McCurry, 939, 937, 938Allen v. Michigan Dep’t of Corrections, 448Allen v. Rapides Parish Sch. Bd., 910

xv

Table of Cases

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Allen v. Seidman, 137Allied Chemical & Alkali Workers v.

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., 192Allison v. Citgo Petroleum Corp., 986Altman v. AT & T Technologies, Inc., 252Altman v. Minn. Dep’t of Corr., 279Altman v. New York City Health & Hosps.

Corp., 878Alyeska Pipeline Co. v. Wilderness

Society, 1130, 1131Am. Fed’n of State v. Ward, 137Am. Postal Workers Union v. Postmaster

Gen., 277Aman v. Cort Furniture Rental Corp., 449Ambach v. Norwick, 580, 581, 582, 583,

587American Express Co., v. Italian Colors

Restaurant, 1010American Federation of State, County

and Municipal Employees v. Washington, 311

American Nurses’ Ass’n v. Illinois, 311, 317American Pipe & Constr. Co. v. Utah, 614American Tobacco Co. v. Patterson, 149,

242Ames v. Nationwide Mutual Insur. Co., 385Ammerman v. Sween, 934AMTRAK v. Morgan, 455, 948, 956, 994,

1002Ana Leon T. v. Federal Reserve Bank, 933Anastasio v. Schering Corp., 1142Anderson v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 771Anderson v. Conboy, 507Anderson v. Creighton, 548Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 425Anderson v. Methodist Evangelical

Hospital, Inc., 439, 442Anderson v. U.S.F. Logistics (IMC), Inc.,

279Anderson v. Unisys Corp., 995, 1003Anderson v. Westinghouse Savannah

River Co., 137Andrews v. Lakeshore Rehabilitation

Hospital, 641Andrews v. Philadelphia, 451Ansonia Board of Education v. Philbrook,

270Aramburu v. Boeing Co., 802Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 195

Archie v. Chicago Truck Drivers, 978Arizona ex rel. Horne v. Geo Group, Inc.,

974Arizona Governing Comm. for Tax

Deferred Annuity & Deferred Comp.Plans v. Norris, 328, 409, 412, 1104

Arizona v. United States, 919Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing

Dev. Corp., 566, 633Armbruster v. Quinn, 195Armindo v. Padlocker, Inc., 388Armstrong v. Flowers Hosp., 413Arnett v. California Pub. Emples.

Retirement Sys., 795Arnold v. Ben Kanowsky, Inc., 704Arnold v. Postmaster General, 1004Aroostook Band of Micmacs v. Ryan, 933Asbestos Workers Local 53 v. Vogler, 212,

234Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 72Ashbey v. Archstone Property

Management, Inc., 1009Ashley v. Boyle’s Famous Corned Beef

Co., 982Ashley v. City of Jackson, 1079Ashton v. Civiletti, 569Associated Dry Goods Corp. v. EEOC, 972Association of Data Processing Service

Organizations, Inc. v. Camp, 724Association of Mexican-American

Educators v. Cal., 143, 198Astoria Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v.

Solimino, 942AT&T Corp. v. Hulteen, 386, 953AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 1010Atkins v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 798Atlantic Cleaners & Dyers, Inc. v. United

States, 734Atonio v. Wards Cove Packing Co., 313Attorney Gen. of New York v. Soto-Lopez,

568Aubrey v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 383Auerbach v. Board of Educ., 786Auto Workers v. Hoosier Corp., 611Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls,

Inc., 884Aviles v. Cornell Forge Co., 535Back v. Hastings on Hudson Union Free

Sch. Dist., 366

xvi CASES

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Backus v. Baptist Medical Center, 407, 412Bailey v. Fannie Mae, 1012Bailey v. Patterson, 927Baker v. Cal. Land Title Co., 425Baker v. Home Depot, 276Baker v. McNeil Island Corrections Ctr.,

197Balazs v. Liebenthal, 963Baldwin County Welcome Center v.

Brown, 977Baldwin v. Blue Cross/Blue Shield, 454Baldwin v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 1002Balint v. Carson City, 276Ballard v. Rubin, 910Banta v. United States, 437Barker v. Taft Broad. Co., 425Barlow v. Collins, 724Barnes v. City of Cincinnati, 500Barnes v. Costle, 474Barrett v. Applied Radiant Energy Corp.,

481Barrett v. Indiana, 562Barrett v. Omaha Nat’l Bank, 454Barrett v. Whirlpool Corp., 202Barrows v. Jackson, 638Bartelt v. Berlitz School of Languages,

Inc., 691Barth v. Gelb, 900Bartmess v. Drewrys U. S. A., Inc., 292Bate Refrigerating Co. v. Sulzberger, 504Bates v. UPS, 885Batiste v. Furnco Constr. Corp., 936Baulos v. Roadway Express, 857Bay v. Times Mirror Magazines, Inc., 783Bazemore v. Friday, 203BE&K Constr. Co. v. NLRB, 534Beadle v. Hillsborough County Sheriff ‘s

Dep’t, 275Beavers v. American Cast Iron Pipe Co.,

685Becerril v. Pima County Assessor’s Office,

870Beck v. UFCW, Local 99, 666Beck v. University of Wisconsin Bd. of

Regents, 909Beckford v. Dep’t of Corr., 448Beith v. Nitrogen Prods., 771Belfi v. Prendergast, 317Bell v. Eagle Motor Lines, Inc., 979

Bell v. Trustees of Purdue Univ., 797Bellamy v. n’s Stores, Inc. (Richmond), 274Bellaver v. Quanex Corp./Nichols-

Homeshield, 292Bellissimo v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 432Bence v. Detroit Health Corp., 716Benes v. A.B. Data Ltd., 533Bennington v. Caterpillar Inc., 729Berg v. La Crosse Cooler Co., 513Berger v. Xerox Corp. Ret. Income Guar.

Plan, 800Berkman v. New York, 143Bernal v. Fainter, 589Berry v. Board of Supervisors of L.S.U., 685Berry v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 279Berry v. Stevinson Chevrolet, 522Bertsch v. Overstock.com, 453Best & Co. v. Maxwell, 926Bethlehem Steel Co. v. New York State

Labor Rel. Bd., 928Bettcher v. Brown Schs., Inc., 1002Bhandari v. First Nat’l Bank of Commerce,

507, 625Bialas v. Greyhound Lines, 783Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, 926Bibby v. Philadelphia Coca Cola Bottling

Co., 467, 496, 501Biester v. Midwest Health Servs., 979Bill Johnson’s Restaurants, Inc. v. NLRB,

523Bishop v. Aronov, 553Black Grievance Committee v. NLRB, 666Black-Clawson Co. v. International Ass’n

of Machinists, 659Blackmon-Malloy v. United States Capitol

Police Bd., 965Blair v. Scott Specialty Gases, 1011Blanchard v. Bergeron, 1135Blankenship v. Parke Care Centers, Inc.,

473Blanks v. Southwestern Bell Communs.,

Inc., 857Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v.

University of Illinois Foundation, 937Bluestein v. Central Wis. Anesthesiology,

S.C., 197Board of County Comm’rs v. United

States EEOC, 922Board of Education v. Harris, 921

CASES xvii

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Board of Governors of University ofNorth Carolina v. United States Dep’tof Labor, 1030

Board of Regents v. Dawes, 691Board of Regents v. Roth, 604Board of Trustees v. Garrett, 820Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan, 927Bobo v. ITT Continental Baking Co., 625Bogacz v. MTD Prods., 790Bohen v. East Chicago, 559Bollard v. California Province of the Soc’y

of Jesus, 291Bolling v. Sharpe, 539, 927Bondurant v. ALPA, 654, 772Booker v. Robert Half Int’l, Inc., 1012Boos v. Runyon, 957Borg-Warner Protective Servs. Corp. v.

EEOC, 1017Borkowski v. Valley Central School Dist.,

900Boudreaux v. Baton Rouge Marine

Contracting Co., 608Boumehdi v. Plastag Holdings, LLC, 452Bourque v. Powell Electrical

Manufacturing Co., 307Boutros v. Canton Regional Transit Auth.,

449Bowen v. Mo. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 204Bowen v. United States Postal Service, 654Bowers v. Hardwick, 578Boyd v. Harding Academy, 280, 387Boyer-Liberto v. Fontainebleau Corp., 530Boykin v. ATC/VANCOM of Colo., 911Bradley v. Harcourt, Brace & Co., 78Bradley v. Pizzaco of Nebraska, Inc., 202,

432Brady v. Thurston Motor Lines, Inc., 1123Bragdon v. Abbott, 821Brakeall v. Jackson, 953Breckenridge v. Bristol-Meyers Co., 785Breeding v. Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., 489Breiner v. Nev. Dep’t of Corr., 355Brennan v. Ace Hardware Corp., 1000Brennan v. Owensboro-Daviess Cty.

Hosp., 717Brennan v. Prince William Hospital

Corp., 692Brennan v. South Davis Community

Hospital, 693

Brennan v. Victoria Bank & Trust Co., 694Brennen v. City Stores, Inc., 697Brewer v. Muscle Shoals Bd. of Education,

1113Briggs v. Madison, 314Briscoe v. City of New Haven, 176Briscoe v. LaHue, 941Briseno v. Central Technical Community

College Area, 1114Brohm v. JH Props., 857Brooklyn Savings Bank v. O’Neil, 1065,

1139Brooks v. City of San Mateo, 490Brotherhood of R. Trainmen v. Howard,

929Brown v. Ala. DOT, 637Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,

48, 49, 562, 927Brown v. East Miss. Elec. Power Ass’n, 72Brown v. Fred’s, Inc., 720Brown v. GSA, 992Brown v. Henderson, 450Brown v. Ill. Dep’t of Natural Res., 202Brown v. Lucky Stores, Inc., 878Brown v. Nucor Corp., 985Brown v. Polk County, 278Brown v. Swann, 1099Bruff v. N. Miss. Health Servs., 278Brunet v. City of Columbus, 141, 1096Brunko v. Mercy Hosp., 857Bruno v. Crown Point, 366Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v.

W. Va. Dep’t of Health & HumanRes., 1134

Bullington v. United Air Lines, Inc., 74Bullock v. Carter, 599Bunch v. Bullard, 139Bundy v. Jackson, 434, 437, 443Buntin v. Breathitt County Bd. of Educ.,

691Burch v. Coca-Cola Co., 878Burchett v. Target Corp., 910Burkett v. Glickman, 964Burkhart v. Am. Railcar Indus., Inc., 951Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 448,

465, 468–480, 482, 484, 485–491,499, 522, 523, 531, 1125

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Ry. Co.v. White, 518, 644, 645, 813

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Burnet v. Guggenheim, 240Burns v. Coca-Cola Enters., Inc., 857Burns v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc.,

1002Burns v. McGregor Elec. Indus., 451Burns v. Reed, 548Burns v. Rohr Corp., 932Burwell v. Eastern Air Lines, 366, 404, 405Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 398Bush v. Lucas, 816Butler v. Drive Auto. Indus. of Amer.,

Inc., 196Butler v. Ysleta Indep. School Dist., 450Butts v. Nichols, 226Byram Concretanks, Inc. v. Warren

Concrete Products Co. of New Jersey, 1132

Byrd v. Lakeshore Hosp., 385Byrne v. Avon Prods., 910Cabell v. Chavez-Salido, 507, 579Cada v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 995Caldwell v. National Brewing Co., 610Calef v. Gillette Co., 855, 856Califano v. Webster, 933, 1096California Brewers Ass’n v. Bryant, 245California Federal S. & L. Ass’n v. Guerra,

376, 406, 408, 933California v. Thompson, 928California v. Zook, 928Camp v. Pitts, 1042Campbell v. BankBoston, N.A., 994Candelore v. Clark County Sanitation

Dist., 453Canino v. United States EEOC, 535Cannata v. Catholic Diocese of Austin,

291, 552Cannon v. University of Chicago, 724,

808, 920Cantwell v. Connecticut, 550Caperci v. Huntoon, 609Caridad v. Metro-North Commuter

Railroad, 486Cariddi v. Kansas City Chiefs Football

Club, 437Carino v. University of Oklahoma Bd. of

Regents, 508Carlile v. South Routt School District RE

3- J, 977

Carmona v. Southwest Airlines Company,870

Carney v. Martin Luther Home, Inc., 386Carpenter v. Boeing Co., 138Carpenter v. Stephen F. Austin State

University, 143Carr v. Allison Gas Turbine Div., Gen.

Motors Corp., 451Carr v. Reno, 877Carr v. Woodbury County Juvenile

Detention Ctr., 91Carreras v. Sajo, 854Carrion v. Yeshiva University, 1133Carroll v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 155Carroll v. Talman Federal Savings & Loan

Ass’n of Chicago, 431Carson v. American Brands, Inc., 1075Carson v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 77Carter v. Chrysler Corp., 449Carter v. Gallagher, 226Carter v. Luminant Power Services Co.,

85, 531Carter v. Pathfinder Energy Servs., Inc.,

863Carter v. South Central Bell, 639Carter v. United Food & Commercial

Workers, Local No. 789, 317Carter v. Univ. of Toledo, 73Carter v. West Publ’g Co., 953Carver v. Holder, 1000Casillas v. United States Navy, 71Cassidy v. Detroit Edison Co., 912Cassidy v. United States, 224Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482, 107,

108Castro v. Beecher, 55CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries, 637, 813Cehrs v. Northeast Ohio Alzheimer’s

Research Ctr., 877Central of Georgia, R. Co. v. Jones, 654Chaline v. KCOH, Inc., 201Chalmers v. Tulon Co., 278Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting, 918Chambers v. Omaha Girls Club, Inc., 387Chambless v. Louisiana-Pacific Corp., 951Chance v. Board of Examiners, 55, 1114Chandler v. Roudebush, 937Chaney v. Plainfield Healthcare Ctr., 202Chang v. Glynn County Sch. Dist., 590

CASES xix

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Chapin v. Fort-Rohr Motors, Inc., 532Chappell v. Wallace, 549Charles Dowd Box Co. v. Courtney, 1072Charles v. Grief, 547Charleston & W.C.R. Co. v. Varnville

Furniture Co., 928Chattman v. Toho Tenax Am. Inc., 73Cheatwood v. South Central Bell

Telephone and Telegraph Co., 358Cheek v. Western & S. Life Ins. Co., 981Cherosky v. Henderson, 954Cherry v. Shaw Coastal Inc., 458Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural

Resources Defense Council, Inc., 393,737, 740, 768, 868

Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal, 879Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Hammond, 269Chi. Firefighters Local 2 v. City of

Chicago, 141Chicot County Drainage District v. Baxter

State Bank, 937Childress v. City of Richmond, 204, 449Choudhury v. Polytechnic Inst. of N. Y.,

639Christensen v. Harris County, 393Christensen v. Iowa, 314, 683Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC,

1130, 1136, 1140Chromcraft Corp. v. EEOC, 611Chrysler Corp. v. Brown, 1021, 1022,

1023, 1024, 1026Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of

Hialeah, 550Cinton-Lorenzo v. Fondo Del Seguro Del

Estado, 991Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 1008Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Ahmed, 1012Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Mantor, 1010Cissell Mfg. Co. v. United States DOL,

1047Citizens for a Better Environment v.

Gorsuch, 1077City of Boerne v. Flores, 551City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr.,

Inc., 575City of Los Angeles Department of Water

& Power v. Manhart, 151, 301, 318,328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335,

336, 337, 403, 409, 411, 417, 419,426, 436, 1104, 1121

Clackamas Gastroenterology Assocs., P.C.v. Wells, 197, 726, 820

Clady v. County of Los Angeles, 139, 142Clark County Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 530Clark v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co., 71Clark v. Marsh, 535Clarke v. Securities Industry Assn., 528Clearwater v. Independent Sch. Dist. No.

166, 73Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 571,

575Clemente v. United States, 1135Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. LaFleur, 559Cleveland Branch, NAACP v. City of

Parma, 948Cleveland v. Policy Mgmt. Sys. Corp.,

830, 895Cline v. Catholic Diocese, 387Cloutier v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 277,

432Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson,

1097Coates v. Sundor Brands, Inc., 454Coble v. Hot Springs School Dist., 75Cochran v. Holder, 976Cochrum v. Old Ben Coal Co., 912Colby v. Graniteville Co., 785Colby v. J.C. Penney Co., 366Coleman v. B-G Maintenance Mgmt., 366Coleman v. Donahoe, 76, 715Coles v. Marsh, 986Colorado Anti-Discrimination Commission

v. Continental Air Lines, 925Commissioner v. Estate of Noel, 822Compston v. Borden, Inc., 437Condit v. United Air Lines, 366, 404Conley v. Gibson, 201, 659, 929Conlon v. Intervarsity Christian

Fellowship/USA, 552Connecticut Nat. Bank v. Germain, 83Connecticut v. Teal, 145, 155, 166, 178,

331, 1086Conneen v. MBNA Am. Bank, N.A., 910Conner v. Schrader-Bridgeport Int’l, Inc.,

452Conroy v. Aniskoff, 873Consolidated Edison Co. v. N.L.R.B., 1042

xx CASES

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Consolidated Rail Corporation v. Darrone, 822

Consumer Product Safety Comm’n v.GTE Sylvania, Inc., 737

Contractors Ass’n of Eastern Pennsylvaniav. Secretary of Labor, 725, 1021,1023–1025

Contreras v. City of Los Angeles, 314Cook v. Chrysler Corp., 276Cooley v. Board of Wardens of the Port of

Philadelphia, 926Coons v. Sec’y of the United States Dep’t

of the Treasury, 855Cooper v. Allen, 187Cooper v. Delta Air Lines, 357Cooper v. Eugene School Dist., 553Cooper v. Federal Reserve Bank, 985Cooper v. IBM Pers. Pension Plan, 800Cooper v. Philip Morris, Inc., 936Coral Constr. Co. v. King County, 1096Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, 299,

668, 681, 683, 715Cornwell v. Dahlberg, 559Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-DaySaints v. Amos, 280, 551

Cort v. Ash, 644, 722, 723, 920Cortezano v. Salin Bank & Trust Co., 508Costa v. Markey, 355Cotran v. Rollins Hudig Hall Internat.,

Inc., 454Cottrill v. MFA, Inc., 451County of Washington v. Gunther, 295,

311, 685, 717Covington v. Int’l. Assn. of Approved

Basketball Officials, 196Covington v. Southern Illinois University,

719Cowen v. Standard Brands, Inc., 1123Cox v. Dubuque Bank & Trust Co., 772Cox v. Onondaga Cnty. Sheriff‘s Dept., 534Crady v. Liberty Nat. Bank & Trust Co. of

Ind., 474Craft v. Metromedia, Inc., 432Craig v. Boren, 557, 563Craig v. M&O Agencies, Inc., 482Craig v. Y & Y Snacks, Inc., 442Craik v. Minnesota State University Bd.,

74

Cramer v. Virginia Commonwealth Univ.,1024

Crandall v. Parayzed Veterans of Am., 855Crane v. New York, 580Crapp v. City of Miami Beach Police

Dep’t, 91Crawford v. BNSF Ry. Co., 453Crawford v. Metropolitan Government of

Nashville, 526Crist v. Focus Homes, 448Croffut v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 978Croker v. Boeing Co., 1136Cross v. Prairie Meadows Racetrack &

Casino, Inc., 888Crown, Cork & Seal Co. v. Parker, 978Cruz v. Coach Stores, Inc., 452Cullen v. Ind. Univ. Bd. of Trs., 692Cummins v. Illinois, 391Cupp v. Naughten, 781Currier v. Radio Free Europe/Radio

Liberty, 956Curry v. Continental Airlines, 999Curtis v. Loether, 1099, 1102Cuthbertson v. Biggers Bros., 71Cutter v. Wilkinson, 284D. A. Schulte, Inc. v. Gangi, 1065D’Angelo v. Conagra Foods, 913Dachman v. Shalala, 276Dalton v. Subaru-Isuzu Auto., 912Dandamudi v. Tisch, 590Dandridge v. Williams, 555, 556, 562,

598–601Daniels v. Essex Group, Inc., 473Danner v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 981Dark v. Curry County, 879Darnell v. Jasper, 1123Daugherty v. City of El Paso, 912Dave v. Lanier, 870Davidson v. Midelfort Clinic, 856Davis v. Bombardier Transportation

Holdings, 949Davis v. Califano, 72, 74, 114Davis v. City of San Francisco, 1135Davis v. Coastal Int’l Sec., Inc., 467Davis v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consol.,

114Davis v. Florida Power & Light Co., 877Davis v. Michigan Dept. of Treasury, 814Davis v. Monsanto Chemical Co., 477

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Davis v. Sodexho, 1002Davis v. United States Postal Serv., 449Dawson v. Bumble & Bumble, 430De Cintio v. Westchester County Med.

Center, 453De Santis v. Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co., 501Dean v. City of Shreveport, 141Deas v. River West, L.P., 857DeClue v. Central Ill. Light Co., 293DeGideo v. Sperry-Univac Co., 998DeGrace v. Rumsfeld, 477DeJarnette v. Corning, Inc., 386Delaware State College v. Ricks, 954DelCostello v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 666Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. August, 1136Den Hartog v. Wasatch Academy, 913Deneen v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 397Dennis v. Cty. of Fairfax, 477Denty v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 726DePaoli v. Abbott Labs., 857, 912DeSantis v. Pacific Telephone & Telegraph

Co., Inc., 463, 496Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 80, 744, 746,

750, 751, 765Despears v. Milwaukee County, 878Detroit Edison Co. v. NLRB, 666Detroit Police Officers’ Ass’n v. Young,

114, 222Detz v. Greiner Indus., 729DeVito v. Chi. Park Dist., 831Dewey v. Reynolds Metals Co., 255, 263Dey v. Colt Constr. & Dev. Co., 691Diaz v. American Tel. & Tel., 74Diaz v. Pan American World Airways,

Inc., 340, 348, 359, 363, 703, 777DiCarlo v. Potter, 494Dick v. Phone Directories Co., 458District of Columbia v. Brooke, 565Dodge v. Giant Food, Inc., 425Doe v. Belleville, 496Doe v. C.A.R.S. Prot. Plus, 387Doe v. City of Belleville, 430Doe v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co., 914Doe v. Region 13 Mental Health-Mental

Retardation Com., 855Domino’s Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald, 644,

645Donnelly v. United Fruit Co., 659Donovan v. Illinois Educ. Ass’n, 668

Dormeyer v. Comerica Bank-Illinois, 388Dornhecker v. Malibu Grand Prix Corp.,

454Dorsey v. Pinnacle Automation Co., 996Dortch v. Mem’l Herman Healthcare

Sys.—Southwest, 889Dothard v. Rawlinson, 113, 146–148,

154, 183, 185, 213, 295, 313, 344,401, 403–404, 407, 777, 884

Doucette v. Morrison County, 77Dougall v. Sugarman, 587Douglas v. DynMcDermott Petroleum

Operations Co., 533Douglas v. Hampton, 130Draper v. Coeur Rochester, Inc., 460Dring v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 995Drutis v. Rand McNally & Co., 800Duane v. Government Employees Ins.

Co., 507, 625Duda v. Bd. of Educ., 856Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 985Dumais v. Am. Golf Corp., 1012Duncan v. Mgr., Dep’t of Safety, 456Dunn v. Wash. County Hosp., 448Durham Life Ins. Co. v. Evans, 483E. E. Black, Ltd. v. Marshall, 1055Earl v. Mervyns, Inc., 855–856Earwood v. Cont’l Southeastern Lines,

Inc., 425East Tex. Motor Freight Sys. v. Rodriguez,

982East Texas Motor Freight System, Inc. v.

Rodriguez, 982–984Eaton v. Onan Corp., 800Ebbert v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 975Echazabal v. Chevron USA, Inc., 885Eckles v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 901Edelman v. Lynchburg College, 737, 962Edwards v. Shalala, 1003EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores,

Inc., 271EEOC v. Ackerman, Hood &

McQueen, Inc., 384EEOC v. Air Line Pilots Asso., 796EEOC v. Alioto Fish Co., 988EEOC v. Allstate Insurance Co., 535EEOC v. American & Efird Mills, 1000EEOC v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 1004,

1086

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EEOC v. Arabian Am. Oil Co., 198EEOC v. Associated Dry Goods Corp., 970EEOC v. Board of Governors of State

Colleges & Universities, 1006EEOC v. Board of Trustees, 785EEOC v. Bristol Steel & Iron Works, Inc.,

990EEOC v. Burlington Northern Santa Fe

Railroad, 969EEOC v. Burlington Northern, Inc., 963EEOC v. C & D Sportswear Corp., 514EEOC v. C.R. England, Inc., 863EEOC v. Carrols Corp., 990EEOC v. Caterpillar, Inc., 989EEOC v. Cent. Wholesalers, Inc., 448EEOC v. Central Kansas Medical Center,

691EEOC v. Ceres Terminals, Inc., 771EEOC v. Chicago Club, 197EEOC v. Chicago Miniature Lamp Works,

112EEOC v. Chrysler Corp., 1000EEOC v. Citicorp Diners Club, Inc., 969EEOC v. City Colleges, 787EEOC v. Commercial Office Products Co.,

960, 998EEOC v. Consolidated Serv. Sys., 74EEOC v. Crown Point Community School

Corporation, 787EEOC v. Crown Zellerbach Corp., 534EEOC v. CRST Van Expedited, Inc., 974EEOC v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., 990EEOC v. Davey Tree Surgery Co., 269EEOC v. Dial Corp., 143EEOC v. Doherty Enterprises, Inc., 990EEOC v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., 1002EEOC v. Enterprise Ass’n Steamfitters

Local No. 638, 1113–1114EEOC v. Exxon Corp., 873EEOC v. Fed. Express Corp., 970EEOC v. Federal Reserve Bank, 155EEOC v. Firestone Fibers & Textiles Co.,

275EEOC v. Flasher Co., 77EEOC v. Francis W. Parker Sch., 784EEOC v. Freeman, 989–990EEOC v. Fremont Christian School, 291,

366

EEOC v. General Tel. Co. of Northwest,Inc., 113

EEOC v. Geo Group, Inc., 277EEOC v. Goodyear Aerospace Corp., 1069EEOC v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 153, 432EEOC v. Hay Associates, 717EEOC v. Hearst Corp., 970EEOC v. Hernando Bank, Inc., 992EEOC v. Home of Economy, Inc., 992EEOC v. Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical

Lutheran Church & Sch., 551EEOC v. Houston Funding II Ltd., 385EEOC v. Ilona of Hung., 275EEOC v. Insurance Co. of N. Am., 784EEOC v. J.C. Penney Co., 366EEOC v. Jefferson County Sheriff‘s Dep’t,

795EEOC v. Joe’s Stone Crabs, Inc., 949EEOC v. Johnson & Higgins, Inc., 726,

783, 1000EEOC v. K-Mart Corp., 969EEOC v. Kaplan Higher Educ. Corp., 229EEOC v. Kenosha Unified School Dist., 692EEOC v. Kentucky State Police Dep’t, 999EEOC v. Korn Industries, Inc., 1123EEOC v. Lee’s Log Cabin, 859EEOC v. Levi Strauss & Co., 534EEOC v. Local 350, Plumbers &

Pipefitters, 784, 994EEOC v. Madison Community Unit

School Dist., 692, 719EEOC v. Massachusetts, 784EEOC v. Mississippi College, 291EEOC v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 450EEOC v. New Breed Logistics, 530EEOC v. O & G Spring & Wire Forms

Specialty Co., 112EEOC v. Ohio Edison Co., 533EEOC v. Olson’s Dairy Queens, 113EEOC v. Pacific Press Pub. Asso., 198EEOC v. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.,

969EEOC v. Phillips Servs. Corp., 990EEOC v. Picture People, Inc., 878EEOC v. Pipefitters Ass’n Local Union

597, 204EEOC v. Quad/Graphics, 968EEOC v. S. Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co., 969EEOC v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 1077

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EEOC v. Sage Realty Corp., 427, 432EEOC v. Shell Oil Co., 966EEOC v. Sidley Austin LLP, 1004EEOC v. Sidley, Austin, Brown, & Wood,

726, 1000EEOC v. Staten Island Sav. Bank, 915EEOC v. Steamship Clerks Union, Local

1066, 144EEOC v. Sterling Jewelers Inc., 972EEOC v. Superior Temporary Servs., 968EEOC v. Tempel Steel Co., 969EEOC v. Townley Engineering & Mfg.

Co., 279EEOC v. Union Independiente De La

Autoridad De Acueductos Y Alcantarillados De P.R., 274

EEOC v. United States Steel Corp., 1002EEOC v. United Virginia Bank/Seaboard

Nat’l, 114EEOC v. Universal Mfg. Corp., 276EEOC v. V & J Foods, Inc., 533EEOC v. Wackenhut Corp., 1002EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc., 1017EEOC v. Warfield-Rohr Casket Co., 748EEOC v. Western Electric Co., 1004EEOC v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 988EEOC v. White & Son Enters., 317EEOC v. Woodmen of the World Life Ins.

Soc’y, 1011EEOC v. Wyoming, 727, 764, 999EEOC v. Yellow Freight Sys., 877Eisenstadt v. Baird, 603El v. SEPTA, 229Elgin, J. & E. Ry. v. Burley, 658Ellis v. Houston, 204, 449Ellis v. UPS, Inc., 203Ellison v. Brady, 444, 454, 464Elvig v. Calvin Presbyterian Church, 198,

291Employment Div., Dept. of Human

Resources of Ore. v. Smith, 285, 550Emporium Capwell Co. v. Western

Addition Community Organization,667

Ende v. Board of Regents, 718Engine Mfrs. Assn. v. South Coast Air

Quality Management Dist., 645, 745English v. Pabst Brewing Co., 996

Ensley Branch of NAACP v. Seibels, 144,1096

Epstein v. Secretary, United States Dep’tof Treasury, 691

Equal Employment Opportunity Comm.v. E.I. duPont deNemours & Co., 611

Erickson v. Bartell Drug Co., 391Erie County Retirees Ass’n v. County of

Erie, 793Escobedo v. Applebees, 979Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.,

502, 507, 624Estate of Oliva v. N.J., Dep’t of Law & Pub.

Safety, Div. of State Police, 650Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc., 266,

270, 552Etsitty v. Utah Transit Auth., 500Eversley v. MBank Dallas, 276Everson v. Mich. Dep’t of Corr., 355Examining Board of Engineers, Architects

and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero,580, 582, 586, 593

Fadeyi v. Planned Parenthood Ass’n, 626Fair Assessment in Real Estate Assn., Inc.

v. McNary, 941Fair Employment Council v. BMC Mktg.

Corp., 79, 626, 948Fallis v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 784Fallon v. Illinois, 318Fane v. Locke Reynolds, LLP, 202Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 460, 466,

475, 480, 482, 484, 485, 522, 524Fariss v. Lynchburg Foundry, 1143Farkas v. Texas Instruments, Inc., 722,

1023Farmer v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 1023Farmer v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 722,

725FDIC v. Philadelphia Gear Corp., 822Febres v. Challenger Caribbean Corp., 748Federal Express Corp. v. Holowecki, 745,

963, 992, 994, 1001Feldman v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 1115Feliberty v. Kemper Corp., 910Feliciano v. Rhode Island, 901Felix v. N.Y. City Transit Auth., 856Felkins v. City of Lakewood, 861Fernandez v. Wynn Oil Co., 344

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Fesel v. Masonic Home of Delaware, Inc.,412

Finnegan v. Trans World Airlines, 796Firefighters Institute for Racial Equality v.

St. Louis, 139, 143, 437Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts,

1077, 1078, 1080, 1086, 1087, 1089,1113

Firefighters v. Cleveland, 164, 174, 1093First National Bank v. Missouri, 504Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 547Fisher v. Vassar College, 693Fitts v. Fannie Mae, 915Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 190, 1104Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta, 202Flaherty v. Gas Research Institute, 474Fleming v. Ayers & Assoc., 414Flinn v. FMC Corp., 1069Floca v. Homcare Health Services, Inc.,

1122Flores v. Preferred Technical Group, 77Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v.

Paul, 408Florida v. Long, 337Flowers v. Crouch-Walker Corp., 442Foley v. Connelie, 580, 582, 583, 587, 593Foley v. University of Houston System, 641FOP Newark Lodge No. 12 v. City of

Newark, 432Ford Motor Co. v. EEOC, 488, 1086, 1116Ford Motor Co. v. Huffman, 657, 658, 660Ford v. Bernard Fineson Dev. Ctr., 961,

998Forehand v. Florida State Hosp., 974Forman v. Small, 806Forrest v. Brinker Int’l Payroll Co., LP, 889Fort Stewart Schools v. FLRA, 764Fortino v. Quasar Co., 198Foster v. Univ. of Maryland-Eastern

Shore, 531Foulks v. Ohio Dep’t of Rehabilitation &

Correction, 991Fountain v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 425Fowlkes v. Ironworkers Local 40, 654Fragante v. Honolulu, 508Frank Briscoe, Inc. v. NLRB, 667Frank v. United Airlines, Inc., 424, 430Franklin v. Gwinnett County Pub. Sch.,

920

Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co.,Inc., 90, 99, 114, 232, 233, 242, 259,260, 301, 978, 1080, 1084, 1086,1105, 1114, 1129

Fraser v. Goodale, 854Frazee v. Illinois Dep’t of Employment

Sec., 551Freeman v. Motor Convoy, Inc., 1069Freitag v. Ayers, 448Frontiero v. Richardson, 349, 556, 558,

571, 573, 602, 603FSB v. Vinson, 483FTC v. Morton Salt Co., 334 U.S. 37, 323Fudge v. Providence Fire Dep’t, 139Fuller v. City of Oakland, 454, 462Fullilove v. Klutznick, 1025, 1056, 1057Furnco Construction Corp. v. Waters, 57,

69, 150, 152, 154, 212, 313, 376, 637,775

Furnish v. SVI Sys., 854Gad v. Kansas State University, 962Galdieri-Ambrosini v. National Realty &

Dev. Corp., 293Gambini v. Total Renal Care, Inc., 878Gannon v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 1012Gant v. Kash’n Karry Food Stores, Inc., 650Garcia v. Gloor, 507Garcia v. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s

Medical Center, 507Garcia v. San Antonio Metro. Transit

Auth., 684Garcia v. Spun Steak Co., 507Garcia v. Woman’s Hosp., 386Garcia-Ayala v. Lederle Parenterals, Inc.,

898, 910Gardner v. Alexander-Denver, 1007Garner v. Giarrusso, 936Garner v. Los Angeles Board, 57Garrett v. Runyon, 740Garrison v. Baker Hughes Oilfield

Operations, Inc., 832Gary v. Long, 473, 474Gaston County v. United States, 117Gates v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 977Gaujacq v. EDF, Inc., 720Gaul v. Lucent Techs., 911Gay v. Waiters’ & Dairy Lunchmen’s

Union, 637

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Geary v. Visitation of the Blessed VirginMary Parish Sch., 552

Geduldig v. Aiello, 323, 326, 553Gelabert-Ladenheim v. Am. Airlines, Inc.,

857Geller v. Henry County Bd. Of Educ., 753Gen. Tel. Co. of the Southwest v. Falcon,

982General Building Contractors Ass’n, Inc.

v. Pennsylvania, 627, 639General Dynamics Land Systems, Inc. v.

Cline, 729, 765, 769, 787General Electric Co. v. Gilbert, 234, 256,

304, 306, 312, 319, 323, 326, 375,379, 387, 390, 397, 414, 416, 418,419, 436, 513

General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 802General Tel. Co. v. EEOC, 983, 985, 988,

984Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 1137Georgia v. Rachel, 616, 619, 630, 645Geraci v. Moody-Tottrup Int’l, 385Gerdom v. Cont’l Airlines, Inc., 424Gettings v. Bldg. Laborers Local 310 Fringe

Benefits Fund, 493Getz v. Pennsylvania, Dep’t of Public

Welfare, 276Gibbs v. Pierce County Law Enforcement

Support Agency, 317Gilchrist v. Bolger, 986Gile v. United Airlines, 1115Gillen v. Fallon Ambulance Serv., 857Gilliam v. S.C. Dep’t of Juvenile Justice, 951Gilligan v. Department of Labor, 78Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp.,

1007Glasgow v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 464Glenn v. Brumby, 500, 573Glenn v. General Motors Corp., 719Glover v. South Carolina Law

Enforcement Div., 529Goff v. Continental Oil Co., 639Gold v. FedEx Freight E., Inc., 508Goldman v. Weinberger, 548Goldsmith v. Bagby Elevator Co., 203, 1128Gomez-Perez v. Potter, 805Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 566Gonzagowski v. Widnall, 748, 911Gonzales v. Police Dept., San Jose, 79

Gonzalez v. Ingersoll Milling Mach. Co.,626

Good v. University of Chicago Med. Ctr.,78

Goodman v. Lukens Steel Co., 204, 627,991

Goodman v. NSA, Inc., 532, 691Gordon v. Shafer Contr. Co., 203Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 481Goss v. Board of Education, 566Goss v. Exxon Office Sys. Co., 79Government Emples. Ins. Co. v. Duane,

625Gowski v. Peake, 532Graham v. Leavenworth Country Club, 626Graham v. Richardson, 571, 580, 581, 593Granger v. Aaron’s Inc., 957Grann v. Madison, 78Grano v. Department of Development of

Columbus, 75, 894Gray v. Greyhound Lines, East, 437Grayson v. K Mart Corp., 1004Great Am. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v.

Novotny, 626Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Ala. v. Randolph,

1011Green v. Adm’rs of the Tulane Educ.

Fund, 482Green v. Amer. Fed’n. of Teachers, 204Green v. Brennan, 949Green v. Joy Cone Co., 832Green v. Missouri Pac. Ry., 224, 229Green v. USX Corp., 137Greenleaf v. Goodrich, 673Gregory v. Ashcroft, 607Gregory v. Litton Systems, Inc., 223, 224,

227, 313Grenier v. Cyanamid Plastics, Inc., 832Griffin v. Breckenridge, 613, 633Griffin v. Finkbeiner, 805Griffin v. Illinois, 566Griffin v. Singletary, 978Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 54–59, 62–63,

95, 115, 121, 124–125, 128, 130–131,136, 146, 151–152, 162, 171–172,184–185, 187, 199, 214–215, 223,229, 233–234, 238, 245, 255, 298,300, 312, 320–321, 331, 347–348,436, 441, 447, 504–506, 538, 630,

xxvi CASES

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632, 676, 710, 754, 760, 762, 1099,1101, 1117

Groesch v. City of Springfield, 991Grosjean v. First Energy Corp., 729Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc.,

86–87, 742, 895Grossman v. S. Shore Pub. Sch. Dist., 279Grove City College v. Bell, 921Grubb v. W.A. Foote Memorial Hosp., 75Grutter v. Bollinger, 170, 223, 545–547Guardians Assn. of New York City Police

Dept., Inc. v. Civil Service Com.,142, 144, 921

Gudenkauf v. Stauffer Communs., 1136Guimaraes v. SuperValu Inc., 508Gunter v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., 937Gunther v. County of Washington, 295Gunther v. Iowa State Men’s Reformatory,

355Gutchen v. Bd. of Governors of the Univ.

of R.I., 788H.P. Welch Co. v. New Hampshire, 928Haavistola v. Community Fire Co., 195Hadfield v. Mitre Corp., 999Hadnot v. Bay, Ltd., 1012Hagans v. Clark, 71Hall v. Baptist Mem’l Health Care Corp.,

280Hall v. De Cuir, 926–927Hall v. LedexHall v. Ledex, Inc., 692, 992Hall v. Nalco Co., 398Hamilton v. Caterpillar Inc., 730Hamilton v. Southland Christian School

Inc., 387Hamilton v. Southwestern Bell Telephone

Co., 856Hamm v. Weyauwega Milk Prods., 467Hammon v. Barry, 222Hamner v. St. Vincent Hosp. & Health

Care Ctr., Inc., 501Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong, 589Hankins v. Lyght, 551Hanrahan v. Hampton, 1135Hardison v. TWA, 263Harlston v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 474Harper v. Trans World Airlines, 362Harrell v. Northern Electric Co., 75Harris v. Boyd Tunica Inc., 978

Harris v. Dinesh Chand, 91Harris v. Dist. of Columbia Water and

Sewer Auth., 650Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 447, 461,

471, 483Harris v. Walgreen’s Distribution Center,

977Harrison v. Eddy Potash, Inc, 471, 482Harrison v. KVAT Food Management, 626Harriss v. Pan American World Airways,

Inc., 313, 384, 404, 423Harvey v. New Bern Police Dep’t, 979Hashimoto v. Dalton, 533Hawkins v. 1115 Legal Serv. Care, 641Hawkins v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 143Hawkins v. Schwan’s Home Service, Inc.,

878Hayes v. Shelby Memorial Hospital, 400Haynes v. Williams, 981Hays v. Potlatch Forests, Inc., 932Haywood v. Lucent Techs., 729Hazelwood School District v. United

States, 104, 114, 213, 1090Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 66, 733, 745,

748–749, 754, 757, 765, 771, 893–895, 1125, 1140

Heagney v. University of Washington, 312Healey v. Southwood Psychiatric Hosp.,

344Hearth v. Metropolitan Transit

Commission, 512Heaser v. Toro Co., 911Hecht Co. v. Bowles, 1099Hedrick v. W. Reserve Care Sys., 895Heim v. McCall, 580, 581Hein v. Oregon College of Education,

692, 718Helfter v. UPS, 857Henderson v. Bank of America, N.A., 994Hendricks-Robinson v. Excel Corp., 898,

909Hennessy v. Penril Datacomm Networks,

1128Henry v. Milwaukee County, 355Hensley v. Eckerhart, 1135Henson v. City of Dundee, 437, 442, 446,

470, 472, 474Herman v. Roosevelt Federal Sav. & Loan

Asso., 698

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Hernandez v. Hughes Missile Sys. Co., 895Hernandez v. Texas, 624Hester v. Southern R. Co., 96Hetzel v. Prince William County, 1128Hicks v. Brown Group, Inc., 640Higgins v. New Balance Athletic Shoe,

Inc., 463, 501Higgins v. Vallejo, 78Hileman v. City of Dallas, 856Hill v. American Gen. Fin., Inc., 481Hill v. Mississippi State Employment

Service, 75Hill v. Ross, 78Hill v. Texas, 540Hiller v. Okla. ex rel. Used Motor Vehicle

& Parts Comm’n, 980Hines v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc., 666Hines v. Widnall, 964Hirabayashi v. United States, 624Hirase-Doi v. U.S. West Communs., Inc.,

449Hirt v. Equitable Ret. Plan for Emples.,

Managers & Agents, 800Hishon v. King & Spalding, 190, 523Hobbie v. Unemployment Appeals Com.,

553Hocevar v. Purdue Frederick Co., 450Hochstadt v. Worcester Foundation for

Experimental Biology, 516, 533Hodge v. Dalton, 199Hodge v. New York College of Podiatric

Med., 1001Hodges v. United States, 616Hodgson v. American Bank of

Commerce, 694Hodgson v. Approved Personnel Service,

Inc., 771Hodgson v. Behrens Drug Co., 699Hodgson v. Brookhaven General Hospital,

696–697, 710Hodgson v. Colonnades, Inc., 704Hodgson v. Corning Glass Works, 683Hodgson v. Daisy Manufacturing

Company, 693, 1139Hodgson v. Fairmont Supply Co., 692, 703Hodgson v. First Victoria Nat’l Bank, 698Hodgson v. Golden Isles Convalescent

Homes, 703Hodgson v. Miller Brewing Co., 693, 1137

Hodgson v. Robert Hall Clothes, Inc.,704–705, 707, 710–713, 717

Hodgson v. Security National Bank ofSioux City, 703

Hoeller v. Eaton Corp., 856Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v.

NLRB, 1104Hoffman v. Carefirst of Fort Wayne, Inc.,

858Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. v. Sperling, 1003Hohider v. UPS, 986Holcomb v. Iona College, 202Holden v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 535Holland v. United States, 84Holley v. Department of Veteran Affairs,

1002Hollins v. Atlantic Co., 499Hollins v. Methodist Healthcare, Inc., 552Holman v. Indiana, 450Holmberg v. Armbrecht, 1099Homemakers, Inc. v. Division of

Industrial Welfare, 931Hooters of Am. Inc. v. Phillips, 1012Hopkins v. Price Waterhouse, 292Horn v. Duke Homes, Inc., Div. of

Windsor Mobile Homes, 442Horn v. Univ. of Minn., 693Horner v. Mary Institute, 676Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran

Church and School v. EEOC, 281, 552Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Trustees of Rex

Hospital, 615Houston v. Sidley & Austin, 979Howard v. Lear Corp. EEDS & Interiors,

691Howard v. Navistar Int’l Transp. Corp., 857Huber v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 911Huckabay v. Moore, 204Hudson v. Charlotte Country Club, Inc.,

626Hudson v. International Business

Machines Corp., 74Hudson v. Reno, 1129Huff v. UARCO Inc., 798Hughes Tool Co. v. NLRB, 657, 659Hughes v. United States, 1079Hukkanen v. International Union of

Operating Eng’rs, Hoisting &Portable Local No. 101, 79

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Humphrey v. Moore, 658, 662Hundertmark v. Florida DOT, 685Hunter v. St. Louis S. F. R. Co., 78Hurd v. Hodge, 624, 630, 633, 1070Hurley v. Atlantic City Police Dep’t, 449,

453Hurlic v. S. Cal. Gas Opinion Co., 800Husch v. Szabo Food Service Co., 995Huston v. P&G Paper Prods. Corp., 453Hutchison v. Amateur Elec. Supply, 1115Hutson v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 748Hutson v. Wells Dairy, Inc., 949Hysel v. Mercantile Stores Co., 785ICC v. Parker, 822Idaho Trailer Coach Ass’n v. Brown, 932Illinois Fair Employment Commission in

Myart v. Motorola Co., 118Immigration and Naturalization Service v.

Errico, 616In re Carnegie Ctr. Assocs., 385In re Griffiths, 506, 580, 582, 593In re National Airlines, Inc., 404, 405In re Rodriguez, 508In re Union Pac. R.R. Employment

Practices Litig., 395, 397Independent Fed’n of Flight Attendants v.

Zipes, 1135Indest v. Freeman Decorating, 482INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 737International Ass’n of Machinists v.

Boeing Co., 266International Brotherhood of Electrical

Workers v. Foust, 442 U.S. 42 (1979),654

International Brotherhood of Teamsters v.United States, 62, 88, 92, 150–152,183, 208, 213–214, 230, 242, 245,259, 312, 315, 347, 630, 728, 758,762, 893, 997, 1070, 1080, 1084,1086, 1090–1091, 1114

International Brotherhood of Teamsters v.Washington Employers, Inc., 1070

International Brotherhood, T. C. W. & H.v. NLRB, 650

International Union of Electrical v. Robbins & Myers, Inc., 957

International Union, etc. v. Michigan, 317International Union, UAW v. Johnson

Controls, Inc., 413

International Union, United Automobile,Aerospace & Agricultural ImplementWorkers of America, UAW v. JohnsonControls, Inc., 391, 396

Irvine v. California, 853Irwin v. Department of Veterans Affairs,

980Isaacs v. Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., 456, 951Isabel v. City of Memphis, 139IUE v. Westinghouse Corp., 307Iwata v. Intel Corp., 915J.I. Case Co. v. NLRB, 652, 658J.P. Stevens & Co. v. Perry, 972Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Ed., 520,

639, 646, 807–808, 813, 819, 921Jackson v. City of Atlanta, 547Jackson v. Continental Cargo-Denver, 979Jackson v. FKI Logistex, 725Jackson v. Quanex Corp., 203Jacob-Mua v. Veneman, 197Jacques v. DiMarzio, Inc., 856James River Ins. Co. v. Rapid Funding,

LLC, 863James v. Strange, 603Jankovitz v. Des Moines Indep. Cmty., 787Jansen v. Packaging Corp. of America, 469Jarecki v. G. D. Searle & Co., 735Jaros v. LodgeNet Entertainment Corp.,

486Jaros v. Net Entm’t Corp., 451Jayasinghe v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 75Jefferies v. Harris County Community

Action Ass’n, 294, 516, 533Jefferson v. Hackney, 540, 556Jenkins v. City of San Antonio Fire

Department, 979Jenkins v. General Motors Corp., 608Jespersen v. Harrah’s Operating Co.,

420–421Jessie v. Potter, 957Jimerson v. Kisco Co., 230Johnson v. Bunny Bread Co., 476Johnson v. Henderson, 964Johnson v. Hondo, Inc., 458Johnson v. Lucent Technologies, Inc., 957Johnson v. Mayor and City Council of

Baltimore, 778Johnson v. Miller Brewing Co., 202Johnson v. Pike Corp., 227

CASES xxix

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Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, Inc.,607, 632, 643, 991

Johnson v. Ryder Truck Lines, Inc., 244Johnson v. Sheahan, 356Johnson v. Tishman Speyer Props., 1009Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa

Clara County, 173, 294, 356, 1095Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa

Clara County, California, 1089Johnson v. University of Cincinnati, 641Johnson v. University of Wisconsin-Eau

Claire, 692Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 609, 613,

616–617, 630, 632–633, 639, 806Jones v. Bessemer Carraway Med. Ctr., 73Jones v. City of Boston, 139Jones v. Hinds General Hospital, 412Jones v. Lee Way Motor Freight, Inc., 56Jones v. Madison Service Corp., 978Jones v. Okla. City Pub. Schs, 753Jones v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 640,

991Jones v. Robinson Prop. Group, L.P., 72Jones v. Southeastern Penn. Transportation

Author., 77Jones v. United States, 735Jones v. UPS Ground Freight, 203Julian v. City of Houston, 1001Jurado v. Eleven-Fifty Corp., 507Kachmar v. SunGard Data Sys., 534Kahn v. Shevin, 363, 365, 558–559Kalvinskas v. California Inst. of Tech., 796Kaplan v. City of N. Las Vegas, 913Karlen v. City Colleges of Chicago, 730,

787Karraker v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., 832–833Katz v. Dole, 437, 464Kauffman v. Allied Signal, Inc., 472Kay v. Ehrler, 1137Keeton v. Flying J, Inc., 532Kemp v. Holder, 870Kennedy v. Chemical Waste Mgmt., 954Kennedy v. Superior Printing Co., 1009Kentucky Retirement Systems v. EEOC,

746Kenworthy v. Conoco, Inc., 691Kern v. Dynalectron Corp., 278Kerr-Selgas v. American Airlines, 1128Keyes v. School District No. 1, 540

Keys v. Humana Inc., 71Keziah v. W.M. Brown & Son, Inc., 719Kidd v. United States Department of

Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 269

Kilgo v. Bowman Transp., Inc., 187Killinger v. Samford Univ., 280Kimel v. Florida Bd. of Regents, 607, 685,

727Kindred v. Northome/Indus. Sch. Dist.

No. 363, 317King v. Acosta Sales & Mktg., Inc., 456King v. Acosta Sales and Marketing, Inc.,

713King v. Board of Regents of University of

Wisconsin System, 445King v. Palmer, 453King v. Smith, 504King v. St. Vincent’s Hospital, 873King v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 366Kirk v. Rockwell International Corp., 982Kirkland v. New York State Dept. of

Correctional Services, 1079Knight v. Conn. Dep’t of Pub. Health, 279Knott v. Missouri P. R. Co., 425, 427Knutson v. Schwan’s Home Service, Inc.,

878Kober v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 1103Kocsis v. Multi-Care Management, Inc.,

474Kolstad v. American Dental Association,

1123Korematsu v. United States, 571, 602Kotcher v. Rosa & Sullivan Appliance

Center, Inc., 474Kouba v. Allstate Ins. Co., 717–718Kramer v. Logan County Sch. Dist. No.

R-1, 1129Kramer v. Wasatch County Sherriff ‘s

Office, 483Kratzer v. Rockwell, 393Krauel v. Iowa Methodist Medical Center,

391, 396Kreager v. Solomon & Flanagan, P.A., 1140Kremer v. Chemical Construction Corp.,

936, 939, 941Krodel v. Young, 1143Kwan v. The Andalex Group LLC, 531Kyles v. J.K. Guardian Sec. Servs., 79, 948

xxx CASES

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La Day v. Catalyst Tech., Inc., 467LaChance v. Duffy’s Draft House, 879Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 685Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. Co.

v. Prentice, 1125Lalli v. Lalli, 571Lander v. Lujan, 1115Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 81Lane v. Peña, 812Langston v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 943Langston-Bradley v. Pizzaco, Inc., 202Lanning v. SEPTA, 143Larimer v. IBM Corp., 889Laugesen v. Anaconda Corp., 760Laughlin v. Metropolitan Wash. Airports

Auth., 533Lavin-McEleney v. Marist College, 693Law v. Hercules, Inc., 978Lawrence v. CNF Transp., Inc., 692Lawrence v. Cooper Communities, 956Lawrence v. Texas, 578League of United Latin Am. Citizens

(LULAC) v. Bredesen, 592Leake v. University of Cincinnati, 977Leatherwood v. Houston Post Co., 877LeBoon v. Lancaster Jewish Cmty. Ctr.

Ass’n, 280LeClerc v. Webb, 592, 595Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.,

178, 308, 805, 952Lee v. ABF Freight Sys., 276Lee v. Rapid City Area Sch. Dist. No. 51-4,

1143Legal Aid Soc’y v. BrennanLegal Aid Society of Alameda County v.

Brennan, 723–724, 1026, 1046Lehman v. Nakshian, 815, 1127Lemon v. Kurtzman, 280Lemons v. Denver, 314Leonberger v. Martin Marietta Materials,

Inc., 879Leonel v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 832Leopold v. Baccarat, Inc., 481Lettieri v. Equant, Inc., 366Levin v. Delta Air Lines, 366Lewis v. City of Chicago, 176, 954Lewis v. Federal Prison Indus., 1143Lewis v. Heartland Inns of Am., L.L.C., 432

Lewis v. Humboldt Acquisition Corp.,Inc., 86, 895

Lewis v. Smith, 577Lewis v. University of Pittsburgh, 75Lewis v. Western Air Lines, 724Lewis v. YMCA, 748Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. v.

Friedman, 1019, 1027Lilly v. Beckley, 78Lindale v. Tokheim Corp., 719Lindh v. Murphy, 745, 809Lindsey v. Normet, 599Linville v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 467Lipsett v. University of Puerto Rico, 445Little v. United Techs., Carrier Transicold

Div., 530Little v. Wuerl, 280Livingston v. Roadway Express, Inc., 355Lloyd v. Hardin County, 911Lloyd v. Swifty Transp., Inc., 889Lobato v. N.M. Env’t. Dep’t., 73Local 12, United Rubber Workers v.

NLRB, 654Local 28 of the Sheet Metal Workers’

International Ass’n v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1081

Local No. 93, International Ass’n of Firefighters, AFL-CIO v. City ofCleveland, 1073

Local 100, United Ass’n of Journeymen,etc. v. Borden, 663

Local 189, United Paperworkers v. UnitedStates, 232

Local 246, Utility Workers v. SouthernCalifornia Edison Co., 932

Local 350, Plumbers and Pipefitters, 994Local 567 AFSCME v. Michigan Council

25, AFSCME, 412Lockard v. Pizza Hut, 448Lockheed Corp. v. Spink, 797Lockridge v. Univ. of Me. Sys., 951Loeffler v. Frank, 1104Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 941Logue v. United States, 635Lomack v. City of Newark, 546Long v. Ford Motor Co., 610Longo v. Carlisle DeCoppet & Co., 425Longstreet v. Ill. Dep’t of Corr., 454

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Lopez v. Citibank, N.A., 979Lorance v. AT&T Technologies, Inc., 178,

947, 994Lorillard v. Pons, 748, 755, 827Louisiana v. United States, 1099Love v. Pullman Co., 958Loving v. Virginia, 571Lowe v. Atlas Logistics Group Retail

Services, 923Lubetsky v. Applied Card Sys., 274Lucas v. Chi. Transit Auth., 952Lucas v. W. W. Grainger, Inc., 911Luciano v. Olsten Corp., 1128Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation, 528Lummus Co. v. NLRB, 635Lussier v. Runyon, 878Lust v. Sealy, Inc., 1128Lynn v. Regents of the University of

California, 315Lyon v. Ohio Educ. Ass’n, 787Lyons v. Potter, 957Lytle v. Household Mfg., Inc., 1127M.O.C.H.A. Society v. City of Buffalo,

140, 142Maalik v. Int’l Union of Elevator

Constructors, Local 2, 196MacDonald v. Grace Church Seattle, 962MacEvoy Co. v. United States, 1022Mach Machine Mining LLC v. EEOC,

973, 1000, 1001Mackie v. Post, Buckley Schuch &

Jernigan Inc., 952Macklin v. Spector Freight Systems, Inc.,

608MacPherson v. University of Montevallo,

760, 783Madison v. IBP Inc., 982Madray v. Publix Supermarkets, Inc., 481Madyun v. Franzen, 356, 559Maggio v. Wisconsin Avenue Psychiatric

Center, 979Mahoney v. RFE/RL, Inc., 726Maki v. Allete, Inc., 953Malabarba v. Chicago Tribune Co., 912Malabed v. N. Slope Borough, 934Malarkey v. Texaco, Inc., 292Malbrough v. Hensley R. Lee Contracting,

Inc., 725Maldonado v. City of Altus, 507

Maldonado v. U.S. Bank, 388Malhotra v. Cotter & Co., 640Malik v. Carrier Corp., 454Manatt v. Bank of America, NA, 641Mannie v. Potter, 889Manning v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 520Manoharan v. Columbia University College

of Physicians & Surgeons, 535Mansell v. Saunders, 609Manuel v. International Harvester Co., 725Marafino v. St. Louis County Circuit

Court, 388Mararri v. WCI Steel, 878Maraschiello v. City of Buffalo Police

Dept., 176Marcantel v. Department of Transp. &

Dev., 78Marek v. Chesny, 1136Marie v. Allied Home Mortg. Corp., 1012Marie v. Amer. Red Cross, 196Markham v. Geller, 754Marks v. United States, 751Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild, 667Marrero v. Goya of P.R., Inc., 457Marshall v. AHA, 385Marshall v. Barlow’s, Inc., 1028Marshall v. Building Maintenance Corp.,

692Marshall v. Chamberlain Mfg. Corp., 1004Marshall v. Dallas Independent School

Dist., 692Marshall v. Sun Oil Co., 1001Martin v. Alamo Cmty. College Dist., 975Martini v. Fannie Mae, 974Martinson v. Kinney Shoe Corp., 879Maryland Troopers Ass’n v. Evans, 222Mason v. Avaya Communs., Inc., 911Mason v. Continental Illinois Nat’l Bank,

74Mass. Bd. of Ret. v. Murgia, 592Massachusetts Board of Retirement v.

Murgia, 573, 587–588, , 597Massey v. Blue Cross-Blue Shield, 71Mathews v. Denver Post, 911Mattern v. Eastman Kodak Co., 520, 531Matthews v. A-1, Inc., 1123Matvia v. Bald Head Island Mgmt., 481Maxfield v. Sinclair Int’l, 1114Mayberry v. Vought Aircraft Co., 77

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Mayor of Philadelphia v. EducationalEquality League, 96, 107

Mazera v. Varsity Ford Mgmt. Servs.,LLC, 1011

Maziarka v. Mills Fleet Farm, 855Mazzarella v. United States Postal Service,

878McCants v. Alabama-West Fla. Conf. of the

United Methodist Church, Inc., 551McCaskill v. SCI Mgmt. Corp., 1011McClain v. Lufkin Indus., 143McComb v. Jacksonville Paper Co., 1082McCown v. St. John’s Health Sys., 467McCray v. Corry Mfg. Co., 1002McCurdy v. Ark. State Police, 482McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transp. Co.,

62, 151, 199, 206–207, 210, 222,255, 417, 614, 622, 630, 633, 733,736, 741, 1077, 1080

McDonald v. West Branch, 942McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 53,

57, 59, 65–66, 94–96, 98, 101, 106,122, 135, 147, 151, 200, 225, 233–234,314, 351, 368–369, 423, 511, 522, 531,609, 727, 749, 753, 764, 892, 1085

McDonnell v. Cisneros, 531McGowan v. Maryland, 603McGullam v. Cedar Graphics, Inc., 457McKay v. Toyota Motor Mfg. U.S.A., 857McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing

Co., 87, 91, 1114McKenzie v. Illinois Dept. of Transp., 473McMenemy v. City of Rochester, 532McMullen v. Meijer, Inc., 1012McNeil v. Time Ins. Company, 914McPherson v. City of Waukegan, 491Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power

Laboratory, 746, 770Medina v. Income Support Div., 501Meditz v. City of Newark, 137, 203Meister v. Tex. Adjutant General’s Dep’t,

199Memphis v. Greene, 632–633Mendoza v. Borden, Inc., 449Mengelkoch v. Industrial Welfare

Comm’n, 932Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 433, 447,

451, 460, 462, 470, 477, 483, 1125Merritt v. Dillard Paper Co., 529

Merriweather v. Hercules, Inc., 1119Merwine v. Board of Trustees, 143Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC, 544,

1057, 1096Meyer v. Nebraska, 604Mezu v. Morgan State Univ., 949Migra v. Warren City School District

Board of Education, 937–938Mikula v. Allegheny County, 309Millbrook v. IBP, Inc., 75Miller v. Bank of America, 442Miller v. N.H. Dep’t of Corr., 949Milligan-Jensen v. Michigan Technological

Univ., 88Mills v. Habluetzel, 571Milton v. Scrivner, Inc., 911Min Jin v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 482Minnihan v. Mediacom Communications

Corporation, 910Miranda v. Arizona, 485Mississippi Employment Sec. Com. v.

McGlothin, 553Mississippi University for Women v.

Hogan, 571Missouri v. Jenkins, 1104Mitchell v. Baldrige, 72Mitchell v. Robert DeMario Jewelry, Inc.,

523Mitchell v. Stinson, 703Mitchum v. Foster, 941Mohasco Corp. v. Silver, 958Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 548Monroe v. Board of Commissioners, 566Monroe v. Pape, 941Monteiro v. Poole Silver Co., 515, 530Montero v. AGCO Corp., 453, 466Montoya v. Chao, 980Moore v. Hughes Helicopters, Inc., Div.

of Summa Corp., 113Moore v. National Asso. of Sec. Dealers,

Inc., 986Moorer v. Baptist Mem’l Health Care Sys.,

878Moragne v. States Marine Lines, 1099Moranski v. GMC, 279Morey v. Doud, 602Morgado v. Birmingham-Jefferson

County Civil Defense Corps, 699Morgan v. Joint Admin. Bd., 916

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Morgan v. UPS, 114Morgan v. Virginia, 926–927Morris v. Oldham County Fiscal Court,

532Morrison v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 1011Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd.,

288Morrissey v. Boston Five Cents Savings

Bank, 785Morrow v. Crisler, 1084Morrow v. Wal-Mart Stores, 454Morton v. Mancari, 134, 304, 1097Mosel v. Hills Dep’t Store, Inc., 979Mosley v. Pena, 980Mow Sun Wong v. Campbell, 590Mt. Healthy City School District Board of

Education v. Doyle, 80, 89, 102Mulhall v. Advance Sec., 718Muller v. Oregon, 406, 409Munday v. Waste Mgmt. of N. Am., 531Muntin v. California Parks & Recreation

Dep’t, 75Murgia v. Massachusetts Board of

Retirement, 598, 605Murphy v. Derwinski, 293Murphy v. Industrial Comm., 1139Murphy v. UPS, 844Murray v. UFCW Int’l, Local 400, 1012Muschany v. United States, 1071Musnick v. King Motor Co., 1011Myers v. Cuyahoga County, 500NAACP v. Button, 194NAACP v. Federal Power Com., 919NAACP v. Federal Power Commission,

1022NAACP v. North Hudson Reg’l. Fire &

Rescue, 137, 203NAACP v. Town of E. Haven, 112Nance v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.,

1006Nanty v. Barrows Co., 1097Nashville Gas Co. v. Satty, 321National Education Asso. v. South

Carolina, 144National Labor Relations Board v.

Highland Park Mfg. Co., 673National League of Cities v. Usery, 684

National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. National Association of Railroad Passengers, 456–457, 723

National Solid Wastes Management Assn.v. Killian, 410

National Woodwork Manufacturers v.NLRB, 306

Nawrot v. CPC Int’l, 844Nelmida v. Shelly Eurocars, Inc., 979Nelson v. Upsala College, 533Nesser v. TWA, 877Nevada Dept. of Human Resources v.

Hibbs, 367New Orleans v. Dukes, 602–603New York City Transit Authority v.

Beazer, 179New York Gaslight Club, Inc. v. Carey,

1135New York Transit Authority v. Beazer, 148Newman v. Crews, 144Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, 1131Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock

Co. v. EEOC, 375, 391, 403, 414, 494Nguyen v. City of Cleveland, 494Nichols v. Azteca Rest. Enters., Inc.Nichols v. Azteca Restaurant Enterprises,

Inc., 421, 427, 458, 496, 500Nino v. Jewelry Exchange, Inc., 1012Niswander v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 533NLRB v. Amax Coal Co., 636NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 552NLRB v. Glass Bottle Blowers Asso., 665NLRB v. Insurance Agents, 636NLRB v. Miranda Fuel Co., 660–661, 663NLRB v. Rutter-Rex Mfg. Co., 1101NLRB v. St. Marys Sewer Pipe Co., 1119NLRB v. The Madison Courier, Inc., 1119Nobach v. Woodland Vill. Nursing

Center, 273Noe v. Ward, 978Noel v. Boeing Co., 310, 952Noesen v. Med. Staffing Network, Inc., 278Nord v. United States Steel Corp., 1123Noreuil v. Peabody Coal Co., 1001Norfolk & W. Ry. Co. v. Am. Train

Dispatchers’ Ass’n, 391Norman-Bloodsaw v. Lawrence Berkeley

Lab., 202, 229

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Norris v. Florida Dep’t of Health & Rehabilitative Services, 979

North Haven Bd. of Educ. v. Bell, 920Northcross v. Board of Ed. of Memphis

City Schools, 755, 996, 1131Northeast Construction Co. v. Romney,

1025Northwest Airlines, Inc. v. Transport

Workers Union, 1104Norwood v. Dale Maintenance System,

Inc., 412Norwood v. Harrison, 194Noviello v. City of Boston, 531Nurse “Be” v. Columbia Palms W. Hosp.

L.P., 454Nuskey v. Hochberg, 805Nyquist v. Mauclet, 580, 593O’Brien v. Board of Educ. of the Deer

Park Union Free Sch. Dist., 787O’Connor v. Consolidated Coin Caterers

Corp., 66, 77, 727, 729–730, 736,751, 764

Obergefell v. Hodges, 579Oblix, Inc. v. Winiecki, 1010Occidental Life Ins. Co. v. EEOC, 987,

989, 1132Ocheltree v. Scollon Prods., 450OFCCP v. Cissell Manufacturing Co., 1047OFCCP v. Disposable Safety Wear, Inc.,

1030OFCCP v. E.E. Black Ltd., 1054OFCCP v. Loffland Brothers Co., 1030OFCCP v. USAA Federal Savings Bank,

1028Old Chief v. United States, 802Olson v. GE Astrospace, 855Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services,

Inc., 448, 457–458, 461, 467, 471,524, 736, 741

Opuku-Boateng v. California, 276Orloff v. Willoughby, 549Orr v. City of Albuquerque, 384–385Orr v. Orr, 559Oscar Mayer & Co. v. Evans, 88, 961, 996Ostrowski v. Atlantic Mut. Ins. Cos., 748Othman v. City of Country Club Hills, 73Oubre v. Entergy Operations, 791Overby v. Chevron USA, Inc., 640

Overton v. New York State Div. of Military & Naval Affairs, 199

Owusu-Ansah v. Coca-Cola Company, 885Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, 1010Oyama v. California, 624Pacific R. Co. v. Ketchum, 1077Pack v. Kmart Corp., 857Padula v. Webster, 569Palmer v. Circuit Court, 856Palmer v. Thompson, 541–542, 567Palmquist v. Shinseki, 895Papa v. Katy Indus., 196Parents Involved in Cmty. Sch. v. Seattle

Sch. Dist. No. 1, 547Parisi v. Boeing Co., 1002Park ‘N Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park & Fly,

Inc., 645Parker v. Brown, 928Parker v. Levy, 549Parker v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 855Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 937Parr v. Woodmen of World Life Ins. Co.,

202, 625Parson v. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical

Corp., 211, 252Passananti v. Cook County, 450Patane v. Clark, 450Patsone v. Pennsylvania, 581Patsy v. Florida Board of Regents, 940Patterson v. Chicago Ass’n for Retarded

Citizens, 856Patterson v. Masem, 75Patterson v. McLean Credit Union,

639–640, 644Patterson v. Newspaper & Mail Deliverers’

Union, 1069Patzer v. Board of Regents, 942Payne v. McLemore’s Wholesale & Retail

Stores, 509Paz v. Wauconda Healthcare & Rehab.

Ctr., LLC, 72Pegues v. Mississippi State Employment

Service of Mississippi EmploymentSec. Com., 388

Peltier v. City of Fargo, 307, 681–682Pendleton v. Rumsfeld, 534Penn v. Ryan’s Family Steak Houses, 1011Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders, 483,

491, 522, 1105

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Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens’Council for Clean Air, 1135

Pennsylvania v. Local 542, Int’l Union ofOperating Engineers, 628

Perdue v. Kenny A., 1136Perez v. Thorntons, Inc., 76Perkins v. Smith, 585Perma Life Mufflers, Inc. v. International

Parts Corp., 89Perma Mufflers v. International Parts

Corp., 90Pernice v. City of Chicago, 878Perrin v. United States, 527Perry v. Harris Chernin, Inc., 489Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts

v. Feeney, 312, 560, 633Peters v. Shreveport, 719, 1143Peterson v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 279Peterson v. Wilmur Communs., Inc., 274Petit v. City of Chicago, 546Petrosino v. Bell Atl., 491Petruska v. Gannon Univ., 290, 552Pettway v. American Cast Iron Pipe Co.,

112, 513, 529Phelan v. City of Chicago, 541Phelps Dodge Corp. v. NLRB, 237, 1110Philbrook v. Ansonia Bd. of Educ., 271Phillips Co. v. Walling, 252Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp., 151,

338, 348, 353–354, 358, 361, 402Phillips v. Taco Bell Corp., 449Phillips, Inc. v. Walling, 703Phipps v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 985Piantanida v. Wyman Ctr., Inc., 393Pickett v. Sheridan Health Care Ctr., 1129Piedmont & Northern R. Co. v. ICC, 238Pilon v. University of Minnesota, 1069Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Com.

on Human Relations, 293, 930Pivirotto v. Innovative Sys., 77Platner v. Cash & Thomas Contractors, 292Plyler v. Doe, 593Police Officers for Equal Rights v.

Columbus, 144Pollard v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours &

Co., 489Pollis v. New Sch. for Soc. Research, 992Porter Co. v. NLRB, 397 U.S. 99, 248Porter v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr., 457

Porter v. Warner Holding Co., 1099Posey v. Skyline Corp., 996Postal Service Bd. of Governors v. Aikens,

66, 84, 751Pouncy v. Prudential Ins. Co., 155, 313Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, 1042Price v. Bernanke, 1003Price v. Lockheed Space Operations Co.,

719Price v. Marathon Cheese Corp., 857Price v. Marshall Erdman & Assoc., 1115Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 80–81, 85,

89–90, 367, 409, 412, 420–421, 427,429–430, 462, 493–494, 496–497,501, 520, 575, 743, 748, 751–752, 765

Pritchard v. Southern Co. Servs., 855Protos v. Volkswagen of America, Inc., 276Pryor v. Trane Co., 857Public Employees Retirement System of

Ohio v. Betts, 734, 736, 768, 784Pugh v. Locke, 349, 352–354Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 804Quarles v. Philip Morris, Inc., 232, 236Quick v. Donaldson Co., Inc., 888Quijano v. University Federal Credit

Union, 197Quint v. A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., 857R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 452Rabidue v. Osceola Refining Co., 444Rachid v. Jack In The Box, Inc., 748Radzanower v. Touche Ross & Co., 304Ragone v. Atlantic Video, 1011Railway Employees v. Wright, 1077Railway Mail Association v. Corsi, 194Rapold v. Baxter Intl. Inc., 86Rasimas v. Michigan Dep’t of Mental

Health, 1122Rauen v. United States Tobacco Mfg. L.P.,

911Ray v. Henderson, 520Rayburn v. General Conference of

Seventh-Day Adventists, 198, 551Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez, 369, 890Record v. Mill Neck Manor Lutheran

School for Deaf, 384Red Lion Broadcasting Co., Inc. v. FCC,

256, 505Reeb v. Ohio Dep’t of Rehab. & Corr.,

Belmont Corr. Inst., 985

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Reed v. County of Casey, 356Reed v. MBNA Mktg. Sys., 482Reed v. Reed, 556–558, 563, 603, 605Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.,

449Reeves v. Johnson Controls World Servs.,

855Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products,

Inc., 64, 84, 525, 715, 746, 749, 765Register v. PNC Fin. Servs. Group, Inc.,

800Rehling v. City of Chicago, 910Reinhold v. Virginia, 482Rene v. MGM Grand Hotel, Inc., 421,

427, 467, 496Rent-A-Center, W., Inc. v. Jackson, 1010Republic Pictures Corp. v. Kappler, 610Republic Steel Corp. v. Maddox, 659Reynolds v. American National Red Cross,

870Rhodes v. Guiberson Oil Tools, 995Ricci v. Destefano, 155, 176–177Richardson v. Alaska Airlines, Inc., 1140Richardson v. Comm’n on Human Rights

& Opportunities, 1006Richardson v. Hotel Corp. of America, 229Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co., 164, 544,

1056, 1095, 1096Ridgway v. United Hospitals-Miller

Division, 681Ridley v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 532Riemer v. Illinois DOT, 857Riley v. Bendix Corp., 263Risch v. Royal Oak Police Dep’t, 71Riser v. QEP Energy, 317, 720Rivera v. Wichita Falls, 144Rizzo v. Goode, 637Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 1136Robbins v. Jefferson County Sch. Dist., 533Robert Hall, 717Roberts v. United States Jaycees, 285Robinson v. City of Dallas, 363Robinson v. Pittsburgh, 520Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 522, 532, 734Rochon v. Gonzales, 520, 522, 532Rodal v. Anesthesia Group of Onondaga,

877Rodgers v. Fisher Body Div., General

Motors Corp., 1114, 1128

Rodriguez v. City of Chicago, 278Rodriguez v. East Texas Motor Freight,

1069Rodriguez v. United States, 644Rodriguez v. Wet Ink, LLC, 976Rodriguez-Hernandez v. Miranda-Velez,

448Rodriguez-Vives v. Puerto Rico

Firefighters Corps., 529, 531Roe v. Wade, 599Rogers v. EEOC, 437, 447Rogers v. Missouri Pacific R. Co., 84Rogers v. New York Univ., 1009Romer v. Evans, 578Rosa v. Park West Bank & Trust Co., 497Rosen v. Public Serv. Elec. & Gas Co.Rosen v. Public Service Electric & Gas

Co., 325, 1098Rosenblatt v. United Way of Greater

Houston, 800Rosenfeld v. Southern Pacific Co., 932Ross v. Douglas County, 204Rossbach v. City of Miami, 854Rosser v. Laborers’ International Union,

Local 438, 516, 533Rossetti Contracting Co. v. Brennan, 1025Rossiter v. Potter, 1003Rostker v. Goldberg, 549, 569Rowe v. Cleveland Pneumatic Co.,

Numerical Control, Inc., 75Rowe v. Hussmann Corp., 951Rowland v. Am. Gen. Fin., Inc., 86Rubinstein v. Administrators of the

Tulane Educ. Fund, 1128Ruehl v. Viacom, Inc., 790Ruffin v. County of Los Angeles, 718Ruiz v. Hull, 508Runyon v. McCrary, 194, 615, 620–621,

623, 625, 630–632, 639Russell v. McKinney Hosp. Venture, 71Russello v. United States, 521, 814Rweyemamu v. Cote, 551Ryan v. Capital Contractors, Inc., 886Ryan v. Grae & Rybicki, P.C., 856Sabala v. Western Gillette, Inc., 1113Safrit v. Cone Mills Corp., 1009Sagendorf-Teal v. County of Rensselaer, 86Sail’er Inn, Inc. v. Kirby, 354, 932

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Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji, 620,639

Sampson v. Murray, 1114San Antonio Independent School District

v. Rodriguez, 571, 599, 602–603, 605San Diego Bldg. Trades Council v.

Garman, 662–663, 666Sanchez v. Pacific Powder Co., 999Sanchez v. Philip Morris Inc., 74Sanchez v. Standard Brands, Inc., 981Sanchez-Rodrigues v. AT & T Mobility

Puerto Rico Inc., 275Santa Maria v. Pacific Bell, 957Santana v. City & County of Denver, 75,

143Santini v. Cleveland Clinic Fla., 975Sassaman v. Gamache, 455Satterwhite v. Smith, 79Sauers v. Salt Lake County, 473Saxton v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 448Schaeffer v. San Diego Yellow Cabs, Inc.,

348, 1102Schaffer v. Weast, 746Scheidemantle v. Slippery Rock Univ.

State Sys. of Higher Educ., 72Schleicher v. Salvation Army, 551Schlesinger v. Ballard, 558Schlesinger v. Reservists Comm. to Stop

the War, 983Schmidt v. Ottawa Medical Ctr., 726Schobert v. Ill. DOT, 453School Bd. of Nassau Cty. v. Arline, 839,

843, 872Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative

Action, Integration and ImmigrantRights and Fight for Equality By AnyMeans Necessary, 547

Schuler v. Polaroid Corp., 730Schuler v. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP,

309, 952Schulte v. Wilson Indus., Inc., 717Schwenk v. Hartford, 496Scott v. International Brotherhood of

Teamsters, 654Scott v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 444Scovill v. WSYX/ABC, Sinclair Broadcast

Group, Inc., 1012Screws v. United States, 903Scusa v. Nestle U.S.A.

Sears v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co., 1123Securities and Exchange Comm’n v.

Chenery Corp., 1043Securities Investor Protection Corp. v.

Barbour, 722–723Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 270Segar v. Smith, 113Seitzinger v. Reading Hosp. & Med. Ctr.,

978Sellers v. Delgado College, 1122Sellers v. Mineta, 1114Seminole Tribe v. Florida, 685Serrano v. Cintas Corp., 974Serwatka v. Rockwell Automation, Inc.,

87, 753, 895Setser v. Novack Inv. Co., 222Shaare Tefila Congregation v. Cobb, 625,

639Shafer v. Kal Kan Foods, Inc., 458Shager v. Upjohn Co., 474Shannon v. N.Y. City Transit Auth., 878Shapiro v. Thompson, 557, 598–599Shaver v. Indep. Stave Co., 889Sheet Metal Workers v. EEOC, 1074, 1093Shelton v. Boeing Co., 1002Shelton v. University of Med. & Dentistry,

277Shepherd v. Slater Steels Corp., 450Sheppard v. Riverview Nursing Ctr., 1136Sherbert v. Verner, 268, 549–550Sherman v. e Contracting, Inc., 640Shiver v. Chertoff, 964Shorter v. ICG Holdings, Inc., 73Shultz v. American Can Co., 710Shultz v. American Can Company-Dixie

Products, 692Shultz v. Brookhaven General Hospital, 690Shultz v. First Victoria National Bank,

687, 697, 701, 707Shultz v. Wheaton Glass Co., 686, 710,

712–713Sias v. City Demonstration Agency, 512Sieberns v. Wal-Mart Stores, 912Siemon v. AT&T Corp., 856Siler-Khodr v. Univ. of Tex. Health Sci.

Ctr. San Antonio, 699, 718Simon v. Mullin, 408Simonton v. Runyon, 502Simpson v. Ernst & Young, 727

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Simpson v. Merchs. & Planters Bank, 720Simpson v. Whirlpool Corp., 999Sims v. MVM Inc., 73, 753Sinkler v. Midwest Prop. Mgmt. Ltd.

Pshp., 854Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 322, 436, 737,

768Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson,

599Skouby v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 449Skrzypczak v. Roman Catholic Diocese, 291Slagle v. County of Clarion, 529Slater v. King Soopers, 274Slaughterhouse Cases, 604Sledge v. Goodyear Dunlop Tires N. Am.,

Ltd., 72Smalley v. City of Eatonville, 511Smith v. Altarum Institute, Corp., 864Smith v. Blue Cross Blue Shield, 855Smith v. Bray, 627, 650Smith v. Caterpillar, Inc., 982Smith v. City of Jackson, 749, 754, 771,

783Smith v. City of Salem, 430, 491, 576Smith v. Fairman, 356Smith v. First Union Natl. Bank, 452Smith v. Jackson, 770Smith v. Midland Brake, Inc., 901, 904,

911, 1115Smith v. Norwest Fin. Acceptance, 449Smith v. Office of Personnel Management,

1143Smith v. Olin Chemical Corp., 187Smith v. Potter, 964Smith v. Pyro Mining Co., 276Smith v. Salem, 500Smith v. Sheet Metal Workers

International Asso., 666Smith v. URS Corp., 308Smith v. Wade, 1124Smith v. Western Electric Co., 142Smith-Haynie v. District of Columbia, 979Snell v. Suffolk Cty., 476–477Soileau v. Guilford of Maine, 855Sola v. Lafayette College, 294Solon v. Gary Community Sch. Corp., 787South Central Bell Telephone Co. v.

Alabama, 747

Southeastern Community College v.Davis, 1047

Spagnuolo v. Whirlpool Corp., 1113Spain v. Gallegos, 449Spangler v. Fed. Home Loan Bank, 877Spaulding v. University of Washington,

312, 314–315Spearman v. Ford Motor Co., 467Spector Motor Co. v. McLaughlin, 323

U.S. 101, 182Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd., 820Spencer v. World Vision, Inc., 280Spicer v. Virginia, 453Spinetti v. Serv. Corp. Int’l, 1011Spokane & Inland R. Co. v. United States,

238Spriggs v. Diamond Auto Glass, 204Sprint/United Management Co. v.

Mendelsohn, 800Sprogis v. United Air Lines, Inc., 356, 436Spurlock v. United Airlines, Inc., 344Squibb v. Mem’l Med. Ctr., 854–855St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks, 66,

169, 1122Stanley v. Illinois, 558Stanley v. University of S. California, 693Stanton v. Stanton, 558, 603Star v. West, 454Starceski v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 748State ex rel. Todd Hewitt v. Kerr, 1012State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v.

Campbell, 1129State v. Oda, 317Staub v. Proctor Hospital, 73Steele v. Louisville & Nashville R. Co.,

651, 657, 660, 929Steele v. Thiokol Corp., 855–856Steelworkers v. Enterprise Wheel & Car

Corp., 1070Steelworkers v. Weber, 1074, 1077, 1080Steiner v. Henderson, 964Stevens v. Department of Treasury, 999Stewart v. EEOC, 963Stewart v. Evans, 450Stocking v. AT&T Corp., 391Stokes v. Westinghouse Savannah River

Co., 788Stoll v. Gottlieb, 937Stoll v. Principi, 964

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Stoll v. Runyon, 457, 979Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. Animal Feeds Int’l

Corp., 1009Storey v. Burns Int’l Sec. Servs., 274Stout v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 388Strag v. Board of Trustees, 693Strauder v. West Virginia, 540Strother v. Southern Cal. Permanente

Medical Group, 627Stults v. Conoco, Inc., 1003Sturgeon v. Avon Products, Inc., 999Sturgill v. UPS, 274Suders v. Easton, 484Sugarman v. Dougall, 506, 580–582, 586,

593Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc., 613,

638–639, 647–648, 806, 813Sumitomo Shoji America, Inc. v.

Avagliano, 198Summers v. Dillards, Inc., 1011Supreme Court v. Consumers Union of

United States, 548Surrell v. Cal. Water Serv., 637Sutherland v. Mo. Dep’t of Corr., 888Suttles v. United States Postal Serv., 857Sutton v. Providence St. Joseph Med. Ctr.,

277Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 833,

850–851, 857, 859Swain v. Hillsborough County Sch. Bd.,

856Swann v. Board of Education, 563Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A., 751Swint v. Pullman-Standard, 244Switchmen’s Union v. National Mediation

Board, 724Syres v. Oil Workers Int’l Union, 658Szmaj v. AT&T, 854Tademy v. Union Pacific Corp., 203Taggart v. Jefferson Cty. Child Support

Enforcement Unit, 640Taggart v. Time, Inc., 784Tagore v. United States, 273Takahashi v. Fish & Game Comm’n,

580–581Taken v. Oklahoma Corp. Comm’n, 453Tappe v. Alliance Capital Mgt. L.P., Taylor v. Jones, 440Taylor v. Louisiana, 558

Taylor v. UPS, Inc., 978Taylor v. White, 719Teachers v. City Colleges of Chicago, 730Teamsters v. United States, see

International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States

Telegraphers v. Ry. Express Agency, 612Tenkku v. Normandy Bank, 692Tennessee v. Lane, 806Tenney v. Brandhove, 548Terrace v. Thompson, 581Tetro v. Elliott Popham Pontiac,

Oldsmobile, Buick, & GMC Trucks, Inc., 203

Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 66, 154, 313, 370, 382, 394,511, 728, 749, 757, 764, 775, 894

Texas Southwestern Medical Center v.Nassar, 531

Texas State Teachers Ass’n v. Garland Independent School Dist., 1135

Tharp v. Iowa Dep’t of Corrections, 294,356

Thelen v. Marc’s Big Boy Corp., 995Thomas v. Albright, 986Thomas v. Washington Gas Light Co., 939Thompson v. North American Stainless,

LP, 528–529Thompson v. Prudential Ins. Co., 995Thompson v. Sawyer, 691, 1143Thompson v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 1001Thomure v. Phillips Furniture Co., 783Thorne v. El Segundo, 292Tiano v. Dillard Dep’t Stores, 275Tidewater Oil Co. v. United States, 616Tidwell v. Ft. Howard Corp., 685Tillman v. Wheaton-Haven Recreation

Assn., Inc., 615, 631, 639Tilton v. Richardson, 284Timken Co. v. Vaughan, 1038Timm v. Progressive Steel Treating, 1128Timmer v. Michigan DOC, 719Tinder v. Pinkerton Sec., 1012Tipler v. E.I. duPont deNemours & Co.,

612Toledo v. Nobel-Sysco, Inc., 277Tomic v. Catholic Diocese of Peoria, 291Tony & Susan Alamo Foundation v.

Secretary of Labor, 685

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Tooley v. Martin-Marietta Corp., 267Tootle v. Arinc, Inc., 800Torres v. Wisconsin Dep’t of Health &

Social Services, 355Torrez v. Public Service Co., 1069Townsend v. Benjamin Enters. Inc., 528Townsend v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co.,

71Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky,

Inc. v. Williams, 845, 857, 859, 866Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison,

242, 252, 552, 901, 908Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston,

369, 403, 748, 772, 783, 1140Traylor v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 720, 724Trinity Indus., Inc. v. Herman, 1030Truax v. Raich, 580, 581, 586, 601Trujillo v. County of Santa Clara, 942Trujillo v. PacifiCorp, 889Tucker v. California Dep’t of Educ., 553Tucker v. Hous. Auth., 73Turic v. Holland Hospitality, Inc., 387Turner v. Baylor Richardson Med. Ctr., 530Turnes v. Amsouth Bank, N.A., 75Turnisky v. Delphi Auto. Sys., 912Tutman v. WBBM-TV, Inc./CBS, Inc., 78Tyler v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 746Udall v. Tallman, 306, 339Ulane v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., 496Under Lemon v. Kurtzman, 267Underwood v. Dep’t. of Financial Servs.,

529Union Carbide Corp. v. Natural

Resources Defense Council, Inc., 1077United Air Lines, Inc. v. Evans, 178, 233,

239, 242, 244–245, 259–260, 946, 955United Air Lines, Inc. v. McMann, 734,

773, 997United Automobile Workers v. Johnson

Controls, Inc., 398United Packinghouse, Food & Allied

Workers International Union v.NLRB, 47

United Papermakers & Paperworkers v.United States, 238, 244

United States Dept. of Agriculture v.Moreno, 603

United States EEOC v. Tire Kingdom, 1000

United States Postal Service Bd. of Governors v. Aikens, 79

United States Railroad Retirement Boardv. Fritz, 782

United States Steel Corp. v. EPA, 1079United States Steel Corp. v. United States,

1133United States v. Abel, 802United States v. Allegheny-Ludlum

Industries, Inc., 211, 1061United States v. Armour & Co., 1080United States v. Bethlehem Steel Corp.,

56, 232United States v. Board of Educ. for School

Dist. of Philadelphia, 277United States v. Burr, 1099United States v. Carolene Products Co., 599United States v. Chesapeake & Ohio R.

Co., 471 F.2d 582, 232United States v. Cincinnati, 252United States v. City of Miami, 1075United States v. City of New York, 145United States v. Cleveland Indians

Baseball Co., 734United States v. County of Fairfax, 114United States v. Dickinson, 239United States v. Diebold, Inc., 468United States v. East Texas Motor Freight

System, Inc., 244United States v. Fausto, 819United States v. Georgia Power Co., 128United States v. Gregory, 355United States v. Hawaii, 990United States v. Hazelwood School

District, 106United States v. Ironworkers Local 86, 96,

110, 315United States v. ITT Continental Baking

Co., 1075, 1077United States v. Jacksonville Terminal Co.,

1089United States v. McConney, 266United States v. Menasche, 298United States v. Miami, 1069United States v. Mine Workers, 1082United States v. Mississippi Power & Light

Co., 1028United States v. Morrison, 455United States v. N.L. Industries, Inc., 1099

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United States v. New Orleans Public Service, Inc., 1025–1026

United States v. Nordic Village, Inc., 812United States v. Paradise, 1089United States v. Park, 781United States v. Price, 631United States v. Public Utilities Comm’n,

216United States v. Ron Pair Enterprises,

Inc., 763United States v. Seeger, 21, 274United States v. Sheet Metal Workers

Local 36, 96, 232United States v. Swift & Co., 1075United States v. T.I.M.E.-D.C., Inc., 93United States v. Turkette, 417United States v. United Continental Tuna

Corp., 304United States v. United Mine Workers,

1071United States v. Utah Construction &

Mining Co., 939, 941United States v. Virginia, 558–559, 575United States v. Ward Baking Co., 1079United States v. Windsor, 579United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 616, 631United States v. Yonkers, 991United Steelworkers of America v. NLRB,

50United Steelworkers of America v.

Rawson, 654United Steelworkers of America v. Weber,

78, 205, 248, 294Universal Camera Corp. v. National

Labor Rel. Bd., 1042Universal Maritime Service, 1009University of California Regents v. Bakke,

214, 547University of Pa. v. EEOC, 969University of Tennessee v. Elliott, 934, 942University of Tex. Southwestern Medical

Center v. Nassar, 272, 531Upshaw v. Ford Motor Co., 74US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett, 896, 911Usery v. Tamiami Trail Tours, Inc., 411,

777–778, 781Vaca v. Sipes, 636, 666Vakharia v. Swedish Covenant Hosp., 627Vance v. Ball State University, 478

Vance v. Bradley, 606–607Vance v. Southern Bell Telephone and

Telegraph Co., 445Vance v. Union Planters Corp., 72Varner v. Illinois State Univ., 685Varner v. National Super Markets, Inc., 454Vasquez v. McAllen Bag & Supply Co., 507Vaughn v. Edel, 202Velazquez-Perez v. Developers Diversified

Realty Corp., 481Venegas v. Mitchell, 1135Venters v. City of Delphi, 278Vergara v. Hampton, 590Vickers v. Fairfield Med. Ctr., 500Village of Arlington Heights v.

Metropolitan Housing Dev. Corp., 94Villasenor v. Lockheed Aircraft, 977Vinson v. Taylor, 434, 442Virginian Ry. Co. v. System Federation, 652Visser v. Packer Engineering Associates,

Inc., 747–748Vitug v. Multistate Tax Comm’n, 144Von Gunten v. Maryland, 520Vore v. Indiana Bell Tel. Co., 449Voutsis v. Union Carbide Corp., 936Vulcan Pioneers, Inc. v. New Jersey Dep’t

of Civil Serv., 175Vulcan Society v. Civil Service Comm’n,

130W.R. Grace & Co. v. Local Union 759,

International Union of the UnitedRubber, Cork, Linoleum & PlasticWorkers of America, 1007, 1070,1080

Waddell v. Valley Forge Dental Assocs., 879Waggoner v. Olin Corp., 877Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 985Walker v. City of Birmingham, 1071Walker v. Monsanto Co. Pension Plan, 800Walker v. Mortham, 71Walker v. South Central Bell Tel. Co., 640Walker v. UPS, 974Wallace v. Debron Corp., 227Wallace v. Dunn Constr. Co., 91Wallace v. Methodist Hosp. Sys., 388Walsh v. Nat’l Computer Sys., 396Walsh v. UPS, 910Walters v. Atlanta, 1129Walters v. Metro. Educ. Enters., 195

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Wambheim v. J.C. Penney Co., 366Ward v. Bechtel Corp., 453Ward v. Westland Plastics, Inc., 293Wardle v. Ute Indian Tribe, 626Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 136,

139, 401–402, 758, 770, 893Ware v. Hylton, 704Warf v. United States Dept. of Veterans

Affairs, 720Warren v. Norman Realty Co., 611Warren v. Solo Cup Co., 715, 719Wasek v. Aarow Energy Services, Inc., 458Washington v. Davis, 96, 129, 187, 234,

537, 547–548, 562–566, 633, 1095Washington v. Ill. Dep’t of Revenue, 520Washington v. Kroger Co., 203Waters v. Wisconsin Steel Works of

International Harvester Co., 244, 610Watkins v. United Steel Workers Local

2369, 241, 243Watson v. Ft. Worth Bank & Trust, 75,

143, 756Watson v. SEPTA, 86Webb v. City of Philadelphia, 277Webb v. County Bd. of Educ., 1135Weber v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 603Weber v. Roadway Express, Inc., 277Weeks v. Harden Mfg. Corp., 1007Weeks v. Southern Bell Telephone &

Telegraph Co., 341, 348, 407, 411, 778Weiler v. Household Fin. Corp., 911Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 558, 603Weinstein v. Albright, 592Wengler v. Druggists Mutual Ins. Co., 418Wernick v. FRB, 911West v. Gibson, 526, 1128Western Air Lines, Inc. v. Criswell, 404,

405, 407, 411, 412, 733, 772Wexler v. White’s Fine Furniture, Inc.,

729, 748Whatley v. Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid

Transit Authority, 511Wheatley v. Wicomico County, 691Wheeldon v. Monon Corp., 995Wheeler v. American Home Products

Corp., 1079White v. BFI Waste Servs., LLC, 203White v. Burlington Northern & Santa Fe

Ry. Co., 498

White v. City of San Diego, 315White v. Vathally, 143Whittlesey v. Union Carbide Corp., 785Wicker v. Hoppock, 1100Wileman v. Frank, 74Wilhelm v. Continental Title Co., 626Wilkerson v. Siegfried Insurance Agency,

Inc., 977Wilkie v. Department of Health &

Human Services, 957Will v. Michigan Dep’t of State Police, 548Williams v. Banning, 982Williams v. Mo. Dep’t of Mental Health,

481Williams v. N.Y. City Hous. Auth., 981Williams v. Rhodes, 599Williamson v. City of Houston, 453Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 555, 603Willingham v. Macon Tel. Publ’g Co., 425Willis v. Conopco, Inc., 909Wilson v. Garcia, 621, 991Wilson v. NLRB, 667Wilson v. Phoenix Specialty Mfg. Co., 844Wilson v. Tulsa Junior College, 453Wilson v. U.S. W. Communications, 278Wilson v. Univ. of Tex. Health Ctr., 559Wimmer v. Suffolk County Police Dep’t,

530Winbush v. Iowa by Glenwood State

Hosp., 1104Winkes v. Brown University, 718Winsley v. Cook County, 854, 860Winsor v. Hinckley Dodge, 449Winston v. Lear-Siegler, Inc., 639Wirtz v. Basic, Inc., 690Wirtz v. Rainbo Baking Co. of Lexington,

687, 689Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 452Wisconsin v. Yoder, 268Wolak v. Spucci, 451Wolfe v. Isbell, 408Wong v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 854Wood v. Green, 910Woods v. Graphic Communications, 654Woods v. Perry, 78Wooten v. Farmland Foods, 857Workman v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 856Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia,

541

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Wright v. Olin Corp., 400Wright v. Rockefeller, 540Wright v. Universal Maritime Service

Corp., 1007, 1009Wright v. West, 69Wright-Simmons v. City of Oklahoma

City, 449Wrighten v. Metropolitan Hospitals, Inc.,

534Wygant v. Jackson Bd. of Education, 173,

1075, 1077, 1080, 1095Xodus v. Wackenhut Corp., 274Yamaguchi v. United States Dep’t of the

Air Force, 464Yatvin v. Madison Metropolitan School

Dist., 79Yeager v. FirstEnergy Generation Corp.,

277Yeftich v. Navistar, Inc., 654Yellow Freight Sys., Inc. v. Donnelly, 934,

979Yetman v. Garvey, 783Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 540, 562, 580–581,

586Yott v. North American Rockwell Corp.,

267

Young v. International Tel. & Tel. Co., 610Young v. Northern Ill. Conference of

United Methodist Church, 198Young v. Southwestern Savings and Loan

Assn., 442Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 368Young v. UPS, 870Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer,

1027Yuen v. Internal Revenue Service, 590Yuknis v. First Student, Inc., 451Zabkowicz v. West Bend Co., 437Zamora v. Local 11, Hotel Employees &

Restaurant Employees InternationalUnion, 668

Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research,Inc., 327

Zillyette v. Capital One Fin. Corp., 979Zimmerman v. Cook County Sheriff ‘s

Dep’t, 453Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, 956, 1070,

1079Zirpel v. Toshiba Am. Info. Sys., 855Zugay v. Progressive Care, S.C., 974

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